Ant colonies demonstrate a finely tuned alarm response to potential threats, offering a uniquely manageable empirical setting for exploring adaptive information diffusion within groups. To effectively address potential dangers, a social group must swiftly communicate the threat throughout the collective while conserving energy in the event that the threat is unfounded. Through a combination of modeling, simulation, and empirical observations of alarm spread and damping patterns, we identified the behavioral rules governing this adaptive response. Experimental trials involving alarmed ant workers (Pogonomyrmex californicus) released into a tranquil group of nestmates revealed a consistent pattern of rapid alarm propagation followed by a comparatively extended decay period [
Citation: Michael R. Lin, Xiaohui Guo, Asma Azizi, Jennifer H. Fewell, Fabio Milner. Mechanistic modeling of alarm signaling in seed-harvester ants[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2024, 21(4): 5536-5555. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024244
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Ant colonies demonstrate a finely tuned alarm response to potential threats, offering a uniquely manageable empirical setting for exploring adaptive information diffusion within groups. To effectively address potential dangers, a social group must swiftly communicate the threat throughout the collective while conserving energy in the event that the threat is unfounded. Through a combination of modeling, simulation, and empirical observations of alarm spread and damping patterns, we identified the behavioral rules governing this adaptive response. Experimental trials involving alarmed ant workers (Pogonomyrmex californicus) released into a tranquil group of nestmates revealed a consistent pattern of rapid alarm propagation followed by a comparatively extended decay period [
The new era of fixed point theory associated with metrics is now ineluctably associated with medical biological sciences, abstract terminology, space analysis and epidemiological data mining through engineering. This were often persisted by extending metric fixed point theory to a profusion of literature from computational engineering, fluid mechanics, and medical science. Fixed point theory has made a brief appearance as its own literature in the analysis of metric spaces, as keep referring to many other mathematical groups. Popular uses of metric fixed point theory involve defining and/or generalizing the various metric spaces and the notion of contractions. These extensions are also rendered with the intended consequence of a deeper comprehension of the geometric properties of Banach spaces, set theory, and non-expensive mappings.
A qualitative principle that concerns seeking conditions on the set M structure and choosing a mapping on M to get a fixed point is generally referred to as a fixed point theorem. The fixed point theory framework falls from the larger field of nonlinear functional analysis. Many of the natural sciences and engineering physical questions are usually developed in the form of numerical and analytical equations. Fixed-point assumptions find potential advantages in proving the existence of the solutions of some differential and integral equations which occur in the analysis of heat and mass transfer problems, chemical and electro-chemical processes, fluid dynamics, molecular physics and in many other fields. In 2006, Mustafa and Sims [17] introduced the concept of G-metric space as a generalization of metric space.
It is calculated that investigators get their fresh outputs from engineering mathematics and/or its applications from ∼60%. For example, non-linear integral equations: it has been commonly utilized both in engineering and technology streams of all kinds. These are also appealing to researchers because of the simplicity of using non-linear integral equations and/or their implementations for approximation/numerical/data analysis strategies. In bio-medical sciences, evolution, database technology and computational systems, the steady flow of non-linear integral equations will create fresh avenues in broad directions. Non-linear integral equations are gradually becoming methods for different aspects of hydrodynamics, cognitive science, respectively (see for example [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]). The impetus of this work is to prove coupled coincidence point theorems for two mappings via rational type contractions satisfying mixed g-monotone property which are the generalizations of theorems of Chouhan and Richa Sharma [5] and extensions of some other existed results.
The basic definitions and propositions which are used to derive our main results are given below and also note that G-metric and g-monotone property are denoted by ϑ−metric and B-monotone property respectively through out this paper.
Definition 1.1. ([17]) Let M be a set wihch is nonempty and ϑ:M×M×M→R such that
(ϑ1) ϑ(a,b,c)≥0 for all a,b,c∈M with ϑ(a,b,c)=0 if a=b=c;
(ϑ2) ϑ(a,a,b)>0 for all a,b∈M with a≠b;
(ϑ3) ϑ(a,a,b)≤ϑ(a,b,c) for all a,b,c∈M with c≠b;
(ϑ4) ϑ(a,b,c)=ϑ(a,c,b)=ϑ(b,a,c)=ϑ(c,a,b)=ϑ(b,c,a)=ϑ(c,b,a) for all a,b,c∈M;
(ϑ5) ϑ(a,b,c)≤ϑ(a,d,d)+ϑ(d,b,c) for all a,b,c,d∈M.
Then the pair (M,ϑ) is called a ϑ-metric space with ϑ-metric ϑ on M. Axioms (ϑ4) and (ϑ5) are referred to as the symmetry and the rectangle inequality (of ϑ) respectively.
If (M,≤) is partially ordered set in the definition of ϑ-metric space, then (M,ϑ,≤) is partially ordered ϑ-metric space.
Given a ϑ-metric space (M,ϑ), define
ρϑ(a,b)=ϑ(a,b,b)+ϑ(a,a,b) for all a,b,c∈M. | (1.1) |
Then it is seen in [17] that ϑ is a metric on M, and that the family of all ϑ-balls {Bϑ(a,r):a∈M,r>0} is the base topology, called the ϑ-metric topology τ(ϑ) on M, where Bϑ(a,r)={b∈M:ϑ(a,b,b)<r}. Further, it was shown that the ϑ-metric topology coincides with the metric topology induced by the metric ϑ, which allows us to readily transform many concepts from metric spaces into ϑ-metric space.
Definition 1.2. ([17]) If a sequence ⟨aκ⟩ ∞n=1 in (M,ϑ) converges to an element p∈M in the ϑ-metric topology τ(ϑ), then ⟨aκ⟩ ∞n=1 is called ϑ-convergent with limit p.
Proposition 1.1. ([17]) If (M,ϑ) is a ϑ-metric space, then following are equivalent.
(ⅰ) ⟨aκ⟩ ∞κ=1 is ϑ-convergent to a;
(ⅱ) ϑ(aκ,aκ,a)→0 as κ→∞;
(ⅲ) ϑ(aκ,a,a)→0 as κ→∞;
(ⅳ) ϑ(aκ,aη,a)→0 as κ,η→∞.
Definition 1.3. ([17]) A sequence ⟨aκ⟩ in (M,ϑ)is called ϑ-Cauchy if for every σ>0 there exists a positive integer N such that ϑ(aκ,aη,aζ)<σ for all κ,η,ζ≥N.
Proposition 1.2. ([18]) If (M,ϑ) is a ϑ-metric space, then ⟨aκ⟩ is ϑ-Cauchy if and only if for every σ>0, there exists a positive integer N such that ϑ(aκ,aη,aη)<σ for all η,κ≥N.
Proposition 1.3. ([17]) Every ϑ-convergent sequence in (M,ϑ) is ϑ-Cauchy.
Definition 1.4. ([17]) If every ϑ-Cauchy sequence in M converges in M, then (M,ϑ) is called ϑ-complete.
Proposition 1.4. ([17]) If (M,ϑ)is a ϑ-metric space and B is a self-map on M, then B is ϑ-continuous at a point a∈M iff the sequence⟨Baκ⟩ converges to Ba whenever ⟨aκ⟩ converges to a.
Proposition 1.5. ([17]) The ϑ-metric ϑ(a,b,c) is continuous jointly in all the variables a,b and c.
Proposition 1.6. ([17]) If (M,ϑ) is a ϑ-metric space, then
(ⅰ) if ϑ(a,b,c)=0 then a=b=c;
(ⅱ) ϑ(a,b,c)≤ϑ(a,a,b)+ϑ(a,a,c);
(ⅲ) ϑ(a,b,b)≤2ϑ(b,a,a);
(ⅳ) ϑ(a,b,c)≤ϑ(a,x,c)+ϑ(x,b,c) for all a,b,c,x∈M.
Definition 1.5. ([6]) Let (M,ϑ) be a ϑ-metric space and X:M×M→M be a mapping on M×M. Then X is called continuous if the sequence ⟨X(an,bn)⟩ converge to X(a,b) whenever the sequences ⟨an⟩ and ⟨bn⟩ are converge to a and b respectively.
Definition 1.6. ([11]) Let M be a set which is nonempty and X:M×M→M, B:M→M be two mappings. Then X is said to be commute with B if X(Ba,Bb)=B(X(a,b)).
Definition 1.7. ([11]) Let M be a set which is nonempty set and X:M×M→M, B:M→M be two mappings. Then X is said to have mixed B-monotone property if
a1,a2∈M,Ba1≤Ba2⇒X(a1,b)≤X(a2,b)andb1,b2∈M,Bb1≤Bb2⇒X(b1,a)≥X(b2,a)for all a,b∈M. |
If B is an identity mapping in the above deinition, then X has mixed monotone property.
Definition 1.8. ([2]) If M is a set which is nonempty and X:M×M→M is a mapping such thatX(a,b)=a and X(b,a)=b, then (a,b)∈M×M is called coupled fixed point of X.
Definition 1.9. ([17]) If M is a set which is nonempty set and X:M×M→M, B:M→M are two mappings such that X(a,b)=Ba and X(b,a)=Bb, then (a,b)∈M×M is called coupled coincidence point of X and B.
If B is an identity mapping in the above definition, then (a,b) is called coupled fixed point of a mapping X.
Theorem 2.1. Let (M,ϑ,≤) be a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space and X:M×M→M, B:M→M be two continuous mappings such that X has mixed B-monotone property and
(i) there exist α,β,γ∈[0,1) and L≥0 with 8α+β+γ<1 such that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤αϑ(B,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+βϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw),+γϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bw,X(x,y),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y)), ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))}for allx,y,u,v,w,z∈MwithBx≥Bu≥Bw and By≤Bv≤Bz; | (2.1) |
(ii) X(M×M)⊆B(M);
(iii) B commutes with X.
If there exist x0,y0∈M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≥X(y0,x0), then X and B have a coupled coincidence point in M×M.
Proof. Let x0 and y0 be any two elements in M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≥X(y0,x0). Since X(M×M)⊆B(M), we construct two sequences ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 in M as follows:
Bxκ+1=X(xκ,yκ) and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ) for κ∈N. |
Since X has mixed B-monotone property, we have
Bxκ=X(xκ−1,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ)=Bxκ+1 and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ−1)=Byκ. |
Now using (2.1) with x=xκ, y=yκ, u=w=xκ−1 and v=z=yκ−1, we get
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)=ϑ(X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))≤αϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ,yκ))ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) +Lmin{ϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ),X(yκ,xκ)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))}=αϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Lmin{ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,Bxκ),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ+1,Bxκ),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ+1,Bxκ)),ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)}≤8αϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,,Bxκ)ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) |
so that
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)≤1(1−8α)[βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)] | (2.2) |
Similarly,
ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤1(1−8α)[βϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+γϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)] | (2.3) |
Adding (2.2) and (2.3), we have
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤β+γ1−8α[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)]. | (2.4) |
Let Δκ=ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ) and c=β+γ1−8α
where 0≤c<1 inview of choice of α,β and γ.
Now the inequality (2.4) becomes as follows
Δκ≤c.Δκ−1 for κ∈N
Consequently Δκ≤cΔκ−1≤c2Δκ−2≤...≤cκΔ0
If Δ0=0, we have ϑ(Bx1,Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(By1,By0,By0)=0
or ϑ(X(x0,y0),Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(X(y0,x0),By0,By0)=0 which implies that X(x0,y0)=Bx0 and X(y0,x0)=By0.
That is, (x0,y0) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Suppose that Δ0>0.
Now by applying rectangle inequality of ϑ-metric repeatedly and using inequality Δκ≤cκΔ0, we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)]+[ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)]≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+2,Bxκ+2)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+2,Byκ+2)]⋮≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Bxη,Bxη−1,Bxη−1)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Byη,Byη−1,Byη−1)]=Δκ+Δκ+1+Δκ+2+⋯+Δη−1≤[cκ+cκ+1+⋯+cη−1]Δ0≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ |
or
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ. | (2.5) |
Since 0≤c<1, cκ→0 as κ→∞.
Now applying limit as κ→∞ with η>κ in the inequality (2.5), we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤0 which follows that ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 are cauchy sequences in M.
Since (M,ϑ) is a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space, there exist p,q∈M such that xκ→p and yκ→q.
Now we prove that (p,q) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Since X commutes with B, we have
X(Bxκ,Byκ)=B(X(xκ,yκ))=B(Bxκ+1) andX(Byκ,Bxκ)=B(X(yκ,xκ))=B(Byκ+1) |
Since X and B are continuous, we have
limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ)=limκ→∞B(Bxκ+1)=Bp andlimκ→∞X(Byκ,Bxκ)=limκ→∞B(Byκ+1)=Bq |
Snice ϑ is continuous in all its variables, we have
ϑ(X(p,q),Bp,Bp)=ϑ(limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ),Bp,Bp))=ϑ(Bp,Bp,Bp) |
so that
ϑ(X(p,q),Bp,Bp)=0 |
which implies that X(p,q)=Bp.
Similarly, it can be proved that X(q,p)=Bq.
Hence (p,q) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Remark 2.1. (ⅰ.) If we assume B is an identity mapping and γ=0 in the Theorem 2.1, then we get Theorem 3.1 in the results of the Chouhan and Richa Sharma [5];
(ⅱ.) If we take, α=0 and β=α, γ=β in the Theorem 2.1, we get Theorem 3.1 in the results of Chandok et al. [3];
(ⅲ.) By taking γ=0 and L=0, we get Theorem 2.1 in the results of Chakrabarti [4].
That is Theorem 2.1 is generalization and extension of above three results.
The following is the example to illusrative Theorem 2.1.
Example 2.1. Let M=[0,1], with ϑ-metric ϑ(x,y,z)={0, x=y=z,max{x,y,z},otherwise.
Define partial order on X as x≥y for any x,y∈M. Then(M,ϑ,≤) is a partially ordered ϑ-complete.
Define X:M×M→M by X(x,y)={x3(y2+2), x≥y0 otherwise
and B:M→M by Bx=x4.
Then clearlyX, B are continuous and X satisfies mixed B-monotone property. We show that X satisfies the inequality (2.1) with α=β=γ=132 so that 0≤8α+β+γ<1 and for any L≥0.
Let x,y,z,u,v,w∈M be such that x≥u≥w and y≤v≤z.
We discuss four cases:
Case (ⅰ): If x≥y,u≥v and w≥z then we have X(x,y)=x3(y2+2), X(u,v)=u3(v2+2) and X(w,z)=w3(z2+2)
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))=max{x3(y2+2),u3(v2+2),w3(z2+2)}=x3(y2+2)≤132[16wuxx2+x4+u4]=132ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+132ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+132ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)≤132ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+132ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+132ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bw,X(x,y),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y)), ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z)} |
Case (ⅱ): If x≥y,u≥v and w<z then we have X(x,y)=x3(y2+2), X(u,v)=u3(v2+2) and X(w,z)=0
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))=max{x3(y2+2),u3(v2+2),0}=x3(y2+2)≤132[16wuxx2+x4+u4]≤132ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+132ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+132ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bw,X(x,y),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y)), ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))} |
Case (ⅲ): If x≥y,u<v and w<z, then we have X(x,y)=x3(y2+2), X(u,v)=0 and X(w,z)=0
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))=max{x3(y2+2),0,0}=x3(y2+2)≤132[16wuxx2+x4+u4]≤132ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+132ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+132ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bw,X(x,y),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y)), ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))} |
Case (iv): If x<y,u<v and w<z, then X(x,y)=x3(y2+2), X(u,v)=0 and X(w,z)=0, it follows that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤132ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))[ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+132ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+132ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bw,X(x,y),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y)), ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v)),ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))} |
In similar manner, the cases x<y,u≥v,w≥z; x<y,u<v,w≥z and all others can be handled.
Thus X and B satify all the conditions of Theorem 2.1 and also note that (0,0) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Theorem 2.2. Let (M,ϑ,≤) be a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space and X:M×M→M, B:M→M be two continuous mappings such that X has mixed B-monotone property and
(i) there exist α,β,γ∈[0,1) and L≥0 with 2α+β+γ<1 such that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤αϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(y,x))[1+ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))][1+ϑ(Bw,X(w,z),X(w,z))][1+2ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)]2+βϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw),+γϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Lmin{ϑ(Bx,X(u,v),X(w,z)),ϑ(Bu,X(x,y),X(w,z)), ϑ(Bx,X(x,y),X(x,y),ϑ(Bu,X(u,v),X(u,v))}for allx,y,u,v,w,z∈MwithBx≥Bu≥Bw and By≤Bv≤Bz; | (2.6) |
(ii) X(M×M)⊆g(M);
(iii) B commutes with X.
If there exist x0,y0∈M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≥X(y0,x0), then X and B have a coupled coincidence point in M×M.
Proof. Let x0 and y0 be any two elements in M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≥X(y0,x0). Since X(M×M)⊆B(M), we constuct two sequences ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 in M as follows:
Bxκ+1=X(xκ,yκ) and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ) for κ∈N. |
Since X has mixed B-monotone property, we have
Bxκ=X(xκ−1,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ)=Bxκ+1 and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ−1)=Byκ. |
Now using (2.1) with x=xκ, y=yκ, u=w=xκ−1 and v=z=yκ−1, we get
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)=ϑ(X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))≤αϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ,yκ))[1+ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))][1+ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))][1+2ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) +Lmin{ϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1)),ϑ(Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ),X(yκ,xκ)),ϑ(Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))}=αϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)[1+ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)][1+ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)][1+2ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Lmin{ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,Bxκ),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ+1,Bxκ),ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1),ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ,Bxκ)}≤α2ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)[1+2ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)][1+2ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)][1+2ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)]2+βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) |
so that
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)≤1(1−2α)[βϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+γϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)] | (2.7) |
Similarly,
ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤1(1−2α)[βϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+γϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)] | (2.8) |
Adding (2.7) and (2.8), we have
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤β+γ1−2α[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)]. | (2.9) |
Let Δκ=ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ) and c=β+γ1−2α where 0≤c<1 inview of choice of α,β and γ.
Now the inequality (2.9) becomes as follows
Δκ≤c.Δκ−1 for n∈N.
Consequently Δκ≤cΔκ−1≤c2Δκ−2≤...≤cκΔ0.
If Δ0=0, we have ϑ(Bx1,Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(By1,By0,By0)=0
or ϑ(X(x0,y0),Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(X(y0,x0),By0,By0)=0 which implies that X(x0,y0)=Bx0 and X(y0,x0)=By0.
That is, (x0,y0) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Suppose that Δ0>0.
Now using repeated application of rectangle inequality of ϑ-metric and inequality Δκ≤cκΔ0, we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)]+[ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)]≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+2,Bxκ+2)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+2,Byκ+2)]⋮≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Bxη,Bxη−1,Bxη−1)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Byη,Byη−1,Byη−1)]=Δκ+Δκ+1+Δκ+2+⋯+Δη−1≤[cκ+cκ+1+⋯+cη−1]Δ0≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ |
or
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ. | (2.10) |
Since 0≤c<1, cκ→0 as κ→∞.
Now applying limit as κ→∞ with η>κ in the inequality (2.10), we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤0 which follows that ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 are ϑ−cauchy sequences in M.
Since (M,ϑ) is a partially ordered ϑ-complete, there exist a,b∈M such that xκ→a and yκ→b.
Now we prove that (a,b) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Since X commutes with B, we have
X(Bxκ,Byκ)=B(X(xκ,yκ))=B(Bxκ+1) andX(Byκ,Bxκ)=B(X(yκ,xκ))=B(Byκ+1) |
Since X and B are continuous, we have
limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ)=limκ→∞B(Bxκ+1)=Ba andlimκ→∞X(Byκ,Bxκ)=limκ→∞B(Byκ+1)=Bb |
Since ϑ is continuous in all its variables, we have
ϑ(X(a,b),Ba,Bb)=ϑ(limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ),Ba,Ba)=ϑ(Ba,Ba,Ba) |
so that
ϑ(X(a,b),Bb,Bb)=0 |
which implies that X(a,b)=Ba.
Similarly, it can be verified that X(b,a)=Bb.
Thus(a,b) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B in M×M.
Remark 2.2. If we take B is an identity mapping and γ=0 in the Theorem 2.2, we get Theorem 3.1 in the results of the Chouhan and Richa Sharma[5].
Theorem 2.3. Let (M,ϑ,≤) be a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space and X:M×M→M, B:M→M be two continuous mappings such that X has mixed B-monotone property and
(i) there exist non negative real numbers Ψ1,Ψ2,Ψ3,Ψ4,Ψ5,Ψ6,Ψ7,Ψ8 and Ψ9 with 0≤Ψ1+Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5+Ψ6+Ψ7+Ψ8+Ψ9<1 such that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤Ψ1ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)2+Ψ2ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))⋅ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz),+Ψ3ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))⋅ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Ψ4ϑ(Bx,Bx,X(x,y))⋅ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz),+Ψ5ϑ(Bx,Bx,X(x,y))⋅ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Ψ6ϑ(Bu,Bu,X(u,v))⋅ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz),+Ψ7ϑ(Bu,Bu,X(u,v))⋅ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)+Ψ8ϑ(Bw,Bw,X(w,z))⋅ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz),+Ψ9ϑ(Bw,Bw,X(w,z))⋅ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)1+ϑ(Bx,Bu,Bw)+ϑ(By,Bv,Bz)for allx,y,u,v,w,z∈MwithBx≥Bu≥Bw and By≤Bv≤Bz; | (2.11) |
(ii) X(M×M)⊆B(M);
(iii) B commutes with X.
If there exist x0,y0∈M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≥X(y0,x0), then X and B have a coupled coincidence point in M×M.
Proof. Let x0 and y0 be any two elements in M such that Bx0≤X(x0,y0) and By0≤X(y0,x0). Since X(M×M)⊆g(M), we constuct two sequences ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 in M as follows:
Bxκ+1=X(xκ,yκ) and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ) for κ∈N. |
Since X has mixed B-monotone property, we have
Bxκ=X(xκ−1,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ−1)≤X(xκ,yκ)=Bxκ+1 and Byκ+1=X(yκ,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ)≤X(yκ−1,xκ−1)=Byκ. |
Now using (2.11) with x=xκ, y=yκ, u=w=xκ−1 and v=z=yκ−1, we get
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)=ϑ(X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))≤Ψ1ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)2+Ψ2ϑ(X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ3ϑ(X(xκ,yκ),X(xκ−1,yκ−1),X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ4ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ))⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ5ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,X(xκ,yκ))⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ6ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ7ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ8ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ9ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,X(xκ−1,yκ−1))⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) |
=Ψ1ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)2+Ψ2ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byn−1),+Ψ3ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ4ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,Bxκ+1)⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ5ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ,Bxκ+1)⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ6ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ7ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ8ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1),+Ψ9ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)⋅ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)1+ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) |
≤Ψ1ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)2+Ψ2ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+Ψ3ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+Ψ4ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+Ψ5ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+Ψ6ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)+Ψ7ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)+Ψ8ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ)+Ψ9ϑ(Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1,Bxκ) |
so that
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)≤Ψ12+Ψ6+Ψ7+Ψ8+Ψ9[1−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5)]ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+Ψ12[1−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5)]ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1) | (2.12) |
Similarly,
ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤Ψ12+Ψ6+Ψ7+Ψ8+Ψ9[1−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5)]ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)+Ψ12[1−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5)]ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1) | (2.13) |
Adding (2.12) and (2.13), we have
ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)≤Ψ1+Ψ6+Ψ7+Ψ8+Ψ91−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5)[ϑ(Bxκ,Bxκ−1,Bxκ−1)+ϑ(Byκ,Byκ−1,Byκ−1)]. | (2.14) |
Let Δκ=ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ) and c=Ψ1+Ψ6+Ψ7+Ψ8+Ψ91−(Ψ2+Ψ3+Ψ4+Ψ5) where 0≤c<1 inview of choice of Ψ1,Ψ2,Ψ3,Ψ4,Ψ5,Ψ6,Ψ7,Ψ8 and Ψ9.
Now the inequality (2.14) becomes as follows
Δκ≤c.Δκ−1 for n∈N,
Consequently Δκ≤cΔκ−1≤c2Δκ−2≤...≤cκΔ0.
If Δ0=0, we have ϑ(Bx1,Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(By1,By0,By0)=0,
or ϑ(X(x0,y0),Bx0,Bx0)+ϑ(X(y0,x0),By0,By0)=0 which implies that X(x0,y0)=Bx0 and X(y0,x0)=By0.
That is, (x0,y0) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Suppose that Δ0>0.
Now using rectangle inequality of ϑ-metric repeatedly and inequality Δκ≤cκΔ0, we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)]+[ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)]≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ+2,Bxκ+2)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ+2,Byκ+2)]⋮≤[ϑ(Bxκ+1,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Bxκ+2,Bxκ+1,Bxκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Bxη,Bxη−1,Bxη−1)][ϑ(Byκ+1,Byκ,Byκ)+ϑ(Byκ+2,Byκ+1,Byκ+1)+⋯+ϑ(Byη,Byη−1,Byη−1)]=Δκ+Δκ+1+Δκ+2+⋯+Δη−1≤[cκ+cκ+1+⋯+cη−1]Δ0≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ |
or
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤cκ⋅11−cΔ0 for η>κ. | (2.15) |
Since 0≤c<1, cκ→0 as κ→∞.
Now applying limit as κ→∞ with η>κ in the inequality (2.15), we have
ϑ(Bxη,Bxκ,Bxκ)+ϑ(Byη,Byκ,Byκ)≤0 which follows that ⟨xκ⟩∞κ=1 and ⟨yκ⟩∞κ=1 are ϑ−cauchy sequences in M.
Since (M,ϑ) is a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space, there exist r,s∈M such that xκ→r and yκ→s.
Now we prove that (r,s) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Since X commutes with B, we have
X(Bxκ,Byκ)=B(X(xκ,yκ))=B(Bxκ+1) andX(Byκ,Bxκ)=B(X(yκ,xκ))=B(Byκ+1) |
Since X and B are continuous, we have
limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ)=limκ→∞B(Bxκ+1)=Br andlimκ→∞X(Byκ,Bxκ)=limκ→∞B(Byκ+1)=Bs |
Since ϑ is continuous in all its variables, we have
ϑ(X(r,s),Br,Bs)=ϑ(limκ→∞X(Bxκ,Byκ),Br,Br)=ϑ(Br,Br,Br), |
so that
ϑ(X(r,s),Br,Bs)=0 |
which implies that X(r,s)=Br.
Similarly, it can be proved that X(s,r)=Bs.
Hence (s,r) is a coupled coincidence point of X and B.
Taking α=0, L=0 and B is an identity mapping in Theorem 2.1, we get
Corollary 2.1. Let (M,ϑ,≤) be a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space and X:M×M→M be a continuous mapping such that X has mixed monotone property and there exist β,γ∈[0,1) with β+γ<1 such that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤βϑ(x,u,w)+γϑ(y,v,z). | (2.16) |
If there exist x0,y0∈M such that x0≤X(x0,y0) and y0≥X(y0,x0), then X has a coupled fixed point in M×M.
Consider the following system of nonlinear integral equations:
f(s)=q(s)+∫a0λ(s,t)[X1(t,f(t))+X2(t,g(t))]dt,g(s)=q(s)+∫a0λ(s,t)[X1(t,g(t))+X2(t,f(t))]dt,s∈[0,L],L>0. | (3.1) |
Let M=C([0,L],R) be the class of all real valued continuous functions on [0,L].
Define
ϑ(a,b,c)=sup{|a(s)−b(s)|/s∈[0,L]}x+sup{|b(s)−c(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|c(s)−a(s)|/s∈[0,L]} |
and the partial ordered relation on M as
a≤b⇔a(s)≤b(s) for all a,b∈M and s∈[0,L]. | (3.2) |
Then (M,ϑ,≤) is a partially ordered complete ϑ-metric space. We make the following assumptions:
(a) The mappings X1:[0,L]×R→R, X2:[0,L]×R→R, q:[0,L]→R and λ:[0,L]×R→[0,∞) are continuous;
(b) there exist c>0 and β,γ∈[0,1) with β+γ<1 such that
0≤X1(s,b)−X1(s,a)≤cβ(b−a)0≤X2(s,a)−X2(s,b)≤cγ(b−a) |
for all a,b∈R with b≥a and s∈[0,L];
(c) csup{∫L0λ(s,t)dt:s∈[0,L]}<1;
(d) there exists u0 and v0 in M such that
u0(s)≥q(s)+∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,u0(t))+X2(t,v0(t))]dt,v0(s)≤q(s)+∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,v0(t))+X2(t,u0(t))]dt. |
Then the system (3.1) has a solution in M×M where M=C([0,L],R). To achieve this, define X:M×M→M as
X(f,g)(s)=q(s)+∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,f(t))+X2(t,g(t))]dt for all f,g∈M and s∈[0,L]. | (3.3) |
Using condition (b), it can be shown that X has mixed monotone property. Now for x,y,u,v,w,z∈M with x≥u≥w, y≤v≤z,
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))=sup{|X(x,y)(s)−X(u,v)(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|X(u,v)(s)−X(w,z)(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|X(w,z)(s)−X(x,y)(s)|/s∈[0,L]}=sup{|∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,x(t))+X2(t,y(t))]dt−∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,u(t))+X2(t,v(t))]dt|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,u(t))+X2(t,v(t))]dt−∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,w(t))+X2(t,z(t))]dt|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,w(t))+X2(t,z(t))]dt−∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,x(t))+X2(t,y(t))]dt|/s∈[0,L]} |
≤sup{|∫L0[X1(t,x(t))−X1(t,u(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+sup|∫L0[X2(t,y(t))−X2(t,v(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|∫L0[X1(t,u(t))−X1(t,w(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+sup|∫L0[X2(t,v(t))−X2(t,z(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|∫L0[X1(t,w(t))−X1(t,x(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+sup|∫L0[X2(t,z(t))−X2(t,y(t))]||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}≤cβsup{∫L0|x(t)−u(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+cγsup{∫L0|y(t)−v(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+cβsup{∫L0|u(t)−w(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+cγsup{∫L0|v(t)−z(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+cβsup{∫L0|w(t)−x(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+cγsup{∫L0|z(t)−y(t)||λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]} |
≤β[sup{|x(s)−u(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|u(s)−w(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|w(s)−x(s)|/s∈[0,L]}]⋅c sup{∫L0|λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}+γ[sup{|y(s)−v(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|v(s)−z(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|z(s)−y(s)|/s∈[0,L]}]⋅c sup{∫L0|λ(s,t)|dt/s∈[0,L]}≤β[sup{|x(s)−u(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|u(s)−w(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|w(s)−x(s)|/s∈[0,L]]+γsup{|y(s)−v(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|v(s)−z(s)|/s∈[0,L]}+sup{|z(s)−y(s)|/s∈[0,L]]=βϑ(x,u,w)+γϑ(y,v,z) |
So that
ϑ(X(x,y),X(u,v),X(w,z))≤βϑ(x,u,w)+γϑ(y,v,z) |
Hence all the conditions of Corollary 2.1 are satisfied. Therefore, X has a coupled fixed point in M×M. In other words, the system (3.1) of nonlinear integral equations has a solution in M×M.
The aforesaid application is illustrated by the following example:
Example 3.1. Let M=C([0,1],R), Now consider the integral equation in M as
X(f,g)(s)=s3+74+∫10t224(s+3)[f(t)+2g(t)+3]dt. | (3.4) |
Then clearly the above equation is in the form of following equation:
X(f,g)(s)=q(s)+∫L0λ(s,t)[X1(t,f(t))+X2(t,g(t))]dt for all f,g∈M and s∈[0,L], |
where q(s)=s3+74, λ(s,t)=t224(s+3), X1(t,s)=s, X2(t,s)=2s+3 and L=1.
That is, (3.4) is a special case of (3.3) in Theorem 3.1.
Here it is easy to verify that the functions q(s),λ(s,t),X1(t,s) and X2(t,s) are continuous. Moreover, there exist c=9, β=13 and γ=12 with β+γ<1 such that
0≤X1(s,b)−X1(s,a)≤cβ(b−a)0≤X2(s,a)−X2(s,b)≤cγ(b−a) |
for all a,b∈R with b≥a and s∈[0,1].
and
csup{∫L0λ(s,t)dt:s∈[0,L]}=9sup{∫10t224(s+3)dt:s∈[0,1]}.=9sup{172(s+3):s∈[0,1]}<1. |
Thus the conditions (a), (b) and (c) of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied.
Now consider u0(s)=1 and v0(s)=1. Then we have
q(s)+∫10λ(s,t)[X1(t,v0(t))+X2(t,u0(t))]dt=s3+74+∫10t224(s+3)[1+24]dt=s3+74+148(s+3)≥1 |
That is, v0≤X(v0,u0). Similarly, it can be shown that u0≥X(u0,v0).
Thus all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. It follows that the integral Eq (3.4) has a solution in M×M with M=C([0,1],R).
Some coupled coincidence point theorems for two mappings established using rational type contractions in the setting of partially ordered G−metric spaces. By considering G−metric space, we propose a fairly simple solution for a system of nonlinear integral equations by using fixed point technique. Moreover, supporting example (exact solution) is provided to strengthen our obtained results.
The third and fourth authors would like to thank Prince Sultan University for funding this work through research group Nonlinear Analysis Methods in Applied Mathematics (NAMAM), Group Number RG-DES-2017-01-17.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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