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Research article Special Issues

Langevin equation with nonlocal boundary conditions involving a ψ-Caputo fractional operators of different orders

  • Received: 13 December 2020 Accepted: 07 April 2021 Published: 21 April 2021
  • MSC : 34A08, 26A33, 34A12, 34D20

  • This paper studies Langevin equation with nonlocal boundary conditions involving a ψ-Caputo fractional operators of different orders. By the aid of fixed point techniques of Krasnoselskii and Banach, we derive new results on existence and uniqueness of the problem at hand. Further, a new ψ-fractional Gronwall inequality and ψ-fractional integration by parts are employed to prove Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for the solutions. Examples are provided to demonstrate the advantage of our major results. The proposed results here are more general than the existing results in the literature which can be obtained as particular cases.

    Citation: Arjumand Seemab, Mujeeb ur Rehman, Jehad Alzabut, Yassine Adjabi, Mohammed S. Abdo. Langevin equation with nonlocal boundary conditions involving a ψ-Caputo fractional operators of different orders[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(7): 6749-6780. doi: 10.3934/math.2021397

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  • This paper studies Langevin equation with nonlocal boundary conditions involving a ψ-Caputo fractional operators of different orders. By the aid of fixed point techniques of Krasnoselskii and Banach, we derive new results on existence and uniqueness of the problem at hand. Further, a new ψ-fractional Gronwall inequality and ψ-fractional integration by parts are employed to prove Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for the solutions. Examples are provided to demonstrate the advantage of our major results. The proposed results here are more general than the existing results in the literature which can be obtained as particular cases.



    Lately, fractional calculus has played a very significant role in various scientific fields; see for instance [1,2] and the references cited therein. As a result of this, fractional differential equations have caught the attention of many investigators working in different desciplines [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. However, most of researchers works have been conducted by using fractional derivatives that mainly rely on Riemann-Liouville, Hadamard, Katugampola, Grunwald Letnikov and Caputo approaches.

    Fractional derivatives of a function with respect to another function have been considered in the classical monographs [1,12] as a generalization of Riemann-Liouville derivative. This fractional derivative is different from the other classical fractional derivative as the kernel appears in terms of another function ψ. Thus, this type of derivative is referred to as ψ-fractional derivative. Recently, this derivative has been reconsidered by Almeida in [14] where the Caputo-type regularization of the existing definition and some interesting properties are provided. Several properties of this operator could be found in [1,12,13,15,16]. For some particular cases of ψ, one can realize that ψ-fractional derivative can be reduced to the Caputo fractional derivative [1], the Caputo-Hadamard fractional derivative [17] and the Caputo-Erdélyi-Kober fractional derivative [18].

    On the other hand, the investigation of qualitative properties of solutions for different fractional differential (and integral) equations is the key theme of applied mathematics research. Numerous interesting results concerning the existence, uniqueness, multiplicity, and stability of solutions or positive solutions by applying some fixed point techniques are obtained. However, most of the proposed problems have been handled concerning the classical fractional derivatives of the Riemann-Liouville and Caputo [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29].

    In parallel with the intensive investigation of fractional derivative, a normal generalization of the Langevin differential equation appears to be replacing the classical derivative by a fractional derivative to produce fractional Langevin equation (FLE). FLE was first introduced in [30] and then different types of FLE were the object of many scholars [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. In particular, the authors studied a nonlinear FLE involving two fractional orders on different intervals with three-point boundary conditions in [40], whereas FLE involving a Hadamard derivative type was considered in [33,34,35].

    Alternatively, the stability problem of differential equations was discussed by Ulam in [41]. Thereafter, Hyers in [42] developed the concept of Ulam stability in the case of Banach spaces. Rassias provided a fabulous generalization of the Ulam-Hyers stability of mappings by taking into account variables. His approach was refered to as Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability [43]. Recently, the Ulam stability problem of implicit differential equations was extended into fractional implicit differential equations by some authors [44,45,46,47]. A series of papers was devoted to the investigation of existence, uniqueness and U-H stability of solutions of the FLE within different kinds of fractional derivatives.

    Motivated by the recent developments on ψ-fractional calculus, in the present work, we investigate the existence, uniqueness and stability in the sense Ulam–Hyers–Rassias of solutions for the following FLE within ψ-Caputo fractional derivatives of different orders involving nonlocal boundary conditions

    {(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[u]=F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[u]),t(a,T),u(a)=0,u(η)=0,u(T)=μ(Jγ,ψa+,ξ)[u],μ>0, (1.1)

    where (Jγ,ψa+,ξ) and (cDθ,ψa+,t) are ψ-fractional integral of order γ,  ψ-Caputo fractional derivative of order θ{α,β,γ} respectively, 0a<η<ξ<T<, 1<α2, 0<γ<β1,λ is a real number and F:[a,T]×R×R R+ is a continuous function. We observe that problem (1.1) is designated within a general platform in the sense that general fractional derivative is considered with respect to different fractional orders, the forcing function depends on the general fractional derivative and boundary conditions involve integral fractional operators. Furthermore, the stability analysis in the sense of Ulam is investigated by the help of new versions of ψ-fractional Gronwall inequality and ψ-fractional integration by parts. It is worth mentioning here that the proposed results in this paper which rely on ψ-fractional integrals and derivatives can generalize the existing results in the literature [31,40] and obtain them as particular cases.

    The major contributions of the work are as follows: Some lemmas and definitions on ψ-fractional calculus theory are recalled in Section 2. In Section 3, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for problem (1.1) via applying fixed point theorems. Section 4 devotes to discuss different types of stability results for the problem (1.1) by the help of generalized ψ-Gronwall's inequality [49] and ψ-fractional integration by parts. The proposed results are examined via Maple using several numerical examples for different values of function ψ, presented in several tables in Section 5, to check the applicability of the theoretical findings. We end the paper by a conclusion in Section 6.

    The standard Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order α, (α)>0, has the form

    (Jαa+,t)[u]=1Γ(α)ta(tτ)α1u(τ)dτ, t>a.

    The left-sided factional integrals and fractional derivatives of a function u with respect to another function ψ in the sense of Riemann-Liouville are defined as follows [13,14]

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[u]=1Γ(α)taψ(τ)(ψ(t)ψ(τ))α1u(τ)dτ,

    and

    (Dα,ψa+,t)[u]=(1ψ(t)ddt)n(Jnα,ψa+,t)[u],

    respectively, where n=[α]+1.

    Analogous formulas can be offered for the right fractional (integral and derivative) as follows:

    (Jα,ψt,b)[u]=1Γ(α)btψ(τ)(ψ(τ)ψ(t))α1u(τ)dτ,

    and

    (Dα,ψt,b)[u]=(1ψ(t)ddt)n(Jnα,ψt,b)[u].

    The left (right) ψ-Caputo fractional derivatives of u of order α are given by

    (cDα,ψa+,t)[u]=(Jnα,ψa+,t)(1ψ(t)ddt)n[u]

    and

    (cDα,ψt,b)[u]=(Jnα,ψt,b)(1ψ(t)ddt)n[u],

    respectively. In particular, when α(0,1), we have

    (cDα,ψa+,t)[u]=(J1α,ψa+,t)(1ψ(t)ddt)[u]

    and

    (cDα,ψt,b)[u]=(J1α,ψt,b)(1ψ(t)ddt)[u],

    where u,ψCn[a,b] two functions such that ψ is increasing and ψ(t)0, for all t[a,b].

    Remark 2.1. We propose the remarkable paper [16] in which some generalizations using ψ-fractional integrals and derivatives are described. In particular, we have

    {if  ψ(t)t,  then Jα,ψa+,tJαa+,t,  if  ψ(t)lnt,  then Jα,ψa+,tHJαa+,t,  if  ψ(t)tρ,  then, Jα,ψa+,tρJαa+,t, ρ>0, 

    where Jαa+,t,HJαa+,t,ρJαa+,t are classical Riemann-Liouville, Hadamard, and Katugampola fractional operators.

    Lemma 2.2. [14] Given uC([a,b]) and vCn([a,b]), we have that for all α>0

    bav(τ)(cDα,ψa+,τ)[u]dτ=bau(τ)(cDα,ψτ,b)[vψ]ddτψ(τ) dτ+n1k=0(1ψ(t)ddt)k(Jnα,ψτ,b)[vψ]u[nk1]ψ(τ)|τ=bτ=a,

    where

    u[k]ψ(t)=(1ψ(t)ddt)ku(t).

    Lemma 2.3. [1] Let α>0 and u, ψC([a,b]). Then

    Jα,ψa+,t[u]CKψuC, Kψ=1Γ(1+α)(ψ(b)ψ(a))α.

    For all n1<α<n,

    cDα,ψa+,t[u]CKψuC[n]ψ, Kψ=1Γ(n+1α)(ψ(b)ψ(a))nα

    where ||||C is the Chebyshev norm defined on C([a,b]).

    The following results are well known and one can see [1,14] for further details.

    Lemma 2.4. [1] Let α,β>0, consider the functions

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[(ψ(τ)ψ(a))β1]=Γ(β)Γ(α+β)(ψ(t)ψ(a))α+β1,
    (Jα,ψa+,t)[1]=1Γ(1+α)(ψ(t)ψ(a))α

    and

    (cDα,ψa+,t)[(ψ(τ)ψ(a))β1]=Γ(β)Γ(βα)(ψ(t)ψ(a))βα1,
    (cDα,ψa+,t)[1]=1Γ(1α)(ψ(t)ψ(a))α,α>0.

    Note that

    (cDα,ψa+,t)[(ψ(τ)ψ(a))k]=0, k=0,..,n1.

    The subsequent properties are valid: If α,β>0, then

    (Jα,ψa+,t)(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]=(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[u]and (cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t)[u]=(cDα+β,ψa+,t)[u],
    (cDα,ψa+,t)(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]=(Jβα,ψa+,t)[u]. (2.1)

    Lemma 2.5. [1] Given a function uCn[a,b] and α>0, we have

    Jα,ψa+,t(cDα,ψa+,t)[u]=u(t)n1j=0[1j!(1ψ(t)ddt)ju(a)](ψ(t)ψ(a))j.

    In particular, given α(0,1), we have

    Jα,ψa+,t(cDα,ψa+,t)[u]=u(t)u(a).

    Lemma 2.6. Given a function uCn[a,b] and 1>α>0, we have

    (Jα,ψa+,t2)[u](Jα,ψa+,t1)[u]2uΓ(α+1)(ψ(t2)ψ(t1))α.

    Proof. Using Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4, we have

    |(Jα,ψa+,t2)[u](Jα,ψa+,t1)[u]|=1Γ(α)|t2aψ(τ)[(ψ(t2)ψ(τ))α1(ψ(t1)ψ(τ))α1]u(τ)dτ|+1Γ(α)|t2t1ψ(τ)(ψ(t2)ψ(τ))α1u(τ)dτ|uΓ(α+1)[(ψ(t2)ψ(t1))α+(ψ(t1)ψ(a))α(ψ(t2)ψ(a))α]+uΓ(α+1)(ψ(t2)ψ(t1))α2uΓ(α+1)(ψ(t2)ψ(t1))α.

    Now we state here two important fixed point theorems, namely Banach and Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorems. These will help us to develop sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions.

    Theorem 2.7. [48] Let Br be the closed ball of radius r>0, centred at zero, in a Banach space X with Υ:BrX a contraction and Υ( Br)Br. Then, Υ has a unique fixed point in Br.

    Theorem 2.8. [48] Let M be a closed, convex, non-empty subset of a Banach space X×X. Suppose that E and  F map M into X and that

    (i) Eu+FvM for all u,vM;

    (ii) E is compact and continuous;

    (iii) F is a contraction mapping.

    Then the operator equation Ew+Fw=w has at least one solution on M.

    Definition 2.9. The problem (1.1) is U-H stable if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution ˜uC([a,T]) of the inequality

    |(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[˜u]F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[˜u])|ϵ, t[a,T], (2.2)

    there exists a solution uC[a,T] of the problem (1.1) with

    |˜u(t)u(t)|ϵcf.

    Definition 2.10. The problem (1.1) is generalized U-H stable if there exists Φ(t)C(R+,R+), Φ(0)=0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution ˜uC[a,T] of inequality (2.2), there exists a solution uC[a,T] of problem (1.1) with

    |˜u(t)u(t)|Φ(ϵ), t[a,T],

    where Φ(ϵ) is only dependent on ϵ.

    Definition 2.11. The problem (1.1) is U-H-R stable if there exists a real number cf>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution ˜uC[a,T] of the inequality

    |(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[˜u]F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[˜u])|ϵΦ(t), t[a,T],

    there exists a solution uC[a,T] of the problem (1.1) with

    |˜u(t)u(t)|ϵcfΦ(t).

    Definition 2.12. The problem (1.1) is generalized U-H-R stable with respect to Φ if there exists cf>0 such that for each solution ˜uC[a,T] of the inequality

    |cDα,ψa+,t(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[u]F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[u])|Φ(t), t[a,T],

    there exists a solution uC[a,T] of the problem (1.1) with

    |˜u(t)u(t)|cfΦ(t).

    We adopt the following conventions:

    Fu(t)=F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[u]) andK(t;a)=ψ(t)ψ(a).

    We remark that, the following generalized ψ-Gronwall Lemma is an important tool in proving the main results of this paper.

    Lemma 2.13. [49] Let u,v be two integrable functions on [a,b]. Let ψC1[a,b] be an increasing function such that ψ(t)0, t[a,b]. Assume that

    (i) u and v are nonnegative;

    (ii) The functions (gi)i=1n are bounded and monotonic increasing functions on [a,b];

    (iii) The constants αi>0 (i=1,2,,n). If

    u(t)v(t)+ni=1gi(t)taψ(τ)(K(t;τ))αi1u(τ)dτ,

    then

    u(t)v(t)+k=1(n1,2,3,,k=1ki=1(gi(t)Γ(αi))Γ(ki=1αi)ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))ki=1αi1]v(τ) dτ).

    Remark 2.14. [49] For n=2 in the hypotheses of Lemma 2.13. Let v(t) be a nondecreasing function for at<T. Then we have

    u(t)v(t)[Eα1(g1(t)Γ(α1)(K(t;a))α1)+Eα2(g2(t)Γ(α2)(K(t;a))α2)],

    where Eαi(i=1,2) is the Mittag-Leffler function defined below.

    Definition 2.15. [50] The Mittag-Leffler function is given by the series

    Eα(z)=k=0zkΓ(αk+1), (2.3)

    where (α)>0 and Γ(z) is a Gamma function. In particular, if α=1/2 in (2.3) we have

    E1/2(z)=exp(z2)[1+erf(z)],

    where erf(z) is the error function.

    In the remaining portion of the paper, we make use of the next suppositions:

    (A1) For each t[a,T], there exist a constant Li>0 (i=1,2) such that

    |F(t,u1,v1)F(t,u2,v2)|L1|u1v2|+L2|u1v2|,forallui,viR.

    (A2) There exists an increasing function χ(t)(C[a,T],R+), for any t[a,T],

    |F(t,u,v)|χ(t),u,vR.

    (A3) There exist a constant L>0 such that

    |F(t,u,v)|L,foranyt[a,T],u,vR.

    (A4) There exists an function Φ(t)(C[a,T],R+) and there exists lα,ψ>0 such that for any t[a,T],

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ]lα,ψΦ(t), α>0.

    Denoting

    σ11=(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]and σ12=(Jβ,ψa+,η)[K(τ;a)],

    and

    σ21=(Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]and σ22=((Jβ,ψa+,T)[K(τ;a)]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[K(τ;a)]).

    Further, we assume

    |σ11σ22σ21σ12|0,

    where σij are constants.

    In order to study the nonlinear FLE (1.1), we first consider the linear associated FLE and conclude the form of the solution.

    The following lemma regards a linear variant of problem

    {(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[u]=F(t),t(a,T),u(a)=0,u(η)=0,u(T)=μ(Jγ,ψa+,ξ)[u],a<η<ξ<T, (3.1)

    where FC([a,T],R).

    Lemma 3.1. The unique solution of the ψ-Caputo linear problem (3.1) is given by the integral equation

    u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F]+(K(t;a))β(K(t;η)Γ(β+2)Δ{(Jα+β,ψa+,T)[F]λ(Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[F]+μλ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[u]}(K(t;a))βΔ(K(η;a))β((K(T;a))β(K(T;t))Γ(β+2)μ(K(ξ;a))β+γ[(β+1)(K(ξ;t))γ(K(t;a))]Γ(β+γ+2)(β+1))×{(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[F]λ(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]}, (3.2)

    where

    Δ=[(K(T;a))βK(T;η)Γ(β+2)μ(K(ξ;a))β+γ[(β+1)K(ξ;η)γK(η;a)]Γ(β+γ+2)(β+1)]0. (3.3)

    Proof. Applying (Jα,ψa+,t) on both sides of (3.1-a), we have

    (cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[u]=(Jα,ψa+,t)[F]+c1+c2(ψ(t)ψ(a)), (3.4)

    for c1,c2R.

    Now applying (Jβ,ψa+,t) to both sides of (3.4), we get

    u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F]+c1(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]+c2(Jβ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]+c3,

    where c3R.

    Using the boundary conditions in (3.1-b), we obtain c3:=c3(F)=0 and

    Jδ,ψa+,t[u]=λ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,t)[F]+c1(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[1]+c2(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]. (3.5)

    Further, we get a system of linear equations with respect to c1, c2 as follows

    (σ11σ12σ21σ22)(c1c2)=(b1b2),

    where

    b1=λ(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u](Jα+β,ψa+,η)[F]

    and

    b2=λ((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[u])((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[F]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[F]).

    We note

    Δdet(σ)=|σ11σ22σ21σ12|.

    Because the determinant of coefficients for Δ0. Thus, we have

    c1:=c1(F)=σ22b1σ12b2Δandc2:=c2(F)=σ11b2σ21b1Δ.

    Substituting these values of c1 and c2 in (3.5), we finally obtain (3.2) as

    u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F]+σ22b1σ12b2Δ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]+σ11b2σ21b1Δ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]. (3.6)

    That is, the integral equation (3.6) can be written as (3.2) and

    (Jδ,ψa+,t)[u]=λ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,t)[F]+σ22b1σ12b2Δ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[1]+σ11b2σ21b1Δ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)].

    Differentiating the above relations one time we obtain (3.1-a), also it is easy to get that the condition (3.1-b) is satisfied. The proof is complete.

    For convenience, we define the following functions

    d11(t)=1Δ(σ22(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]σ21(Jβ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]),d21(t)=d11(t) (3.7)

    and

    d12(t)=1Δ(σ12(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]σ11(Jβ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]),d22(t)=d12(t). (3.8)

    The following result is an immediate consequence of Lemma 3.1.

    Lemma 3.2. Let  λR. Then problem (1.1) is equivalent to the integral equation

    u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]+ϕu(F), (3.9)

    where

    ϕu(F)=d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[Fu]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[Fu]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[Fu])+λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[u]) (3.10)

    and dij are defined in (3.7) and (3.8).

    From the expression of (1.1-a) and (3.9), we can see that if all the conditions in Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2 are satisfied, the solution is a C[a,T] solution of the ψ-Caputo fractional boundary value problem (1.1).

    In order to lighten the statement of our result, we adopt the following notation.

    ς11=supt[a,T]|λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]+ρ11+L1((Jα+β,ψa+,t)[1]+ρ12)|, (3.11)
    ς12=L2ς13whereς13=supt[a,T]|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[1]|+ρ12, (3.12)
    ς21=supt[a,T]|λ(Jβγ,ψa+,t)[1]+ρ21+L1((Jα+βγ,ψa+,t)[1]+ρ22)|, (3.13)
    ς22=L2ς23whereς23=supt[a,T]|(Jα+βγ,ψa+,t)[1]|+ρ22,

    with

    ρ11=|λ|supt[a,T](|d21(t)|(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+|d22(t)|((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1])), (3.14)
    ρ12=supt[a,T](|d11(t)|(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+|d12(t)|((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1])), (3.15)
    ρ21=|λ|supt[a,T](|(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d21]|(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+|(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d22]|(Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]), (3.16)

    and

    ρ22=supt[a,T](|(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d11]|(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+|(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d12]|(Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]). (3.17)

    We are now in a position to establish the existence and uniqueness results. Fixed point theorems are the main tool to prove this.

    Let C=C([a,T],R) be a Banach space of all continuous functions defined on [a,T] endowed with the usual supremum norm. Define the space

    E={u:uC3([a,T],R), (cDγ,ψa+,t)[u]C}, (3.18)

    equipped with the norm

    uE=max{u,(cDγ,ψa+,t)[u]}.

    Then, we may conclude that (E,.E) is a Banach space.

    To introduce a fixed point problem associated with (3.9) we consider an integral operator Ψ:EE defined by

    (Ψu)(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]+ϕu(F). (3.19)

    Theorem 3.3. Assume that F:[a,T]×R×RR+ is a continuous function that satisfies (A1). If we suppose that

    0<ς=max{ς11,ς12,ς21,ς22}<1, (3.20)

    holds. Then the problem (1.1) has a unique solution on E.

    Proof. The proof will be given in two steps.

    Step 1. The operator Ψ maps bounded sets into bounded sets in E.

    For our purpose, consider a function uE. It is clear that ΨuE. Also by (2.1), (3.10) and (3.19), we have

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψu)=λ(Jβδ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t)[Fu]+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[ϕu(F)]. (3.21)

    Indeed, it is sufficient to prove that for any r>0, for each uBr={uE:uEr}, we have ΨuEr.

    Denoting

    L0=supt[a,T]{|F(t,0,0|:t[a,T]}<andLB=L1supt[a,T]|u(t)|+L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[u]|+L0.

    By (A1) we have for each t[a,T]

    |Fu(t)|=|Fu(t)F0(t)+F0(t)||Fu(t)F0(t)|+|F0(t)|LB.

    Firstly, we estimate |ϕu(F)| as follows

    |ϕu(F)|=|λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]|+|d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[|FuF0|+F0]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[|FuF0|+F0])|+|λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[u])|+|d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[|FuF0|+F0]|.

    Then

    |ϕu(F)||d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[LB]|+|d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[LB]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[LB])|+|λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]|+|λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[u])|.

    Taking the maximum over [a,T], we get

    supt[a,T]|ϕu(F)|ρ11supt[a,T]|u(t)|+ρ12(L1supt[a,T]|u(t)|+L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[u]|+L0), (3.22)

    where ϕu, dij(t) and ρij defined by (3.10), (3.7), (3.8) and (3.14–3.17) respectively. Using (3.19) and (3.22), we obtain

    (Ψu)ς11supt[a,T]|u(t)|+ς12supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[u]|+ς13L0, (3.23)

    where ςij defined by (3.11) and (3.12). On the other hand

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)[ϕu(F)]=(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)[Fu]+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[Fu]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[Fu])+λ(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d21](Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]λ(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d22]((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[u]).

    Taking the maximum over [a,T], we get

    supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[ϕu(F)]|ρ21supt[a,T]|u(t)|+ρ22(L1supt[a,T]|u(t)|+L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[u]|+L0). (3.24)

    Using (3.21) and (3.24), we obtain

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψu)ς21supt[a,T]|u(t)|+ς22supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[u]|+ς23L0. (3.25)

    Consequently, by (3.23) and (3.25), we have

    (Ψu)EςuE+L0max{ς13,ς23}ςr+(1ς)r=r,

    where ς is defined by (3.20) and choose

    r>L0max{ς13,ς23}(1ς), 0<ς<1.

    The continuity of the functional Fu would imply the continuity of (Ψu) and (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψu) Hence, Ψ maps bounded sets into bounded sets in E.

    Step 2.Now we show that Ψ is a contraction. By (A1) and (3.19), for u,vE and t[a,T], we have

    |(Ψu)(t)(Ψv)(t)||λ||(Jβ,ψa+,t)[uv]|+|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[FuFv]|+|ϕu(F)ϕv(F)|,

    where

    |(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[FuFv]||(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[1]|(L1|uv|+L2|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|)

    and

    ϕu(F)ϕv(F)=d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[FuFv]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[FuFv]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[FuFv])+λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[uv]λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[uv]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[uv]),

    for all t[a,T], which implies

    |ϕu(F)ϕv(F)|(ρ11+L1ρ12)supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+ρ12L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|.

    Hence, we get

    |(Ψu)(t)(Ψv)(t)||λ||supt[a,T](Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]|supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+supt[a,T]|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[1]|(L1supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|)+supt[a,T]|ϕu(F)ϕv(F)|.      

    Consequently,

    (Ψu)(Ψv)ς11supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+ς12supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|. (3.26)

    A similar argument shows that

    |(cDδ,ψa+,t)[(Ψu)(Ψv)]|=|λ||(Jβδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|+|(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t)[FuFv]|+|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[ϕu(F)ϕv(F)]|, (3.27)

    where

    supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[ϕu(F)ϕv(F)]|(ρ21+L1ρ22)supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+ρ22L2supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|+ρ22L0. (3.28)

    Combining (3.27) and (3.28), we obtain

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψu)(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψv)ς21supt[a,T]|u(t)v(t)|+ς22supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[uv]|. (3.29)

    Consequently, by (3.26) and (3.29), we have

    (Ψu)(Ψv)EςuvE

    and choose ς=max{ς11,ς12,ς21,ς22}<1. Hence, the operator Ψ is a contraction, therefore Ψ maps bounded sets into bounded sets in E. Thus, the conclusion of the theorem follows by the contraction mapping principle.

    For simplicity of presentation, we let

    Λ11=(Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]+(Jα+βγ,ψa+,T)[1]+(d11(T)+(cDγ,ψa+,T)[d11])(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1],
    Λ12=(d12(T)+(cDγ,ψa+,T)[d12])((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]),
    Λ21=(Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]+d21(T)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+d22(T)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]),
    Λ22=(Jβγ,ψa+,T)[1]+(cDγ,ψa+,T)[d21](Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+(cDγ,ψa+,T)[d22]((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[1]).

    We consider the space defined by (3.18) equipped with the norm

    uE=u+(cDγ,ψa+,t)[u]. (3.30)

    It is easy to know that (E,.E) is a Banach space with norm (3.30). On this space, by virtue of Lemma 3.2, we may define the operator Ψ:EE by

    (Ψu)(t)=(Ψ1u)(t)+(Ψ2u)(t)=(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]+ϕu(F)),

    where Ψ1 and Ψ2 are the two operators defined on Br by

    (Ψ1u)(t)=(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[Fu]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[Fu]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[Fu]) (3.31)

    and

    (Ψ2u)(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[u]), (3.32)

    where dij(t) are defined by (3.7) and (3.8).

    Applying (cDγ,ψa+,t) on both sides of (3.31) and (3.32), we have

    (cDγ,ψa+,t)[Ψ1u]=(Jα+βγ,ψa+,t)[Fu]+(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)[Fu]+(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[Fu]μ(Jα+β+γ,ψa+,ξ)[Fu])

    and

    (cDγ,ψa+,t)[Ψ2u]=λ(Jβγ,ψa+,t)[u]+λ(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d21](Jβ,ψa+,η)[u]λ(cDγ,ψa+,t)[d22]((Jβ,ψa+,T)[u]μ(Jβ+γ,ψa+,ξ)[u]). (3.33)

    Thus, Ψ is well-defined because Ψ1 and Ψ2 are well-defined. The continuity of the functional Fu confirms the continuity of (Ψu)(t) and (cDγ,ψa+,t)[Ψu](t), for each t[a,T]. Hence the operator Ψ maps E into itself.

    In what follows, we utilize fixed point techniques to demonstrate the key results of this paper. In light of Lemma 3.2, we rewrite problem (3.9) as

    u=Ψu, uE. (3.34)

    Notice that problem (3.9) has solutions if the operator Ψ in (3.34) has fixed points. Conversely, the fixed points of Ψ are solutions of (1.1). Consider the operator Ψ:EE.  For u,vBr, we find that

    ΨuE=Ψ1uE+Ψ2uE.

    Theorem 3.4. Assume that F:[a,T]×R×RR+ is a continuous function and the assumption (A3) holds. If

    0<|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)<1, (3.35)

    then, problem (1.1) has at least one fixed point on [a,T].

    Proof. The proof will be completed in four steps:

    Step 1. Firstly, we prove that, for any u,vBr, Ψ1u+Ψ2vBr, it follows that

    (Ψ1u)E=(Ψ1u)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ1u)[(Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]+d11(T)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+d12(T)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]Fu+[(Jα+βδ,ψa+,T)[1]+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]]Fu+[(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]Fu,

    we obtain

    (Ψ1u)E×Fu1=(Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]+(Jα+βδ,ψa+,T)[1]+(d11(T)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d11])(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+(d12(T)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d12])((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1]).

    Then, we have

    (Ψ1u)E(Λ11+Λ12)×Fu, Λ11+Λ12<, (3.36)

    which yields that Ψ1 is bounded. On the opposite side

    1|λ|(Ψ2v)E×v1E(Jβ,ψa+,T)+d21(T)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+d22(T)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])+(Jβδ,ψa+,T)[1]+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d21](Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d22]((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1]),

    which implies

    (Ψ2v)E|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)×vE. (3.37)

    Then, from (3.36) and (3.37), it follows that

    Ψ(u,v)E(Λ11+Λ12)×Fu+|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)×vE. (3.38)

    By (A3) and (3.38), we have that

    (Λ11+Λ12)×Fu+|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)×vE(Λ11+Λ12)×L+|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)×rr.

    Then

    r>(Λ11+Λ12)×L1|λ|(Λ21+Λ22), 0<|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)<1,

    which concludes that Ψ1u+Ψ2vBr for all u,vBr.

    Step 2. Next, for u,vBr, Ψ2 is a contraction. From (3.32) and (3.33), we have

    (Ψ2u)(Ψ2v)E=(Ψ2u)(Ψ2v)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2u)(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2v),

    where

    (Ψ2u)(Ψ2v)|λ|((Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]+d21(T)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+d22(T)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1]))uv. (3.39)

    From (3.39), we can write

    (Ψ2u)(Ψ2v)|λ|Λ21×uv. (3.40)

    On the other hand

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2u)(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2v)×uv1|λ|((Jβδ,ψa+,t)[1]+(cDδ,ψa+,T)[d21](Jβ,ψa+,η)[1]+(cDδ,ψa+,T)[d22]((Jβ,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])),

    which yields

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2u)(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ2v)|λ|Λ22×uv. (3.41)

    Thus, using (3.40) and (3.41), it follows that

    (Ψ2u)+(Ψ2v)E|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)×uvE,

    and choose 0<|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)<1. Hence, the operator Ψ2 is a contraction.

    Step 3. The continuity of Ψ1 follows from that of Fu. Let {un} be a sequence such that unu in E. Then for each t[a,T]

    |(Ψ1un)(t)(Ψ1u)(t)|=(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[FunFu]+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[FunFu]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[FunFu]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[FunFu]).

    By last equality with Eq (3.31), we can write

    |(Ψ1un)(t)(Ψ1u)(t)|[(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[1]+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]supt[a,T]|FunFu|.

    It follows that

    (Ψ1un)(Ψ1u)E=(Ψ1un)(Ψ1u)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)((Ψ1un)(Ψ1u))[(Jα+β,ψa+,T)+d11(T)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)+d12(T)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))]FunFu+[(Jα+βδ,ψa+,T)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))]FunFu. (3.42)

    By (3.42), we have

    (Ψ1un)(Ψ1u)EFunFu1(Jα+β,ψa+,T[1])+(Jα+βδ,ψa+,T[1])+(d11(T)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d11])(Jα+β,ψa+,η[1])+(d12(T)+(cDδ,ψa+,t)[d12])((Jα+β,ψa+,T[1])μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ[1])). (3.43)

    Consequently, by (3.43), we have

    (Ψ1un)(Ψ1u)(Λ11+Λ12)×FunFu, Λ11+Λ12<.

    Since Fu is a continuous function, then by Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem it follows that

    (Ψ1un)(Ψ1u)0asn.

    Furthermore, Ψ1 is uniformly bounded on Br as (Ψ1u)E(Λ11+Λ12)×Fu, due to (3.36).

    Step 4. Finally, we establish the compactness of Ψ1. Let u,vBr, for t1,t2[a,T],t1<t2, we have

    (Ψ1u)(t2)(Ψ1u)(t1)[(Jα+β,ψa+,t2)[1]+d11(t2)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+d12(t2)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]Fu[(Jα+β,ψa+,t1)[1]+d11(t1)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+d12(t1)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))[1]]Fu[((Jα+β,ψa+,t2)[1](Jα+β,ψa+,t1)[1])+Λ41(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+Λ42((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]Fu. (3.44)

    On the other hand

    (cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ1u)(t2)(cDδ,ψa+,t)(Ψ1u)(t1)[(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t2)+(cDδ,ψa+,t2)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)+(cDδ,ψa+,t2)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))]Fu[(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t1)+(cDδ,ψa+,t1)[d11](Jα+β,ψa+,η)+(cDδ,ψa+,t1)[d12]((Jα+β,ψa+,T)μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))]Fu[((Jα+βδ,ψa+,t2)(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t1))+Λ43(Jα+β,ψa+,η)+Λ44((Jα+β,ψa+,T)μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ))]Fu. (3.45)

    Using (3.44) and (3.45), we get

    (Ψ1u)(t2)(Ψ1u)(t1)E[((Jα+β,ψa+,t2)[1](Jα+β,ψa+,t1)[1])+((Jα+βδ,ψa+,t2)(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t1))+(Λ41+Λ43)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[1]+(Λ42+Λ44)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[1]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[1])]Fu,

    where

    Λ41=d11(t2)d11(t1),Λ42=d12(t2)d12(t1)

    and

    Λ43=(cDδ,ψa+,t2)[d11](cDδ,ψa+,t1)[d11],Λ44=(cDδ,ψa+,t2)[d12](cDδ,ψa+,t1)[d11].

    Consequently, we have

    (Ψ1u)(t2)(Ψ1u)(t1)×Fu10ast1t2.

    Thus, Ψ1 is relatively compact on Br. Hence, by the Arzela-Ascoli Theorem, Ψ1 is completely continuous on Br. Therefore, according to Theorem 2.8, the Problem (1.1) has at least one solution on Br. This completes the proof.

    Hereafter, we discuss the Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability of solutions of the FLE (1.1). In the proofs of Theorems 4.4 and 4.9, we use integration by parts in the settings of ψ-fractional operators. Denoting

    φ1(t)=(Jβ,ψa+,t)[1]andφ2(t)=(Jβ,ψa+,t)[K(τ;a)]. (4.1)

    Remark 4.1. For every ϵ>0, a function ˜uC is a solution of of the inequality

    |(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[˜u]F(t,˜u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[˜u])|ϵΦ(t), t[a,T], (4.2)

    where Φ(t)0 if and only if there exists a function gC, (which depends on ˜u) such that

    (i)|g(t)|ϵΦ(t), t[a,T];

    (ii)(cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[˜u]=F(t,˜u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[˜u])+g(t).

    Lemma 4.2. If ˜uC is a solution of the inequality (4.2) then ˜u is a solution of the following integral inequality

    |˜u(t)(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]+ϕ˜u(F))|CΦ(t), (4.3)

    where

    CΦ(t)=ϵ(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Φ]+c1(ϵΦ)φ1(t)+c2(ϵΦ)φ2(t)+c3(ϵΦ),

    where c1(ϵΦ)c3(ϵΦ) are real constants with F˜u=Φ and CΦ is independent of ˜u(t) and F˜u.

    Proof. Let ˜uC be a solution of the inequality (4.2). Then by Remark 4.1-(ii), we have that

    ˜u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u+g]+ϕ˜u(F˜u+g), (4.4)

    where

    ϕ˜u(F˜u+g)=c1(F˜u+g)φ1(t)+c2(F˜u+g)φ2(t)+c3(F˜u+g),

    with

    cj(F˜u+g)=cj(F˜u)+cj(g), j=1,2,3.

    In view of (A1) and (4.3), we obtain

    |˜u(t)(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]+ϕ˜u(F))|=|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[g]+c1(g)φ1(t)+c2(g)φ2(t)+c3(g)||(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[ϵΦ]+c1(ϵΦ)φ1(t)+c2(ϵΦ)φ2(t)+c3(ϵΦ)|=CΦ(t).

    As an outcome of Lemma 4.2, we have the following result:

    Corollary 4.3. Assume that F˜u is a continuous function that satisfies (A1). If ˜uC is a solution of the inequality

    |cDα,ψa+,t(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)u(t)F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[u](t))|ϵ, t[a,T], (4.5)

    then ˜u is a solution of the following integral inequality

    |˜u(t)(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]+ϕ˜u(F))|Cϵ, (4.6)

    with

    ˜u(a)=0,˜u(η)=0,˜u(T)=μ(Jγ,ψa+,ξ)[˜u],a<η<ξ<T, 0<μ, (4.7)

    where

    Cϵ=ϵς13, (4.8)

    where ς13 is given by (3.12).

    Proof. By Remark 4.1-(ii), (4.4), and by using (3.10) with the conditions (4.7), we have

    ϕ˜u(F+g)=d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[F˜u]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[F˜u]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[F˜u])+λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[˜u]λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[˜u]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[˜u])+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[g]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[g]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[g]).

    The solution of the problem (4.4) is given by

    |˜u(t)(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]+ϕ˜u(F))||(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[g]+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[g]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[g]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[g])|,

    which implies that

    |˜u(t)(λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]+ϕ˜u(F))|Φϵ(t),

    where

    Φϵ(t)=(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[ϵ]+c1(ϵ)φ1(t)+c2(ϵ)φ2(t)+c3(ϵ)

    with

    Cϵsupt[a,T]|Φϵ(t)|=ϵς13,

    which is the desired inequality (4.6).

    This corollary is obtained from Lemma 4.2 by setting Φ(t)=1, for all  t[a,T], with (4.7).

    Theorem 4.4. Assume that F˜u is a continuous function that satisfies (A1) and (A4). The Eq (1.1-a) is H-U-R stable with respect to Φ if there exists a real number lα,ψ>0 such that for each ϵ>0 and for each solution ˜uC3([a,T],R) of the inequality (4.2), there exists a solution uC3([a,T],R) of (1.1-a) with

    |˜u(t)u(t)|ϵlα,ψΦ(t). (4.9)

    Proof. Using (4.2) and (1.1), we obtain

    ˜u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u+g]+c1(F˜u+g)φ1(t)+c2(F˜u+g)φ2(t)+c3(F˜u+g)=θ˜u(t,F˜u+g)+c1(F+g)φ1(t)+c2(F+g)φ2(t)+c3(F+g) (4.10)

    and

    u(t)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]+c1(Fu)φ1(t)+c2(Fu)φ2(t)+c3(Fu)=θu(t,F)+c1(Fu)φ1(t)+c1(Fu)φ1(t)+c2(Fu)φ2(t)+c3(Fu),

    where

    θ˜u(t,F)=λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u]. (4.11)

    By using (4.9) and (4.10), we have the following inequalities

    |˜u(t)u(t)||˜u(t)(θu(t,F)+c1(Fu)φ1(t)+c2(Fu)φ2(t)+c3(Fu))||˜u(t)(θ˜u(t,F)+c1(F˜u)φ1(t)+c1(F˜u)φ1(t)+c2(F˜u)φ2(t)+c3(F˜u))|+|θ˜u(t,F)θu(t,F)|+|(c1(F˜u)c1(Fu))φ1(t)|+|(c2(F˜u)c2(Fu))|φ2(t)+|c3(F˜u)c3(Fu)|.

    By setting

    c33=c3(F˜u)c3(Fu)=˜u(a)u(a), c11=c1(F˜u)c1(Fu)andc22=c2(F˜u)c2(Fu),

    and

    w(η)=˜u(η)u(η)+θ˜u(η,F)θu(η,F)andw(T)=˜u(T)u(T)+θ˜u(T,F)θu(T,F).

    It follows from (4.9) and (4.10), that

    (φ1(η)φ2(η)φ1(T)φ2(T))(c11c22)=(w(η)w(T)),

    Applying Lemma 4.2 and from estimation (4.11), it follows

    |˜u(t)u(t)|CΦ(t)+|θ˜u(t,F)θu(t,F)|+c11φ1(t)+c22φ2(t)+c33,

    where

    |θ˜u(t,F)θu(t,F)|=|λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u](λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu])||λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜uFu]|.

    Using Lemma 2.4 and (A1), we have

    (Jα+β,ψa+,t)[|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]|]=z0(t)(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]

    and

    |(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜uFu]||L1(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[˜uu]|+L2|z0(t)(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]|,

    where

    z0(t)=|˜u(a)u(a)|Γ(α+β)×(J1δ,ψa,t)[(K(t;a))α+β1].

    Set

    q(t)=G(t)+L2|˜u(a)u(a)|Γ(α+β)×(J1δ,ψa,t)[(K(t;a))α+β1],

    where

    G(t)=CΦ(t)+c11φ1(t)+c22φ2(t)+c33,

    with

    CΦ(t)=ϵ(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Φ]+c1(ϵΦ)φ1(t)+c2(ϵΦ)φ2(t)+c3(ϵΦ).

    This means that

    p(t)q(t)+λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]+L1(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[˜uu]+L2(Jα+βδ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]. (4.12)

    Using Lemma 2.13, the above inequality implies the estimation for p(t) such as

    p(t)q(t)+k=1((λΓ(β))kΓ(kβ)ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))kβ1]q(τ)dτ+(L1Γ(α+β))kΓ(k(α+β))ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))k(α+β)1]q(τ)dτ+(L2Γ(α+βδ))kΓ(k(α+βδ))ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))k(α+βδ)1]q(τ)dτ).

    Therefore, with (A4), the inequality (4.12) can be rewritten as

    p(t)=|˜u(t)u(t)|ϵlα,ψΦ(t).

    By Remark 2.14, one can obtain

    p(t)q(t)[Eβ(λΓ(β)(K(t;a))β)+Eα+β(λΓ(α+β)(K(t;a))α+β)+Eα+β+δ(λΓ(α+β+δ)(K(t;a))α+β+δ)].

    Thus, we complete the proof.

    Theorem 4.5. Assume that the assumptions (A1) and (A4). If a continuously differentiable function ˜u:[a,T]R satisfies (4.2), where Φ:[a,T]R+ is a continuous function with (A3), then there exists a unique continuous function u:[a,T]R of problem (1.1) such that

    |˜u(t)u(t)|ϵlα,ψΦ(t), (4.13)

    with

    |˜u(a)u(a)|=|˜u(η)u(η)|=|˜u(T)u(T)|=0. (4.14)

    Proof. Assume that ˜uC3([a,T],R) is a solution of the (4.2). In view of proof of Theorem 4.4, we get

    G(t)=CΦ(t)+c11φ1(t)+c22φ2(t)+c33=CΦ(t),

    with the conditions (4.14), we have

    CΦ(t)=ϵ|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Φ]+(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[Φ]d11(t)+((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[Φ]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[Φ])d12(t)|.

    Set q(t)=CΦ(t). Using Theorem 4.4 and (A4), we conclude that, the estimation for p(t)=|u(t)˜u(t)| such as (4.12).\ So the inequality (4.12) can be rewritten as

    p(t)=|u(t)˜u(t)|ϵlα,ψΦ(t).

    By Remark 2.14, one can obtain

    p(t)q(t)[Eβ(λΓ(β)(K(t;a))β)+Eα+β(λΓ(α+β)(K(t;a))α+β)+Eα+β+δ(λΓ(α+β+δ)(K(t;a))α+β+δ)].

    This proves that the problem (1.1) is, Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stable.

    Theorem 4.6. Assume that the assumptions (A2), (A4) and (4.2) hold. Then Eq (1.1-a) is H-U-R stable.

    Proof. By (A2) and (4.11), we have

    |(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u](Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu]||(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[˜χ](Jα+β,ψa+,t)[χ]|

    and

    |˜u(t)u(t)|CΦ(t)+|θ˜u(t,F+g)θu(t,F)|+c11|φ1(t)|+c22|φ2(t)|+c33,

    where

    |θ˜u(t,F+g)θu(t,F)|=|λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜u+g](λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[u]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu])||λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]+(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[F˜uFu]|+|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[g]|.

    Using Lemma 4.2, we have

    p(t)q(t)+λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu],

    where

    q(t)=G(t)+|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[˜χ](Jα+β,ψa+,t)[χ]|,

    with

    G(t)=CΦ(t)+c11φ1(t)+c22φ2(t)+c33.

    From the above, it follows

    p(t)q(t)+k=1(λΓ(β))kΓ(kβ)ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))kβ1]q(τ)dτ.

    By Remark 2.14, one can obtain

    p(t)q(t)Eβ(λΓ(β)(K(t;a))β).

    Remark 4.7. If Φ(t) is a constant function in the inequalities (4.2), then we say that (1.1-a) is Ulam–Hyers stable.

    Corollary 4.8. Assume that the assumptions (A2), (A4) and (4.2) hold. Then Eq (1.1-a) with (4.13) is Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stable.

    Proof. Using Theorem 4.6, we have

    p(t)q(t)+λ(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu],

    where

    p(t)=|˜u(t)u(t)|and q(t)=CΦ(t)+|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[˜χ](Jα+β,ψa+,t)[χ]|.

    We conclude that

    p(t)q(t)+k=1(λΓ(β))kΓ(kβ)ta[ψ(τ)(K(t;τ))kβ1]q(τ)dτ.

    By Remark 2.14, one can obtain

    p(t)q(t)Eβ(λΓ(β)(K(t;a))β).

    Theorem 4.9. Assume that the assumptions (A1) and (4.2) with (4.14) hold. Then problem (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable and consequently generalized Ulam–Hyers stable.

    Proof. Let u be a unique solution of the fractional Langevin type problem (1.1), that is, u(t)=(Ψu)(t). Assume that ˜uC([a,T],R) is a solution of the (4.2). By using the estimation

    |(Ψ˜u)(t)(Ψu)(t)|λ|(Jβ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]|+|(Jα+β,ψa+,t)[Fu(F˜u+g)]|+|ϕ˜u(F+g)ϕu(t,F)|,

    where

    |ϕ˜u(F+g)ϕu(t,F)|=d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[F˜uFu]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[F˜uFu]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[F˜uFu])+λd21(t)(Jβ,ψa+,η)[˜uu]λd22(t)((Jβ,ψa+,T)[˜uu]μ(Jβ+δ,ψa+,ξ)[˜uu])+d11(t)(Jα+β,ψa+,η)[g]+d12(t)((Jα+β,ψa+,T)[g]μ(Jα+β+δ,ψa+,ξ)[g]). (4.15)

    Taking the maximum over [a,T], we get

    supt[a,T]|(Ψ˜u)(t)(Ψu)(t)|ς11supt[a,T]|˜u(t)u(t)|+ς12supt[a,T]|(cDδ,ψa+,t)[˜uu]|+ϵς13.

    Using Lemma 2.3 and (4.15), we obtain

    supt[a,T]|(Ψ˜u)(t)(Ψu)(t)|(ς11+ς12κ0)supt[a,T]|˜u(t)u(t)|+ϵς13,

    where

    κ0=1Γ(2δ)(ψ(T)ψ(a))1δ.

    We conclude that

    ˜uuϵς13(1ς11ς12κ0), 0<1ς11ς12κ0<1.

    Thus problem (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable. Further, using Theorem 4.5 implies that solution of (1.1) is generalized Ulam–Hyers stable. This completes the proof.

    Corollary 4.10. Let the conditions of Theorem 4.9 hold. Then Problem (1.1) is generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stable.

    Proof. Set ϵ=1 in the proof of Theorem 4.9, we get

    ˜uuς13(1ς11ς12κ0),  0<1ς11ς12κ0<1. (4.16)

    Remark 4.11. () Considering (1.1) and inequality (4.2), then under the assumptions of Theorem 4.5, one can follow the same procedure to confirm that (1.1) is Ulam–Hyers stable.

    (ⅱ) Other stability results for the Eq (1.1) can be discussed in a similar manner.

    In this section, we provide some test problems to illustrate the applicability of the established results.

    Example 5.1. Without loss of generality, we only consider the following ψ -Caputo Langevin equations

    (cDα,ψa+,t)(cDβ,ψa+,t+λ)[u]=F(t,u(t),cDγ,ψa+,t[u]).

    By taking

    F(t,u,v)=κ20E1/2(t1/2)u+κ10v, κ[0,+) (5.1)

    we have

    L1=κ20sup{E1/2(t1/2):t[a,T]} and  L2=κ10.

    For ψ(t)=t, we shall show that condition (3.3) holds with

    α=3/2, β=6/7, γ=5/7, λ=1/6, μ=2, a=0,η=4/7, ξ=4/5, T=1. (5.2)

    A simple computation shows that

    σ11=0.653, σ12=0.201, σ21=0.0483and σ22=0.255.
    Δ|σ11σ22σ21σ12|=0.157.

    (ⅰ) Thus, the hypotheses (A1) and (3.20) are satisfied with

    d11(T)=1.54,d12(T)=1.02, d21(T)=1.54andd22(T)=1.02,
    ρ11=0.217, ρ12=0.345, ρ21=0.280andρ22=0.635

    and

    ς11=0.393+0.174κ, ς12=0.0696κ, ς21=0.458+0.328κandς22=0.131κ,

    where ρ11, ρ12, ρ21, ρ22, ς11, ς12 and ς21 are given by (3.14)–(3.17) and (3.11)–(3.13) respectively.

    Thus condition (3.20), with

    0<κ1.648

    is

    ςmax{ς11,ς12,ς21,ς22}=0.998<1, with κ=1.648

    and

    L0=0, ς13=0.696, ς23=1.31andmax{ς13,ς23}=1.31.

    Hence, by Theorem 3.3, the Problem (1.1) with (5.1) and (5.2) has a unique solution.

    (ⅱ) On the other hand, using (3.35), the condition

    Λ21=2.11, Λ22=2.14, 0<|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)=0.708<1,

    is satisfied and

    r>(Λ11+Λ12)×L1|λ|(Λ21+Λ22)=6.88LwithΛ11=1.31,Λ12=0.700.

    So, by Theorem 3.4, the Problem (1.1) with (5.1) and (5.2) has at least one fixed point on [0,1].

    (ⅲ) It is easy to check that the condition (4.8) is satisfied. Indeed,

    Cϵ=ϵς13=.696ϵ.

    Then by Corollary 4.3, we have, if ˜uC is a solution of the inequality (4.5), then ˜u is a solution of the integral inequality (4.6).

    (ⅳ) Let Φ(t)=ψ(t)ψ(a) in Remark 2.14 satisfy (A4).

    From (4.2) and the condition (A4), we get

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[τ]=Γ(2)Γ(α+2)tα+1Γ(2)TαΓ(α+2)t,lα,t=Γ(2)TαΓ(α+2) (5.3)

    and

    supt[a,T]|Cϵ(t)|ϵ|Γ(2)Tα+βΓ(α+β+2)+Γ(2)ηα+βΓ(α+β+2)d11(T)+(Γ(2)Tα+βΓ(α+β+2)μΓ(2)ξα+β+γΓ(α+β+γ+2))d12(T)|.

    With (5.2), we obtain

    ϵlα,ψsupt[a,T]Cϵ(t)=0.216ϵ.

    By Lemma 2.13 and Remark 2.14, there exists lα,ψ0.216>0 such that for each ε>0, we have

    p(t).216ϵt[E6/7(1/6Γ(6/7)t6/7)+E33/14(1/6Γ(33/14)t33/14)+E43/14(1/6Γ(43/14)t43/14)].

    Therefore, by Theorem 4.5, the Problem (1.1) with (5.1) and (5.2) is generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias-Mittag-Leffler stable.

    (ⅴ) The condition (4.16) is satisfied with

    κ0=1.11, ς11+ς12κ0=0.807<1.

    By Theorem 4.9, this implies that Problem (1.1) with (5.1) and (5.2) has Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability.

    Further in the below tables (as Tables 1 and 2), we list the consequences of proposed theorems for different values of functions ψ.

    Table 1.  Numerical values for different parameters.
    Theorem 3.3 Theorem 3.4 Corollary 4.3 Theorem 4.9
    ψ(t) κ ς r> |λ|(Λ21+Λ22) r> Cϵ ς11+ς12κ0
    t 1.647 0.998 0 0.708 6.88L 0.696ε 0.807
    t1/3 1.825 0.997 0 0.708 6.86L 0.693ε 0.723
    ln(t+1) 1.262 0.999 0 0.594 2.49L 0.292ε 0.511
    exp(t) 0.749 0.998 0 0.950 111L 2.52ε 0.919
    sint,[0,π2] 0.406 0.999 0 0.708 6.87L 0.696ε 0.679

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Table 2.  Numerical values for different parameters.
    Theorem 4.5 Corollary 4.8
    ψ(t) [a,T] κ (d11,d12) lα,ψ lα,ψ
    t [0,1] 1.647 (1.54,1.020) 0.216 0.105
    t1/3 [0,1] 1.825 (1.29,0.470) 0.212 0.105
    ln(t+1) [0,1] 1.262 (1.17,0.914) 0.0901 0.00442
    exp(t) [0,1] 0.749 (2.39,1.16) 0.789 0.378
    sint, [0,π2] 0.406 (1.37,0.962) 0.213 0.105

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    and

    Example 5.2. Let

    F(t,u,v)=E1/2(t1/2)+κ20E1/2(t1/2)u+κ10v, κ[0,+) (5.4)

    and

    α=5/3, β=3/4, γ=1/2, λ=1/8, μ=2, η=5/4, ξ=5/3. (5.5)

    Then, we have

    L0=supE{1/2(t1/2):t[a,T]}, L1=κ20supE{1/2(t1/2):t[a,T]}, L2=κ10.

    In the below tables (as Tables 3 and 4), we list the consequences of proposed theorems for different values of functions ψ.

    Table 3.  Numerical values for different parameters.
    Theorem 3.3 Theorem 3.4 Corollary 4.3 Theorem 4.9
    ψ(t) [a,T] κ ς r> |λ|(Λ21+Λ22) r> Cϵ ς11+ς12κ0
    lnt [1,e] 0.131 0.999 31600 0.548 3.82L 0.674ε 0.750
    t [1,2] 2.439 0.988 213 0.144 0.315L 0.0781ε 0.455
    t2 [1/2,1] 4.911 0.996 746 0.476 5.27L 0.213ε 0.885
    sint [0,π/2] 0.406 0.999 12100 0.708 6.87L 0.696ε 0.679
    2t [1,2] 0.1512 0.998 30200 0.785 37.4L 3.82ε 0.967
    exp(t2) [0,1] 0.686 0.998 6330 0.723 89.5L 3.77ε 1.22

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Table 4.  Numerical values for different parameters.
    Theorem 4.5 Corollary 4.8
    ψ(t) [a,T] κ (d11,d12) lα,ψ lα,ψ
    lnt [1,e] 0.131 (2.00,1.19) 0.199 0.096
    t [1,2] 2.439 (1.46,1.34) 0.0233 0.0111
    t2 [1/2,1] 4.911 (1.07,0.116) 0.0865 0.0479
    sint [0,π/2] 0.406 (1.37,0.962) 0.213 0.105
    2t [1,2] 0.1525 (4.58,1.66) 1.15 0.514
    exp(t2) [0,1] 0.686 (0.688,0.00777) 0.009 0.357

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    If Φ(t)=ψ(t)ψ(a) then

    Example 5.3. () If we set Φ(t)=exp(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))) for every θ0, then by the changing of variables θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))=u, we obtain

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ(t)]=γ(α,θ(ψ(t)ψ(a)))θαΓ(α)exp(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))), (5.6)

    where γ(α,t) is the incomplete Gamma function defined by

    γ(α,t)=t0τα1eτdτ, (t)>0, |arg(t)|<π. (5.7)

    Thus

    tααetγ(α,t)tαα. (5.8)

    Then by the above inequality, we obtain

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ(t)](θ(ψ(t)ψ(a)))αθαΓ(α+1)exp(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))), forallt[a,T].

    Hence function Φ(t) satisfies the condition (A4) with

    lα,ψ=(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a)))αθαΓ(α+1).

    () If we set Φ(t)=Eα(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))α) for every θ0, then

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ(t)]=1θ(Eα(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))α)1)1θEα(θ(ψ(t)ψ(a))α).

    Thus function Φ(t) satisfies condition (A4) with

    lα,ψ=1θ.

    () The function Φ(t) is positive and there exists a constant lα,ψ such that the condition (A4) is satisfied.

    Indeed, for each t[a,T], we get

    (ψ(t)ψ(τ))α1(ψ(t)ψ(a))α1.

    Where as τ[a,t], α1 and ψ(τ)0

    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ]=1Γ(α)taψ(τ)(ψ(t)ψ(τ))α1Φ(τ)dτ(ψ(t)ψ(a))α1Γ(α)taψ(τ)Φ(τ)dτ, (5.9)

    then

    taψ(τ)Φ(τ)dτ=(ψ(t)Φ(t)ψ(a)Φ(a))taψ(τ)Φ(τ)dτ(ψ(t)Φ(t)ψ(a)Φ(a))ψ(a)taΦ(τ)dτ=(ψ(t)ψ(a))Φ(t).
    (Jα,ψa+,t)[Φ](ψ(t)ψ(a))αΓ(α)Φ(t).

    Thus function Φ(t) satisfies the condition (A4) with

    lα,ψ=(ψ(t)ψ(a))αΓ(α).

    Example 5.4. Let hC2(R2) be bounded and let gL1[0,T]. Then the functions

    F(t,u,v)=g(t)h(u,v)orF(t,u,v)=g(t)+h(u,v),

    satisfies (5.4). In view of condition (A2), we consider the different values of function F (as Table 5),

    Table 5.  Upper bounds.
    F(t,u,v) |F(t,u,v)| F(t,u,v) |F(t,u,v)|
    g(t)(|u|+|v||u|+|v|+1) |g(t)| g(t)+|u||u|+1+|v||v|+1 |g(t)|+2
    g(t)sinu+2πarctanv 2|g(t)| g(t)tanhu+sgn(v) |g(t)|+1

     | Show Table
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    where

    sgn(v)={v|v| if v0,0 if v=0.

    The Langevin equation has been introduced to characterize dynamical processes in a fractal medium in which the fractal and memory features with a dissipative memory kernel are incorporated. Therefore, the consideration of Langevin equation in frame of fractional derivatives settings would be providing better interpretation for real phenomena. Consequently, scholars have considered different versions of Langevin equation and thus many interesting papers have been reported in this regard. However, one can notice that most of existing results have been carried out with respect to the classical fractional derivatives.

    In this paper, we have tried to promote the current results and considered the FLE in a general platform. The boundary value problem of nonlinear FLE involving ψ- fractional operators of different orders was investigated. One of the major differences in the problem considered in this work and relevant work already published in literature, is that, we are dealing with general fractional operator. Secondly, the forcing function depends on fractional derivative of unknown function. We employ the newly accommodated ψ- fractional calculus to prove the following for the considered problem:

    (ⅰ) The existence and uniqueness of solutions: Techniques of fixed point theorems are used to prove the results. Prior to the main theorems, the forms of solutions are derived for both linear and nonlinear problems.

    (ⅱ) Stability in sense of Ulam: We adopt the required definitions of Ulam–Hyers stability with respect to ψ- fractional derivative. The Ulam–Hyers–Rassias and generalized U-H-R stability of the solution are discussed. Gronwall inequality and integration by parts in frame of ψ- fractional derivative are also employed to complete the proofs.

    (ⅲ) Applications: Particular examples are addressed at the end of the paper to show the consistency of the theoretical results.

    We claim that the results of this paper are new and generalize some earlier results. Moreover, by fixing the parameters involved in the given problem, we can obtain some new results as special cases of the ones presented in this paper. For example, letting ψ=t,μ=0,a=0 and T=1 in the results of Section 3, we get the ones derived in [40]. Besides, the existence results for the initial value problem of nonlinear classical Langevin equation of the form:

    u+λ¨u=F(t,u,˙u), u(0)=0, u(η)=0, u(1)=0, 0<η<1,

    can be addressed by fixing a α=2 and β=1 in the results of this paper.

    For further investigation, one can propose to study the properties of the solution of the considered problem via some numerical computations and simulations. We leave this as promising future work. Results obtained in the present paper can be considered as a contribution to the developing field of fractional calculus via generalized fractional derivative operators.

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

    J. Alzabut would like to thank Prince Sultan University for funding and supporting this work.



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