We considered predator-prey models which incorporated both an Allee effect and a new fear factor effect together, and where the predator predated the prey with a Holling type I functional response. We started off with a two-dimensional model where we found possible equilibria and examined their stabilities. By using the predator mortality rate as the bifurcation parameter, the model exhibited Hopf-bifurcation for the coexistence equilibrium. Furthermore, our numerical illustrations demonstrated the effect of fear and the Allee effect on the population densities, and we found that the level of fear had little impact on the long-term prey population level. The population of predators, however, declined as the fear intensity rose, indicating that the fear effect might result in a decline in the predator population. The dynamics of the delayed system were examined and Hopf-bifurcation was discussed. Finally, we looked at an eco-epidemiological model that took into account the same cost of fear and the Allee effect. In this model, the prey was afflicted with a disease. The prey was either susceptible or infected. Numerical simulations were carried out to show that as the Allee threshold rose, the uninfected prey and predator decreased, while the population of infected prey increased. When the Allee threshold hit a certain value, all populations became extinct. As fear intensity increased, the population of uninfected prey decreased, and beyond a certain level of fear, habituation prevented the uninfected prey from changing. After a certain level of fear, the predator population went extinct and, as a result, the only interaction left was between uninfected and infected prey which increased disease transmission, and so the infected prey increased. Hopf-bifurcation was studied by taking the time delay as the bifurcation parameter. We estimated the delay length to preserve stability.
Citation: Kawkab Al Amri, Qamar J. A Khan, David Greenhalgh. Combined impact of fear and Allee effect in predator-prey interaction models on their growth[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2024, 21(10): 7211-7252. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024319
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We considered predator-prey models which incorporated both an Allee effect and a new fear factor effect together, and where the predator predated the prey with a Holling type I functional response. We started off with a two-dimensional model where we found possible equilibria and examined their stabilities. By using the predator mortality rate as the bifurcation parameter, the model exhibited Hopf-bifurcation for the coexistence equilibrium. Furthermore, our numerical illustrations demonstrated the effect of fear and the Allee effect on the population densities, and we found that the level of fear had little impact on the long-term prey population level. The population of predators, however, declined as the fear intensity rose, indicating that the fear effect might result in a decline in the predator population. The dynamics of the delayed system were examined and Hopf-bifurcation was discussed. Finally, we looked at an eco-epidemiological model that took into account the same cost of fear and the Allee effect. In this model, the prey was afflicted with a disease. The prey was either susceptible or infected. Numerical simulations were carried out to show that as the Allee threshold rose, the uninfected prey and predator decreased, while the population of infected prey increased. When the Allee threshold hit a certain value, all populations became extinct. As fear intensity increased, the population of uninfected prey decreased, and beyond a certain level of fear, habituation prevented the uninfected prey from changing. After a certain level of fear, the predator population went extinct and, as a result, the only interaction left was between uninfected and infected prey which increased disease transmission, and so the infected prey increased. Hopf-bifurcation was studied by taking the time delay as the bifurcation parameter. We estimated the delay length to preserve stability.
Laser technology was studied intensively over the past few decades before entering some stagnation. However, recent developments around robotic welding [1,2,3], laser texturing and marking [4,5,6], laser cutting [7,8,9], and additive manufacturing [10,11,12,13,14,15] have led to a new wave of studies in this area of knowledge, which led to the creation of this Special Issue. In fact, the development of lasers whose wavelength is compatible with transmission through optical fibers has allowed for a wider range of applications, as it means that the generation system does not need to be placed at the end of the robotic arm, requiring more robust robots, or limiting the range of applications [16]. The texturing of very hard materials, namely ceramic composites used in cutting tools [17], has recently become an effective application of laser technology. This has the potential of improving the machinability of some materials as well as the marking of practically any material [18], allowing increased traceability by directly marking quick-response codes (QR codes) on the product.
Indeed, long gone are the times when laser technology was essentially used to cut the most diverse materials. Currently, laser technology is being investigated and used in the most diverse applications, from the medical field to the area of military defense or the monitoring of operations and processes. The evolution toward pulsed lasers and the development of more accurate control mechanisms have drastically expanded their application in industrial processes. This has created countless research opportunities aimed at characterizing and optimizing their use with different materials and understanding the phenomena associated with their application.
The evolution and volume of research linked to laser technology justifies the publication of this Special Issue, which presents some of the most recent technological advances in laser applications in materials and nanofabrication processes. Two excellent articles on laser applications are part of this volume. One is aimed at the application of laser by the holographic method for stress verification in polymeric materials [19]; the other demonstrates the optimal parameters of laser marking on composite materials to obtain surfaces with high roughness that are visible to the laser reader [20].
The first work, published by da Silva et al. [19] and titled "Holographic method for stress distribution analysis in photoelastic materials", focuses on a polymer sample and generates three independent waves polarized at 45, 0, and 90°, producing two distinct holograms resulting in interference patterns. The optical information obtained through photoelasticity is used to derive the stress-optic law, which is implicitly correlated with the holographic method. Finally, the Fresnel transform is applied to digitally reconstruct and obtain the demodulated phase maps for compression and decompression and finally calculate the Poisson's coefficient of the material. The results demonstrated that the stress distributions derived through holography were more accurate and reproducible than those obtained via photoelasticity when compared with theoretical results.
The second paper, published by Sales-Contini et al. [20] and titled "Influence of laser marking parameters on data matrix code quality on polybutylene terephthalate/glass fiber composite surface using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques", performs a detailed morphological analysis of the surface of the neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser-marked composite material. Process parameters were selected, and laser-marked data matrix codes (DMCs) were analyzed to assess quality according to ISO/IEC 29158:2020 standards; this was combined with a detailed surface analysis to observe physical and chemical changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This work complements the previously published results by Sales-Contini et al. [6].
Two other articles involve nanofabrication processes: a review article published by Equbal et al. [21] and another one, published by Dawood and AlAmeen [22], that presents recent findings in the study of fatigue and mechanical properties of specimens produced by three-dimensional (3D) printing. The first presents a detailed study of recently (from 2020 to 2024) published works in fused deposition modeling (FDM) collected from Scopus and Web of Science data using "FDM" and "dimensional accuracy" as keywords. The study mainly focuses on the improvement of process accuracy over 4 years of research and studies the main factors that can interfere with the printing quality of components during the use of the FDM additive manufacturing process. The most recent work presents the fatigue study of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (CF-PLA) composite samples manufactured with three different 3D printed patterns: gyroid, tri-hexagon, and triangular with three different infill levels. The mechanical properties of traction, flexure, and impact were systematically obtained, and the durability of the material was analyzed by fatigue tests. The results demonstrated that the gyroid infill pattern had the best performance; also, by increasing the infill rate, it was possible to obtain an 82% increase in the ultimate tensile strength. This study demonstrates the applicability of different types of infill to obtain the best mechanical properties, reducing material use and being a sustainable process.
Research into laser technology is still very much alive and increasingly diverse, given the expansion of fields of application. This Special Issue presents some of the most recent developments around this technology, hoping that they can be of great use to the scientific community.
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.
Writing draft and review: F.J.G-Silva and R.C.M. Sales-Contini.
Francisco J. G. Silva and Rita C. M. Sales-Contini are on a special issue editorial board for AIMS Materials Science and were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that there are no competing interests.
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Kawkab Al Amri, Qamar J. A Khan, David Greenhalgh. Combined impact of fear and Allee effect in predator-prey interaction models on their growth[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2024, 21(10): 7211-7252. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024319
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