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Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

2020, Volume 17, Issue 5: 4563-4577. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020252
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Research article

Qualitative theoretical modeling to study the possibility of detecting multi-virus in blood flow using Nano-quartz crystal microbalance

  • 1.
    Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
  • 2.
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
  • 3.
    Department of Computers and Communications, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Egypt
  • 4.
    Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems (LASEM), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 43038, Tunisia
  • 5.
    Electronics and Information Technology Laboratory, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax 43038, Tunisia
  • 6.
    Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Asir 61413, Saudi Arabia.
  • 7.
    Nabeul’s Foundation Institute for Engineering Studies, University of Carthage, IPEIN, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia
  • Received: 13 January 2020 Accepted: 23 June 2020 Published: 29 June 2020

  • Methods for testing the presence of a virus in the blood are of interest to researchers and doctors because they determine how rapidly a virus is detected. In general, virus detection is a major scientific problem due to the serious effects of viruses on the human body. At present, only one virus can be detected in a single test. This potentially costs the medical establishment more time and money that could be saved if blood testing was more efficient. This study presents a qualitative method to enable doctors and researchers to detect more than one virus simultaneously. This was performed using quartz nanoparticles. Using polymer thin films of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), each chip emits a different frequency for each specific type of virus on the chip. The multiplicity of these chips allows for the detection of a number of viruses with the same number of nanoscale chips simultaneously. Blood flow around quartz nanoparticles was modelled. In this model, several conventional Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) with nanostructures (Nano-QCM) particles are inserted into the three main types of blood vessels. The results showed that the best location for the Nano-QCM is the large artery and that it is possible to test for a number of viruses in all types of blood vessels.

    Citation: Mohamed Abbas, Ali Algahtani, Amir Kessentini, Hassen Loukil, Muneer Parayangat, Thafasal Ijyas, Abdul Wase Mohammed. Qualitative theoretical modeling to study the possibility of detecting multi-virus in blood flow using Nano-quartz crystal microbalance[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2020, 17(5): 4563-4577. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020252

    Related Papers:

    [1] Marcella Reale . Annual Report 2020. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2021, 5(1): 33-37. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2021003
    [2] Marcella Reale, Xu Guo . Annual Report 2024. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2025, 9(1): 1-7. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2025001
    [3] Marcella Reale, Xu Guo . Annual Report 2023. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2024, 8(1): 1-7. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2024001
    [4] Marcella Reale . Annual Report 2022. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2023, 7(1): 40-44. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2023003
    [5] Bono Eleonora, Zucca Federica, Ortolani Valeria Giuseppina Rita, Caron Lea, Eplite Angelo, Carsana Luca, Iemoli Enrico . Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome treated with mepolizumab: A case report. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2023, 7(3): 176-182. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2023012
    [6] Swathi Mukurala, Jahanavi Bandla, Swetha kappala . Angioedema-post COVID symptoms. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2023, 7(4): 273-280. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2023018
    [7] Howard Mason, Kate Jones . Airborne exposure to laboratory animal allergens: 2005–2022. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2024, 8(1): 18-33. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2024003
    [8] Richard A. Maiella, Kelly M. Staples, Ashokvardhan Veldanda . Migratory dermatographic urticaria following COVID-19 vaccine booster in young adult male. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2022, 6(1): 14-18. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2022003
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  • Methods for testing the presence of a virus in the blood are of interest to researchers and doctors because they determine how rapidly a virus is detected. In general, virus detection is a major scientific problem due to the serious effects of viruses on the human body. At present, only one virus can be detected in a single test. This potentially costs the medical establishment more time and money that could be saved if blood testing was more efficient. This study presents a qualitative method to enable doctors and researchers to detect more than one virus simultaneously. This was performed using quartz nanoparticles. Using polymer thin films of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), each chip emits a different frequency for each specific type of virus on the chip. The multiplicity of these chips allows for the detection of a number of viruses with the same number of nanoscale chips simultaneously. Blood flow around quartz nanoparticles was modelled. In this model, several conventional Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) with nanostructures (Nano-QCM) particles are inserted into the three main types of blood vessels. The results showed that the best location for the Nano-QCM is the large artery and that it is possible to test for a number of viruses in all types of blood vessels.


    1.   Journal summary from Editor in Chief

    Together with the Editorial Office of AIMS Allergy and Immunology, I wish to testify my sincere gratitude to all authors, members of the editorial board and reviewers, thanking everyone for their contribution to AIMS Allergy and Immunology in 2021.

    It was the support of all members of our editorial board and peer reviewers that, despite of COVID-19 difficulties, made possible to successfully complete the full peer review, editing and publishing processes for AIMS Allergy and Immunology in 2021.

    The submissions of our AIMS Allergy and Immunology journal in 2021 increased significantly, with 4 papers under processing (submitted in 2021); during this 2021 we had 50% acceptance/rejection ratio and publication time (from submission to online) was reduced from 70.4 days to 61 days, illustrating the strict and efficient review process. We have 10 top articles with highest citations from 5 (1 paper), 4 (3 papers), 3 (2 papers), 2 (4 papers), and many countries are represented among our authors.

    An important part of our strategy has been preparation of special issues. In 2021, two special issues and four topical sections were planned. AIMS Allergy and Immunology has 67 members now, and 8 of which joined in 2021. We will continue to renew editorial board in 2022.

    To promote and encourage submissions we have established the “Best Paper Award” and “Editorial board member of the year” for the editorial board member who introduced the largest number of researchers, authors of manuscripts accepted/published or in press.

    The road is still long and winding but we hope that in 2022, with the support of all the members of the editorial board and reviewers, it will be possible to expand the number of papers submitted and accepted, to be able to publish the scientific contributions of the congresses and special issues organized by the members of the editorial board, to increase the citation/paper and total citations to get the academic rank of AIMS Allergy and Immunology as soon as possible.

    Prof. Marcella Reale, Editor-in-Chief

    AIMS Allergy and Immunology journal

    Dept. of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry

    University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara

    Via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy

    2.   Editorial development

    2.1.   Manuscripts statistics

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Under processing paper: 4

    Rejection rate: 50%

    Publication time (from submission to online): 61 days

    2.2.   Author distribution

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    2.3.   Articles type

    Type Number
    Review 7
    Research article 5
    Mini review 3
    Letter 2
    Communication 1
    Commentary 1
    Editorial 1

    2.4.   Articles metrics

    The top 10 articles with highest viewed:

    Title Viewed
    Targeting cancer cells: from historic methods to modern chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-Cell strategies 5719
    Immunological and toxicological effects of bad indoor air to cause Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome 4748
    “Toll-free” pathways for production of type I interferons 4329
    Toll-like receptors and immune cell crosstalk in the intestinal epithelium 4122
    Main NK cell receptors and their ligands: regulation by microRNAs 3952
    Interactions of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma at mucosal immunology level 3581
    Basophil activation through TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways 3531
    IL-10 in cancer: Just a classical immunosuppressive factor or also an immunostimulating one? 3494
    Contribution of antibody-dependent enhancement to the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections 3479
    CLEC receptors, endocytosis and calcium signaling 3435

    The top 10 articles with highest citations:

    Title Citations
    “Toll-free” pathways for production of type I interferons 5
    Airborne exposure to laboratory animal allergens 4
    CLEC receptors, endocytosis and calcium signaling 4
    IL-10 in cancer: Just a classical immunosuppressive factor or also an immunostimulating one? 4
    Main NK cell receptors and their ligands: regulation by microRNAs 3
    Immunological and toxicological effects of bad indoor air to cause Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome 3
    A recipe for myositis: nuclear factor κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcription factor pathways spiced up by cytokines 2
    Reducing dust and allergen exposure in bakeries 2
    Co-inhibitory receptors in female asthmatic patients: Correlation with IL-17 and IL-26 2
    Basophil activation through TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways 2

    2.5.   Topical section/special issue with the most papers

    Topical section

    Immunity to Viruses

    https://www.aimspress.com/allergy/article/5830/special-articles

    Special issue

    The role of extracellular vesicles and miRNAs in allergy and immune tolerance

    Special issue editor: Dr. Katarzyna Nazimek

    https://www.aimspress.com/allergy/article/5855/special-articles

    2.6.   Editorial board members

    AIMS Allergy and Immunology has 67 members, and 8 of which joined in 2021.

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    2.7.   Summary & plan

    2.7.1.   Summary

    In the fifth year of our journal, the journal developed much faster than before under the leadership of the Editor-in-Chief Prof. Marcella Reale. We have received 36 submissions and published 20 papers in 2021.

    We reduce the publication time from 70.4 days to 61 days. Each submitted article is processed carefully, fairly, promptly, and the accepted papers appear in the journal in the shortest time.

    2.7.2.   Plan in 2022

    Increase influence by soliciting and advertising high quality articles and special issues (topics).

    We seek to be indexed by more databases in 2022.



    [1] Z. Liu, J. R. Clausen, R. R. Rao, C. K. Aidun, Nanoparticle diffusion in sheared cellular blood flow, arXiv preprint arXiv, 2019 (2019).
    [2] R. Ellahi, A. Zeeshan, F. Hussain, A. Asadollahi, Peristaltic Blood Flow of Couple Stress Fluid Suspended with nanoparticles under the Influence of Chemical Reaction and Activation Energy, Symmetry, 11 (2019), 276.
    [3] S. M. Gheibi Hayat, M. Darroudi, Nanovaccine: A novel approach in immunization, J. Cell Physiol., 234 (2019), 12530-12536.
    [4] T. Elnaqeeb, N. A. Shah, K. S. Mekheimer, Hemodynamic Characteristics of Gold Nanoparticle Blood Flow Through a Tapered Stenosed Vessel with Variable nanofluid Viscosity, BionanoScience, 9 (2019), 245-255.
    [5] D. M. Teleanu, I. Negut, V. Grumezescu, A. M. Grumezescu, R. I. Teleanu, Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System, Nanomaterials, 9 (2019), 371.
    [6] A. Zaman, N. Ali, M. Sajjad, Effects of nanoparticles (Cu, TiO2, Al2O3) on unsteady blood flow through a curved overlapping stenosed channel, Math. Comput. Simul., 156 (2019), 279-293.
    [7] K. M. Prasad, T. Sudha, A Mathematical Approach to Study the Blood Flow Through Stenosed Artery with Suspension of nanoparticles, in Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Springer, (2019), 193-202.
    [8] R. L. Hewlin, A. Ciero, J. P. Kizito, Development of a Two-Way Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Computational Magnetic Nanoparticle Targeting Model for Pulsatile Flow in a Patient-Specific Diseased Left Carotid Bifurcation Artery, Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol., 10 (2019), 299-313.
    [9] F. Campbell, F. L. Bos, S. Sieber, G. Arias-Alpizar, B. E. Koch, J. Huwyler, et al., Directing nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2-Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake, ACS Nano, 12 (2018), 2138-2150. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06995
    [10] V. Hamdipoor, M. R. Afzal, T. A. Le, J. Yoon, Haptic-Based Manipulation Scheme of Magnetic nanoparticles in a Multi-Branch Blood Vessel for Targeted Drug Delivery, Micromachines, 9 (2018), 14.
    [11] K. B. Johnsen, M. Bak, P. J. Kempen, F. Melander, A. Burkhart, M. S. Thomsen, et al., A antibody affinity and valency impact brain uptake of transferrin receptor-targeted gold nanoparticles, Theranostics, 8 (2018), 3416.
    [12] H. Ye, Z. Shen, L. Yu, M. Wei, Y. Li, Manipulating nanoparticle transport within blood flow through external forces: An exemplar of mechanics in nanomedicine, Proc. R. Soc. A, 474 (2018), 20170845.
    [13] W. Wicke, A. Ahmadzadeh, V. Jamali, H. Unterweger, C. Alexiou, R. Schober, Magnetic nanoparticle-Based Molecular Communication in Microfluidic Environments, IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience, 18 (2019), 156-169.
    [14] F. N. Dultsev, E. A. Kolosovsky, Identifying a single biological nano-sized particle using a quartz crystal microbalance. A mathematical model, Sens. Actuators B, 143 (2009), 17-24.
    [15] A. D. Polyanin, W. E. Schiesser, A. I. Zhurov, Partial differential equation, Scholarpedia, 3 (2008), 4605.
    [16] R. Selyanchyn, S. Wakamatsu, K. Hayashi, S. W. Lee, A nano-thin film-based prototype QCM sensor array for monitoring human breath and respiratory patterns, Sensors, 15 (2015), 18834-18850.

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