Finite-time stability analysis of singular neutral systems with time delay

1.   Introduction

The fractional derivatives with constant or variable order ^[3,9] are excellent mathematical tools for the description of memory and the hereditary properties of various processes and materials^[12,19]. In fractional calculus, these derivatives are defined through fractional integrals. There are several approaches to fractional derivatives including Riemann-Liouville ^[10,14,15], Caputo, Hadamard derivatives, ^[4,6,13,17].

Efforts have been dedicated to generalizations concerning mappings of bounded variation, absolute continuity, various classes of convex functions, and their extension to fractional calculus, involving Riemann-Liouville integrals and their generalizattions as referenced in ^[1,2,12,15].

In ^[8], the author proved some integral inequalities for functions whose $k$th $(k\in\mathbb{N})$ derivatives are convex involving Caputo derivatives and obtain the following results for $a, \Delta\in I, a < \Delta, \, \alpha, \beta\in\mathbb{R},$ $\alpha, \beta\geq 1,$ and $\psi:I\to \mathbb{R}$:

● If $\psi^{(k)}\, (k\in\mathbb{N})$ exists and is positive and convex, then

● If $\psi^{(k)}$ exists and is positive, convex and symmetric about $\frac{a +\Delta}{2},$ then

In ^[11], the authors gave a version of Hadamard's inequality using the Caputo derivative. In ^[7], the authors proved Hadamard inequalities for strongly $\alpha, m$-convex functions via Caputo fractional derivatives. In this paper, we consider the Caputo derivatives of a real valued function $\psi$ whose derivatives $\psi^{(k)}\, (k \in \mathbb{N})$ are genaralized modified $h$-convex. Some Caputo fractional versions of Hermite-Hadamard inequalities are obtained. From which particular cases are revealed, we have also established a new integral inequality between Caputo derivatives $^{C}D^{\alpha}_{.}\psi$ and the Riemann-Liouville integrals $R^{k-\alpha}_{.}(\psi^{(k)})^{2}.$ By deriving new differential inequalities in this context, we aim to extend the applicability of fractional calculus to problems involving generalized convex functions. These results have significance in various fields, including mathematics, physics, and engineering, where fractional calculus plays a crucial role in modeling complex phenomena with memory and long-range dependence.sts Our results generalize those cited in ^[8] and unify several classes of functions, like convex and $s$-convex functions.

2.   Preliminaries

This section deals with some definitions of convexity ^[2,5,8], generalized $h$-convexity ^[20], fractional integrals and derivatives ^[6,18].

Let $I\subset\mathbb{R}$ be an interval and $h:[0, 1]\to (0, \infty), \, \psi:I \to (0, \infty)$ be two real valued functions, then

● $\psi$ is said to be $h$-convex, if

holds for all $c, d \in I$ and $\rho\in (0, 1].$ If (2.1) is reversed, then $\psi$ is said to be $h$-concave.

● The function $\psi$ is said to be modified $h$-convex if

● The function $\psi$ is said to be generalized modified $h$-convex if

Definition 2.1 (Additivity). ^[20] A continuous bifunction $\theta$ is said to be additive, if

Definition 2.2 (Nonnegative homogeneity). ^[20] A continuous bifunction $\theta$ is said to be nonnegatively homogeneous if, for all $\lambda > 0,$

Remark 2.1. For different functions $h, \theta$ one can obtain various classes of generalized modified convex functions:

● By taking in (2.1) $h(z) = z^{s} (0 < s\le 1),$ we have the definition of modified generalized $s$-convex functions.

● If, we take $\theta(r, z) = r-z,$ then we obtain the definition of a modified $h$-convex function.

Let $[a, \Delta]\, (-\infty < a < \Delta < +\infty)$ be a finite interval on the real axis $\mathbb{R}.$ For any function $\psi\in L_{1}([a, \Delta]),$ the Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals $R^{\alpha}_{a_{+}}$ and $R^{\alpha}_{\Delta_-}$ of order $\alpha\in\mathbb{R}$ $(\alpha > 0)$ of $\psi$ are defined by

and

respectively. Here $\Gamma(\alpha) = {\int}_{0}^{\infty}\, t^{\alpha-1}\, e^{-t}\, dt, \; \alpha > 0$ is the gamma function. We set $R^{0}_{a+}\psi = R^{0}_{\Delta-}\psi = \psi.$

Let $[a, \Delta]$ be a finite interval of the real line $\mathbb{R}$. Let $\alpha > 0, k\in\mathbb{N},$ $k = [\alpha]+1$ and $\psi\in AC^{k}([a, \Delta])$ ($AC^{k}([a, \Delta])$ means the space of complex-valued functions $\psi(x)$ which have continuous derivatives up to order $k-1$ on $[a, b]$ such that $\psi^{(k-1)}(x) \in AC([a, \Delta]):$ i.e., absolutely continuous) see Lemma 2.4 ^[18]. The left and right Caputo fractional derivatives of order $\alpha\, (\alpha\ge 0)$ of $\psi$ are given by the following formulas (see ^[1,4,10,13])

and

respectively.

If $\alpha = k\in\mathbb{N},$ then

In particular, if $k = 1,$ $\alpha = 0,$ then

Lemma 2.1. ^[16] The following formulas for Caputo fractional derivatives of order $\alpha > 0, k-1 < \alpha < k\, (k\in\mathbb{N})$ of a power function at $t = a$ and $t = b$ hold

and

Our objective in this work, is to prove some fractional integral inequalities for functions whose $k$th $(k \in\mathbb{N})$ derivatives are generalized modified $h$-convex functions involving the Caputo derivative operator.

3.   Results

Theorem 3.1. Let $I$ be an interval of $\mathbb{R},$ $a, \Delta\in I, a < \Delta$ and $\alpha, \beta > 0,$ such that $k-1 < \alpha, \beta < k, k\in\mathbb{N}.$ Let $\psi:I\to\mathbb{R}$ be differentiable function. If, $\psi^{(k)}(k\in\mathbb{N})$ exists and is a positive generalized modified $h$-convex function and $\theta$ is a continuous bifunction, then the following integral inequality

holds.

Proof. For all $\xi\in[a, \Delta]$ and for all $t\in[a, \xi],$ we have

and

Since $\psi^{(k)}$ is generalized modified $h$-convex, (2.3) implies that

Multiplying inequalities (3.2) and (3.3) on both side and integrating, we obtain

That is

Let $\xi\in [a, \Delta], t\in[\xi, \Delta],$ thus

We have

Since $\psi^{(k)}$ is generalized modified $h$-convex on $[\alpha, \Delta],$ then

Similarly, we obtain

Adding (3.5) and (3.8), the claim follows. □

Corollary 3.1. If, we set $\alpha = \beta$ in (3.1), then we obtain

Corollary 3.2. By setting $\theta\, (r, z) = r-z, h(t) = t^{s}, s\in[0, 1]$ in (3.1), we obtain

In particular, if $h(z) = z,$ then we have

Taking $\alpha = \beta$ in (3.10), we obtain

Example 3.1. Let $\psi:[a, \Delta]\to [0, \infty),$ $\psi(\xi) = \frac{2}{(k+2)!}(\xi-a) ^{k+2},$ $a < \xi\le \Delta.$ Let $h:[0, 1]\to (0, \infty),$ $h(t)\ge t,$ $\theta(x, y) = 2x+y.$ We verify easly that $\psi^{(k)}(\xi) = (\xi-a)^{2}$ is generalized modified $h$-convex on $[a, \Delta].$ From Corollary 3.1 and Lemma 2.1, we obtain

and

For the right derivative $\left(^CD^{\alpha-1}_{\Delta_-}\psi\right) (\xi),$ we consider the function $\psi(\xi) = \frac{2(\Delta-\xi) ^{k+2}}{(k+2)!},$ $a\le \xi < \Delta.$

and

Now let $I$ be an interval of $\mathbb{R},$ $a, \Delta\in I, (a < \Delta)$ and $\alpha, \beta > 0,$ such that $k-1 < \alpha, \beta < k, (k\in\mathbb{N}).$ Let $\psi:I\to\mathbb{R}.$ Assume that $|\psi^{(k+1)}|$ is generalized modified $h$- convex on $[a, \Delta].$

It is clear that for all $\xi\in [a, \Delta], t\in [a, \xi],$ we have

Since $|\psi^{(k+1)}|$ is generalized modified $h$-convex, we have for $t\in[a, \xi],$

Multiplying (3.16) by the Rhs of inequality (3.17) and integrating the resulting inequality over $[a, \xi],$ we obtain

by integration by parts, we have

Hence

In a similar way, if we proceed with the Lhs of (3.17) as we did for the Rhs, it follows that

From (3.19) and (3.20), we obtain

Doing the same for $t\in [\xi, \Delta]$ and $\beta > 0, k-1 < \beta < k,$ and taking into acount that $|\psi^{(k+1)}|$ is generalized modified $h$-convex, we have

Hence

Combine (3.21) and (3.23) via triangular inequality, and we obtain the double inequality

Which leads to the following result:

Theorem 3.2. Let $I$ be an interval of $\mathbb{R},$ $a, \Delta\in I\, (a < \Delta)$ and $\alpha, \beta > 0,$ such that $k-1 < \alpha, \beta < k,$ $(k\in\mathbb{N})$. Let $\psi:I\to\mathbb{R}$ be a function such that $\psi\in AC^{k+1}.$ Assume that $|\psi^{(k+1)}|$ is a generalized modified $h$-convex function and $\theta$ a continuous bifunction, then

holds.

As a consequences, we have

Corollary 3.3. If in (3.25), we set $\alpha = \beta,$ then

holds.

Corollary 3.4. By taking $\theta(z, r) = z-r, h(t) = t^{s}, s\in [0, 1]$ in (3.26), we obtain

In particular for $s = 1,$ we have

Example 3.2. Let $\psi, h, \theta$ as in the Example 3.1. We verify easily that $\psi^{(k+1)}(\xi) = 2(\xi-a)$ is generalized modified $h$-convex on $[a, \Delta].$ From Corollary 3.3 and Lemma 2.1, we obtain

and

For the right derivative $^CD^{\alpha}_{\Delta_-}\psi(\xi),$ we have

and

Now suppose that $\psi : [a, \Delta]\to (0, \infty)$ is a generalized modified $h$-convex function and symmetric about $\dfrac{a+\Delta}{2},$ then for all $\xi\in[a, \Delta]$ the inequality

is valid. Here $\theta$ is assumed to be nonnegatively homogeneous. Indeed, set

Hence

Since $\psi$ is generalized modified $h$-convex, symmetric about $\frac{a+\Delta}{2},$ and the bifunction $\theta$ is assumed to be nonnegatively homogeneous, it results in

Theorem 3.3. Let $I$ be an interval of $\mathbb{R},$ $a, \Delta\in I$ $(a < \Delta)$ and $\alpha, \beta\geq 1,$ $k-1 < \alpha, \beta < k, k\in\mathbb{N}$. Let $\psi:I\to \mathbb{R}$ be a real valued function such that $\psi\in AC^{k}.$ If $\psi^{(k)}$ is a positive, generalized modified $h$-convex and symmetric about $\frac{a+\Delta}{2}$ and furthermore the bifunction $\theta$ is nonnegatively homogeneous, then the following inequality holds

If, furthermore, $\theta$ is additive, then

holds. Here

Proof. For all $\xi\in [a, \Delta], k-1 < \alpha < k,$ we have $\xi = \frac{\Delta-\xi}{\Delta-a}a +\frac{\xi-a}{\Delta-a}\Delta$ and

and $\psi^{(k)}$ satisfies

Multiplying (3.35) and (3.36) and proceeding as above, we obtain

Also, we have for $\xi\in [a, \Delta], k-1 < \beta < k,$

and

Multiplying (3.39) and (3.38) and integrating over $[a, \Delta],$ we get

Adding (3.37) and (3.40), we obtain

Set $N_{\theta} = 1+h\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\theta(1, 1),$ thus (3.32) is written as

Multiplying by $(\xi-a)^{k-\alpha}$ on both sides of (3.43) and integrating the result over $[a, \Delta],$ it results that

Multiplying (3.43) by $(\Delta-\xi)^{k-\beta},$ and integrating over $[a, \Delta],$ we obtain

Adding (3.44) and (3.45), we obtain the first inequality. By combining the resulting inequality with (3.41), we obtain (3.33). Using the fact that $\theta$ is additive and nonnegatively homogeneous (3.34) results. That proves the claim. □

Corollary 3.5. By taking $\alpha = \beta$ in (3.33), then

holds.

If, $\theta$ is additive, then

Corollary 3.6. By setting $h(t) = t^{s}, s\in[0, 1]$ in (3.47), it results that

In particular, if $h(t) = t,$ then

Theorem 3.4. Let $\psi\in AC^{k}(a, \Delta),$ $k\in N; k-1 < \alpha < k.$ Assume that $\psi^{(k)}$ is positive, generalized modified $h$-convex on $[a, \Delta]$ and symmetric to $\dfrac{a+\Delta}{2}.$ Assume that $\theta$ is nonnegatively homogeneous. Then

holds. Where $R_{.}^{k-\alpha}$ is the Riemann-Liouville integral operator of order $k-\alpha.$

Proof. Since $\psi^{(k)}$ is generalized modified $h$-convex and $\theta$ is nonnegatively homogeneous, then we have for $\mu\in [0, 1]$

Multiplying (3.49) by $\mu^{k-\alpha-1}\psi^{(k)}(\mu \Delta+(1-\mu)a)$ and integrating over $[0, 1],$ with respect to $\mu,$ we obtain

and

Hence

And similarly

by multiplying (3.51) by $\mu^{k-\alpha-1}\psi^{(k)}(\mu a+(1-\mu)\Delta),$ integration yields to

and

it results that

By adding (3.50) and (3.53), we get (3.48). That proves the claim. □

Corollary 3.7. Under the same assumptions as Theorem 3.4, if $h(t) = t^{s}, s\in [0, 1],$ then

If $\theta(u, v) = -\theta(v, u)$, then

is valid.

4.   Conclusions

In this work, we have established some estimates including once the derivatives of Caputo and another time the integrals of Riemann-Liouville and the derivatives of Caputo for a function whose derivative order $k$th $(k \in \mathbb{N})$ is generalized modified $h$-convex and symmetrical in the middle. Estimates of consequences for special classes of convex functions and $s$-convex functions in $[0, 1]$ were obtained. The estimates we have just made are compared to those presented in the results ^[8].

Future research could focus on extending these results to variable order or other types of convex functions or exploring inequalities for functions that do not necessarily have symmetry. Furthermore, the application of derived inequalities to concrete problems in applied mathematics, physics, or engineering could still validate the practical significance of our theoretical contributions. Taking these limitations into account could lead to a more complete understanding and wider applicability of fractional inequalities.

Author contributions

HB: conceptualization, writing original draft preparation, writing review and editing, supervision; MSS: conceptualization, writing original draft preparation, writing review and editing, supervision; HG: conceptualization, writing review and editing, supervision; UFG: funding, writing review and editing. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Acknowledgments

The work of U.F.-G. was supported by the government of the Basque Country for the ELKARTEK24/78 and ELKARTEK24/26 research programs, respectively.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.