Uniqueness for a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrödinger equation

İsmet Gölgeleyen; Özlem Kaytmaz; İsmet Gölgeleyen; Özlem Kaytmaz

doi:10.3934/math.2023287

AIMS Mathematics

2023, Volume 8, Issue 3: 5703-5724. doi: 10.3934/math.2023287

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Research article

Uniqueness for a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrödinger equation

İsmet Gölgeleyen ,
Özlem Kaytmaz ^,

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey

Received: 07 November 2022 Revised: 06 December 2022 Accepted: 15 December 2022 Published: 22 December 2022
MSC : 35A23, 35A32, 35Q40

In this work, we consider a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrö dinger equation which has important applications in quantum kinetic theory, water wave problems and ferromagnetism. Due to its multidimensionality, it is important from the point of view of modern physics theories such as quantum field theory and string theory. We prove the uniqueness of the solution of the problem in an unbounded domain by using semigeodesic coordinates. The main tool is a pointwise Carleman estimate. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study which deals with the solvability of this problem.

Keywords:

Citation: İsmet Gölgeleyen, Özlem Kaytmaz. Uniqueness for a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrödinger equation[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(3): 5703-5724. doi: 10.3934/math.2023287

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Abstract

1. Introduction

Riemann-Liouville fractional integral given by

$\begin{equation*} I_{a+}^{\alpha}\xi(\wp) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\int_{a}^{\chi}(\chi-\wp)^{\alpha-1}\xi(\wp)dt. \end{equation*}$

Many different concepts of fractional derivative maybe found in ^[9,10,11]. In ^[12] studied a conformable derivative:

$\begin{equation*} \wp_{\alpha}f(\wp) = \lim\limits_{\epsilon\rightarrow 0}\frac{f(\wp+\epsilon \wp^{1-\alpha})-f(\wp)}{\epsilon}. \end{equation*}$

The time scale conformable derivatives was introduced by Benkhettou et al. ^[17].

Further, in recent years, numerous mathematicians claimed that non-integer order derivatives and integrals are well suited to describing the properties of many actual materials, such as polymers. Fractional derivatives are a wonderful tool for describing memory and learning. a variety of materials and procedures inherited properties is one of the most significant benefits of fractional ownership. For more concepts and definition on time scales see ^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,33,34,35]}.

Continuous version of Steffensen's inequality ^[7] is written as: For $0\leq g(\wp)\leq1$ on $\in[a, b]$ . Then

$\begin{equation} \int_{b-\lambda}^{b}f(\wp)dt\leq\int_{a}^{b}f(\wp)g(\wp)dt\leq\int_{a}^{a+\lambda}f(\wp)dt, \end{equation}$

(1.1)

where $\lambda = \int_{a}^{b}g(\wp)dt.$

Supposing $f$ is nondecreasing gets the reverse of (1.1).

Also, the discrete inequality of Steffensen ^[6] is: For $\lambda_2\leq \sum_{\ell = 1}^{n}g(\ell)\leq \lambda_1$ . Then

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{\ell = n-\lambda_2+1}^{n} f(\ell) \leq \sum\limits_{\ell = 1}^{n}f(\ell)g(\ell) \leq \sum\limits_{\ell = 1}^{\lambda_1} f(\ell). \end{equation}$

(1.2)

Recently, a large number of dynamic inequalities on time scales have been studied by a small number of writers who were inspired by a few applications (see ^{[1,2,3,4,8,28,29,30,31,32,36,37,40,41,42,44,48,49,50,51,52,53]}).

In ^[5] Jakšetić et al. proved that, if $\hat{\mu}([c, d]) = \int_{[a, b]}g(\wp)d \hat{\mu}(\wp)$ , where $[c, d]\subseteq[a, b]$ . Then

$\begin{equation*} \int_{[a,b]}f(\wp)g(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp)\leq \int_{[c,d]}f(\wp)g(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp)+\int_{[a,c]}\big(f(\wp)-f(d)\big)g(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp), \end{equation*}$

and

$\begin{equation*} \int_{[c,d]}f(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp)-\int_{[d,b]}\big(f(c)-f(\wp)\big)g(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp)\leq \int_{[a,b]}f(\wp)g(\wp)d\hat{\mu}(\wp). \end{equation*}$

Anderson, in ^[3], studied the inequality:

$\begin{equation} \int_{b-\lambda}^{b}\phi(\wp)\nabla \wp\leq \int_{a}^{b}\phi(\wp)\psi(\wp)\nabla \wp\leq\int_{a}^{a+\lambda}\phi(\wp)\nabla \wp, \end{equation}$

(1.3)

In ^[47] the authors have proved, for

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\zeta(\wp)d\wp = \int_{m}^{k}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)d\wp, \end{equation*}$

and

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\zeta(\wp)d\wp = \int_{k}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)d\wp. \end{equation*}$

If there exists a constant $A$ such that $r(\wp)/\zeta(\wp)-At$ is monotonic on the intervals $[m, k]$ , $[k, n]$ , and

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{n}tq(\wp)g(\wp)d\wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}tq(\wp)d\wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}tq(\wp)d\wp, \end{equation*}$

then

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)d\wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r(\wp)d\wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r(\wp)d\wp. \end{equation*}$

In particularly, Anderson ^[3] proved

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\nabla \wp\leq\int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\nabla \wp\leq \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\nabla \wp. \end{equation*}$

where $m, n\in\mathbb{T}_\kappa$ with $m < n$ , $r$ , $g:[m, n]_{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ are $\nabla$ -integrable functions such that $r$ is of one sign and nonincreasing and $0\leq g(\wp)\leq1$ on $[m, n]_{\mathbb{T}}$ and $\lambda = \int_{m}^{n}g(\wp)\nabla \wp$ , $n-\lambda, m+\lambda \in \mathbb{T}$ .

We prove the next two needed results:

Theorem 1.1. Assume $q > 0$ with $0\leq g(\wp)\leq \zeta(\wp)$ $\forall\wp\in[m, n]_{\mathbb{T}}$ and $\lambda$ is given from $\int_{m}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp$ , then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(1.4)

Also, provided with $0\leq g(\wp)\leq \zeta(\wp)$ and $\int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp$ , we have

$\begin{equation} \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(1.5)

We get the reverse inequalities of (1.4) and (1.5) when assuming $r/\zeta$ is nondecreasing.

Theorem 1.2. Assume $\psi$ is integrable on time scales interval $[m, n]$ , with $\zeta(\wp)-\psi(\wp)\geq g(\wp)\geq\psi(\wp)\geq 0 \; \forall\wp\in[m, n]_{\mathbb{T}}$ and $\int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp$ and $g$ , $r$ and $\zeta$ are $\Delta_{\alpha}$ -integrable functions, $\zeta(\wp)\geq g(\wp)\geq0$ , we have

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+ \int_{m}^{n}\Big|\big(r(\wp)-r(n-\lambda)\big)\psi(\wp)\Big|\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{n}\Big|\big(r(\wp)-r(m+\lambda)\big)\psi(\wp)\bigg|\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray}$

(1.6)

and

$\begin{eqnarray} \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp&\leq& \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\Big[r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-\big(r(\wp)-r(n-\lambda)\big)\Big]\big[\zeta(\wp)-g(\wp)\big]\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq&\int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq& \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\Big[r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-\big(r(\wp)-r(m+\lambda)\big)\Big]\big[\zeta(\wp)-g(\wp)\big]\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq&\int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(1.7)

Proof. The proof techniques of Theorems 1.6 and 1.7 are like to that in ^[4] and is removed.

Several authors proved conformable Hardy's inequality ^[20,21], conformable Hermite-Hadamard's inequality ^[22,23,24], conformable inequality of Opial's ^[26,27] and conformable inequality of Steffensen's ^[25]. In ^[45] Anderson proved the followong results:

Theorem 1.3. ^[45] Suppose $\alpha\in(0, 1]$ and $r_1$ , $r_2\in \mathbb{R}$ such that $0\leq r_1\leq r_2$ . Suppose $\prod: [r_1, r_2]\rightarrow [0, \infty)$ and $\Gamma: [r_1, r_2]\rightarrow [0, 1]$ are $\alpha$ -fractional integrable functions on $[r_1, r_2]$ with $\Pi$ is decreasing, we get

$\begin{equation*} \int_{r_2-\aleph}^{r_2}\Pi(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta\leq \int_{r_1}^{r_2}\Pi(\zeta)\Gamma(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta\leq \int_{r_1}^{r_1+\aleph}\Pi(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta, \end{equation*}$

where $\aleph = \frac{\alpha(r_2-r_1)}{r_2^{\alpha}-r_1^{\alpha}}\int_{r_1}^{r_2}\Gamma(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta\in[0, r_2-r_1]$ .

In ^[46] the authors gave an extension for Theorem 1.8:

Theorem 1.4. Assume $\alpha\in(0, 1]$ and $r_1$ , $r_2\in \mathbb{R}$ such that $0\leq r_1\leq r_2$ . Suppose $\prod, \Gamma, \Sigma: [r_1, r_2]\rightarrow [0, \infty)$ are integrable on $[r_1, r_2]$ with the decreasing function $\Pi$ and $0\leq \Gamma\leq \Sigma$ , we get

$\begin{equation*} \int_{r_2-\aleph}^{r_2}\Sigma(\zeta)\Pi(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta\leq \int_{r_1}^{r_2}\Pi(\zeta)\Gamma(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta\leq \int_{r_1}^{r_1+\aleph}\Sigma(\zeta)\Pi(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta, \end{equation*}$

where $\aleph = \frac{(r_2-r_1)}{\int_{r_1}^{r_2}\Sigma(\zeta)d_{\alpha}\zeta}\int_{r_1}^{r_2}\Gamma(\zeta) d_{\alpha}\zeta\in[0, r_2-r_1]$ .

In this paper, we prove and explore several novel speculations of the Steffensen inequality obtained in ^[47] through the conformable integral containing time scale concept. We furthermore recover certain known results as special cases of our results.

2. Main results

Lemma 2.1. Assume $\zeta > 0$ is $rd$ -continuous function on $[m, n]\cap\mathbb{T}$ , $g$ , $r$ be $rd$ -continuous on $[m, n]\cap\mathbb{T}$ such that $r/\zeta$ nonincreasing function and $0\leq g(\wp)\leq 1$ $\forall\wp\in[m, n]\cap\mathbb{T}$ . Then

$(\Lambda_{1})$

$\begin{equation} \qquad \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.1)

where $\lambda$ is given by

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

$(\Lambda_{2})$

$\begin{equation} \qquad\int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.2)

such that

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

(2.1) and (2.2) are reversed when $r/\zeta$ is nondecreasing.

Proof. Putting $g(\wp)\mapsto \zeta(\wp)g(\wp)$ and $r(\wp)\mapsto r(\wp)/\zeta(\wp)$ in (1.4), (1.5) to get $(\Lambda_{1})$ and $(\Lambda_{2})$ simultaneously.

Lemma 2.2. Under the same hypotheses of Lemma 2.1. with $\psi$ be integrable functions on $[m, n]\cap\mathbb{T}$ and $0\leq \psi(\wp)\leq g(\wp)\leq 1-\psi(\wp)$ for all $\wp\in[m, n]_{\mathbb{T}}$ . Then

$\begin{eqnarray*} &&\int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+ \int_{m}^{n}\bigg|\bigg(\frac{r(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(n-\lambda)}{\zeta(n-\lambda)}\bigg)\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\bigg|\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq \int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{n}\bigg|\bigg(\frac{r(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(m+\lambda)}{\zeta(m+\lambda)}\bigg)\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\bigg|\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray*}$

where $\lambda$ is obtained from

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}h(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

Proof. Putting $g(\wp)\mapsto \zeta(\wp)g(\wp)$ , $r(\wp)\mapsto r(\wp)/h(\wp)$ and $\psi(\wp)\mapsto \zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)$ in (1.6).

Lemma 2.3. Under the same conditions of Lemma 2.1. Then

$\begin{eqnarray*} \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp&\leq& \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\bigg(r(\wp)-\bigg[\frac{r(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(n-\lambda)}{\zeta(n-\lambda)}\bigg]\zeta(\wp)\big[1-g(\wp)\big]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq&\int_{m}^{n}r(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq& \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\bigg(r(\wp)-\bigg[\frac{r(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(a+\lambda)}{\zeta(m+\lambda)}\bigg]\zeta(\wp)\big[1-g(\wp)\big]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &\leq&\int_{m}^{m+\lambda}r(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray*}$

where $\lambda$ is obtained from

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{m+\lambda}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{n-\lambda}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

Proof. Taking $g(\wp)\mapsto \zeta(\wp)g(\wp)$ and $r(\wp)\mapsto r(\wp)/\zeta(\wp)$ in (1.7).

Theorem 2.1. Under the same conditions of Lemma 2.3 such that $k\in(m, n)$ and $\lambda_1$ , $\lambda_2$ are given from

$(\Lambda_{3})$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.3)

then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.4)

(2.4) is reversed if $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.3).

$(\Lambda_{4})$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.5)

then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.6)

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.5) satisfied, then we reverse (2.6).

$(\Lambda_{5})$ If $\lambda_1$ , $\lambda_2$ be the same as in $(\Lambda_{3})$ and $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ so that

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ && = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\bigg(\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-[\phi(\wp)-m-\lambda_1]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp \\ &&\quad +\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\bigg(\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-[\phi(\wp)-n+\lambda_2]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray}$

(2.7)

then

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp) -\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(m+\lambda_1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(n-\lambda_2)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.8)

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.7) satisfied, the inequality in (2.8) is reversed.

$(\Lambda_{6})$ If $\lambda_1$ , $\lambda_2$ be defined as in $(\Lambda_{4})$ and $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k [m, n]$ and

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ && = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\Big(\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-[\phi(\wp)-k+\lambda_1]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\Big)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ && = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\Big(\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)-[\phi(\wp)-k+\lambda_2]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\Big)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray}$

(2.9)

then

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k-\lambda_1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k+\lambda_2)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.10)

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.9) satisfied, we reverse (2.10).

Proof. $(\Lambda_{3})$ Consider $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k [m, n]$ , and $R_{1}(\ell) = r^{\sigma}(\ell)-A\phi(\ell)\zeta(\ell)$ , since $A$ is given in Definition 2.1. Since $R_{1}/\zeta:[m, k]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ , using Lemma 2.1 $(\Lambda_{1})$ , we deduce

$\begin{eqnarray} 0&\leq&\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}R_{1}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{k}R_{1}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ & = &\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{k}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&-A\bigg(\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{k}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg). \end{eqnarray}$

(2.11)

As $R_{1}/\zeta:[k, n]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is nondecreasing, using Lemma 2.1 $(\Lambda_{2})$ , we obtain

$\begin{eqnarray} 0&\geq&\int_{k}^{n}R_{1}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}R_{1}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ & = &\int_{k}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&-A\bigg(\int_{k}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg). \end{eqnarray}$

(2.12)

(2.11) and (2.12) imply that

$\begin{eqnarray*} &&\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq A\bigg(\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp -\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg) \end{eqnarray*}$

Hence, if (2.3) is hold, then (2.4) holds. For $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ , we get the some steps.

$(\Lambda_{4})$ Let $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k [m, n]$ , also $R_{1}(x) = r^{\sigma}(x)-A\phi(x)\zeta(x)$ , where $A$ as in Definition 2.1. $R_{1}/\zeta:[m, k]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is nonincreasing, so from Lemma 2.1 $(\Lambda_{1})$ we obtain

$\begin{eqnarray} 0&\leq&\int_{m}^{k}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&-A\bigg(\int_{m}^{k}\phi(\wp)h(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{c-\lambda_1}^{k}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg). \end{eqnarray}$

(2.13)

Using Lemma 2.1 $(\Lambda_{1})$ we have

$\begin{eqnarray} 0&\geq&\int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{k}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&-A\bigg(\int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{k}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg). \end{eqnarray}$

(2.14)

Thus, from (2.13), (2.14), we get

$\begin{eqnarray*} &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq A\bigg(\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\bigg) \end{eqnarray*}$

Therefore, if $\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp$ is satisfied, then (2.8) holds. Follow the same steps for $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ .

Using Lemma 2.3 and repeat the steps of Theorem 2.1 $(\Lambda_{3})$ and Theorem 2.1 $(\Lambda_{4})$ in the proof of $(\Lambda_{5})$ and $(\Lambda_{6})$ respectively.

Corollary 2.1. The inequalities (2.4), (2.6), (2.8) and (2.10) of Theorem 2.1 letting $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R}$ takes

$\begin{equation} (i)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}f^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.15)

$\begin{equation} (ii)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.16)

$\begin{eqnarray} (iii)\qquad &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)} -\frac{r^{\sigma}(m+\lambda_1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(n-\lambda_2)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.17)

$\begin{eqnarray} (iv)\qquad &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k-\lambda_1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}\bigg(r^{\sigma}(\wp)-\Big[\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k+\lambda_2)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.18)

Corollary 2.2. We get [,Theorems 8,10,21 and 22], if we put $\alpha = 1$ and $\phi(\wp) = \wp$ in Corollary 2.1 $[(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)]$ simultaneously.

Corollary 2.3. In Corollary 2.1 taking $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}$ , the results (2.15)–(2.18) will be equivalent to

$\begin{equation*} (i)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\leq\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{m+\lambda_1-1}r(\wp+1)+\sum\limits_{\wp = n-\lambda_2}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} (ii)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\geq\sum\limits_{\wp = k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2-1}r(\wp+1)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

$\begin{eqnarray*} (iii)\qquad \nonumber&&\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ \nonumber&&\leq\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{m+\lambda_1-1}\bigg(r(\wp+1)-\Big[\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(a+\lambda_1+1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ &&\quad +\sum\limits_{\wp = n-\lambda_2}^{n-1}\bigg(r(\wp+1)-\Big[\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(n-\lambda_2+1)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{eqnarray*}$

$\begin{eqnarray*} (iv)\qquad \nonumber&&\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp))\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ \nonumber&&\geq\sum\limits_{\wp = k-\lambda_1}^{k-1}\bigg(r(\wp+1)-\Big[\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(k-\lambda_1+1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg))\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ &&\quad +\sum\limits_{\wp = k}^{k+\lambda_2-1}\bigg(r(\wp+1)-\Big[\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(k+\lambda_2+1)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\Big]\zeta(\wp)[1-g(\wp)]\bigg))\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{eqnarray*}$

Theorem 2.2. Under the assumptions in Lemma 2.1 with $0\leq g(\wp)\leq \zeta(\wp)$ and $\lambda_1$ , $\lambda_2$ be defined as

$(\Lambda_{7})$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.19)

then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.20)

$(\Lambda_{8})$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.21)

then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.22)

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.19), (2.21) satisfied, we get the reverse of (2.20) and (2.22).

Proof. By using Theorem 2.1 $[(\Lambda_{3}), (\Lambda_{4})]$ and by putting $g\mapsto g/h$ and $f\mapsto fh$ , we get the proof of $(\Lambda_{7})$ and $(\Lambda_{8})$ .

Corollary 2.4. In Theorem 2.2 $[(\Lambda_{7}), (\Lambda_{8})]$ , assuming $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R}$ , the following results obtains:

$\begin{equation} (i)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.23)

$\begin{equation} (ii)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\zeta(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.24)

Corollary 2.5. In Corollary 2.4 $[(i), (ii)]$ , when we put $\alpha = 1$ and $\phi(\wp) = \wp$ then [47,Theorems 16 and 17] gotten.

Corollary 2.6. In (2.23) and (2.24) letting $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}$ , gets

$\begin{equation*} (i)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\leq\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{m+\lambda_1-1}r(\wp+1)h(\wp)+\sum\limits_{\wp = n-\lambda_2}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)h(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} (ii)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\geq\sum\limits_{\wp = k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2-1}r(\wp+1)\zeta(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

Theorem 2.3. Using the same conditions in Lemma 2.3. Letting $w:[m, n]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be integrable with $0\leq g(\wp)\leq w(\wp)$ $\forall \wp\in[m, n]\cap{\mathbb{T}}$ and

$\begin{equation*} (\Lambda_{9})\qquad \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.25)

then

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.26)

$\begin{equation*} (\Lambda_{10})\qquad \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{m}^{k}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} \int_{k}^{k+\lambda_2}w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k}^{n}\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation*}$

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}\phi(\wp)w(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{equation}$

(2.27)

$\begin{equation} \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.28)

The inequalities in (2.26) and (2.28) are reversible if $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^c [a, b]$ and (2.25), (2.27) hold.

Proof. In Theorem 2.1 $[(\Lambda_{3}), (\Lambda_{4})]$ , $\zeta$ changes $wq$ , $g$ changes $g/w$ and $r$ changes $rw$ .

Corollary 2.7. In (2.26) and (2.28). Letting $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R}$ , we have

$\begin{equation} (i)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.29)

$\begin{equation} (ii)\qquad \int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)w(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{equation}$

(2.30)

Corollary 2.8. In Corollary 2.7 $[(i), (ii)]$ , letting $\alpha = 1$ and $\phi(\wp) = \wp$ we get [47,Theorems 18 and 19].

Corollary 2.9. In (2.29) and (2.30), crossing $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}$ , gets

$\begin{equation*} (i)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\leq\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{m+\lambda_1-1}r(\wp+1)w(\wp)+\sum\limits_{\wp = n-\lambda_2}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)w(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

$\begin{equation*} (ii)\qquad \sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\geq\sum\limits_{\wp = k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2-1}r(\wp+1)w(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{equation*}$

Theorem 2.4. Using the same conditions in Lemma 2.1, and Theorem 2.1 $[(\Lambda_{3}), (\Lambda_{4})]$ with $\psi:[m, n]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a integrable: $0\leq \psi(\wp)\leq g(\wp)\leq 1-\psi(\wp)$ .

$(\Lambda_{11})$ If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{eqnarray} \qquad &&\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ && = \int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{k}\big|\phi(\wp)-m-\lambda_1\big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp +\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{k}^{n}\big|\phi(\wp)-n+\lambda_2\big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray}$

(2.31)

then

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp -\int_{m}^{k}\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(m+\lambda_1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{k}^{n}\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(n-\lambda_2)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.32)

$(\Lambda_{12})$ If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_1^k[m, n]$ and

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ && = \int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k}\phi(\wp)\zeta(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp-\int_{m}^{k}\big|\phi(\wp)-k+\lambda_1\big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&+\int_{k}^{n}\big|\phi(\wp)-k-\lambda_1\big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp, \end{eqnarray}$

(2.33)

then

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{m}^{k}\bigg|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k-\lambda_1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)}\bigg|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\Delta_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad-\int_{k}^{n}\bigg|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k+\lambda_2)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\bigg|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp) \Delta_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.34)

If $r^{\sigma}/\zeta\in\mathbb{AH}_2^k [m, n]$ and (2.31) and (2.33) satisfied, we get the reverse of (2.32) and (2.34).

Proof. The same steps of Theorem 2.1 $[(\Lambda_{3}), (\Lambda_{4})]$ with Lemma 2.1, $R_{1}/\zeta:[m, k]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ nonincreasing, $R_{1}/\zeta:[k, n]\cap{\mathbb{T}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ nondecreasing.

Corollary 2.10. In Theorem 2.4 $[(\Lambda_{11}), (\Lambda_{12})]$ , letting $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{R}$ we get:

$\begin{eqnarray} (i)\qquad &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\leq\int_{m}^{m+\lambda_1}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp -\int_{m}^{k}\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(m+\lambda_1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{n-\lambda_2}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad +\int_{k}^{n}\Big|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(n-\lambda_2)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.35)

$\begin{eqnarray} (ii)\qquad &&\int_{m}^{n}r^{\sigma}(\wp)g(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\geq\int_{k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2}r^{\sigma}(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp+\int_{m}^{k}\bigg|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k-\lambda_1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)}\bigg|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp\\ &&\quad-\int_{k}^{n}\bigg|\frac{r^{\sigma}(\wp)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r^{\sigma}(k+\lambda_2)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\bigg|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)d_{\alpha} \wp. \end{eqnarray}$

(2.36)

Corollary 2.11. In (2.35) and (2.36), we put $\alpha = 1$ , with $\phi(\wp) = \wp$ we get [47,Theorems 23 and 24].

Corollary 2.12. Our results (2.35) and (2.36), by using $\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}$ gets

$\begin{eqnarray*} (i)\qquad \nonumber&&\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ \nonumber&&\leq\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{m+\lambda_1-1}r(\wp+1)\wp^{\alpha-1} -\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{k-1}\Big|\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(m+\lambda_1+1)}{\zeta(m+\lambda_1)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\hat{\nabla} \wp\\ &&\quad+\sum\limits_{\wp = n-\lambda_2}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)\wp^{\alpha-1}+\sum\limits_{\wp = k}^{n-1}\Big|\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(n-\lambda_2+1)}{\zeta(n-\lambda_2)}\Big|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{eqnarray*}$

$\begin{eqnarray*} (ii)\qquad\nonumber&&\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{n-1}r(\wp+1)g(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ \nonumber&&\geq\sum\limits_{\wp = k-\lambda_1}^{k+\lambda_2-1}r(\wp+1)\wp^{\alpha-1}+\sum\limits_{\wp = m}^{k-1}\bigg|\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(k-\lambda_1+1)}{\zeta(k-\lambda_1)} \bigg|\zeta(\wp)\psi(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}\\ &&\quad-\sum\limits_{\wp = k}^{n-1}\bigg|\frac{r(\wp+1)}{\zeta(\wp)}-\frac{r(k+\lambda_2+1)}{\zeta(k+\lambda_2)}\bigg|h(\wp)\psi(\wp)\wp^{\alpha-1}. \end{eqnarray*}$

3. Conclusions

In this work, we explore new generalizations of the integral Steffensen inequality given in ^[38,39,43] by the utilization of the $\alpha$ -conformable derivatives and integrals, A few of these results are generalised to time scales. We also obtained the discrete and continuous case of our main results, in order to gain some fresh inequalities as specific cases.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Research Supporting Project number (RSP-2022/167), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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AIMS Mathematics

Uniqueness for a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrödinger equation

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Uniqueness for a Cauchy problem for the generalized Schrödinger equation

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