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AIMS Allergy and Immunology

2022, Volume 6, Issue 2: 71-89. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2022008
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Glucuronoxylomannan: the salient polysaccharide in cryptococcal immunity

  • 1.
    Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran
  • 2.
    Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  • 3.
    Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 4.
    Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Received: 14 March 2022 Revised: 21 May 2022 Accepted: 15 June 2022 Published: 23 June 2022

  • Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex. The complex is composed of closely related members, yet with diverse epidemiology, pathogenesis, and drug-resistant pattern. Cell-mediated immunity is the strongest pillar in immunity to cryptococcosis, further worsening HIV/AIDS patients' scenario. Antifungal resistance and immune evasion again tilt the host-parasite balance in favor of the fungal pathogen. In this regard, researchers are actively challenged to discover immunotherapy and vaccine for CM, to produce specific treatment and prevention that will address CM conventional therapeutics failure. As the major capsular polysaccharide of the Cryptococcus, which is tightly linked to pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and immune evasion, the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is cardinally targeted for vaccine and immunotherapy development. Further, the amount of GXM shed in body fluids correlates with the disease severity. Herein, we reviewed the literature with the journey so far in line with GXM as the salient immunological target on cryptococcosis.

    Citation: Mansur Aliyu, Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi, Sadegh Khodavaisy, Behrouz Robat-Jazi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso. Glucuronoxylomannan: the salient polysaccharide in cryptococcal immunity[J]. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2022, 6(2): 71-89. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2022008

    Related Papers:

  • Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a dominant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex. The complex is composed of closely related members, yet with diverse epidemiology, pathogenesis, and drug-resistant pattern. Cell-mediated immunity is the strongest pillar in immunity to cryptococcosis, further worsening HIV/AIDS patients' scenario. Antifungal resistance and immune evasion again tilt the host-parasite balance in favor of the fungal pathogen. In this regard, researchers are actively challenged to discover immunotherapy and vaccine for CM, to produce specific treatment and prevention that will address CM conventional therapeutics failure. As the major capsular polysaccharide of the Cryptococcus, which is tightly linked to pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and immune evasion, the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is cardinally targeted for vaccine and immunotherapy development. Further, the amount of GXM shed in body fluids correlates with the disease severity. Herein, we reviewed the literature with the journey so far in line with GXM as the salient immunological target on cryptococcosis.

    Abbreviations

    188Re

    rhenium-188

         213Bi

    bismuth-213

         CALAS

    cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination system

         C-IRIS

    cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

         CM

    cryptococcal meningitis

         CNPS

    C. neoformans polysaccharide capsule

         CNS

    central nervous system

         CrAg

    cryptococcal capsular antigen

         CTBA

    cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

         DCs

    dendritic cells

         EIA

    enzyme immunoassay

         GalXM

    galactoxylomannan

         GXM

    glucuronoxylomannan

         GXMGal

    glucuronoxylomanogalactan

         GXMR-CAR

    GXM-specific chimeric antigen receptor

         GXM-TT

    GXM conjugated to tetanus toxoid

         HIV/AIDs

    human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome

         HLA

    human leukocyte antigen

         ICP

    intracranial pressure

         IFN-γ

    interferon-gamma

         IL

    interleukin

         IMMY

    immuno-mycologics

         LFA

    lateral flow assay

         MHC

    major histocompatibility complex

         MPL

    monophosphoryl lipid A

         NETS

    neutrophil extracellular traps

         NLRP3

    nod-like receptors (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3

         P13-BSA

    P13 conjugated to bovine serum albumin

         P13-TT

    P13 conjugated to tetanus toxoid

         pAPC

    professional antigen presenting cells

         RANTES

    regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

         ROS

    reactive oxygen species

         SCID

    severe combined immunodeficiency

         SRBCs

    sheep red blood cells

         T11TS

    T11 Target structure

         TLRs

    toll-like receptors

         TNF-α

    tumour necrosis factor-alpha

         TT

    tetanus toxoid
    加载中


    Authors' contributions


    MA conceived and designed the manuscript outline, MA and AAS search and review the literature, and MA drew Figures 1–6. MA, AAS, SK, and MIG wrote the manuscript. BRJ and MIG critically revised the manuscript, and AAs and SK supervised all the processes. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

    Conflict of interest


    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

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