Modeling, stability analysis, and optimal control of a chemostat model for mutualistic bacterial species with leachate recycling

Fawaz K. Alalhareth; Ammar R. Aljohani; Mohammed H. Alharbi; Miled El Hajji; Fawaz K. Alalhareth; Ammar R. Aljohani; Mohammed H. Alharbi; Miled El Hajji

doi:10.3934/math.20251264

AIMS Mathematics

2025, Volume 10, Issue 12: 28714-28752. doi: 10.3934/math.20251264

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Research article

Modeling, stability analysis, and optimal control of a chemostat model for mutualistic bacterial species with leachate recycling

1.
Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
2.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3.
ENIT-LAMSIN, BP. 37, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunis El Manar University, Tunisia

Received: 01 August 2025 Revised: 11 November 2025 Accepted: 28 November 2025 Published: 04 December 2025
MSC : 34D23, 37N25, 49J15, 92D25, 93A30

In this paper, we presented a comprehensive mathematical analysis of a chemostat model involving two mutualistic bacterial species competing for nutrients, with the inclusion of leachate recycling. We bridged theoretical ecology and bioreactor design, offering insights into microbial coexistence and system stability. Moreover, we addressed practical challenges in waste-water treatment and bioreactor design by optimizing microbial mutualism and nutrient recycling. The novelty of this study lies in integrating mutualistic interactions, leachate recycling, and optimal control of dilution rates-features seldom combined in chemostat models. We discussed a chemostat model involving two bacterial species that were mutualism competing for two essential nutrients with leachate recycling for one of them. The model was reduced from five dimensions to three, and several equilibrium points were identified: $ E_0 $ (extinction of both species), $ E_1 $ (extinction of species 2), $ E_2 $ (extinction of species 1), and $ E_{12} $ (coexistence of both species). The local stability of these equilibria was analyzed. We proved that the coexistence of both species is conditional to some assumptions on the growth rates of species. The coexistence of the two competing bacteria was demonstrated using the theory of uniform persistence applied to the three-variable reduced system. The sensitivity analysis provided valuable insights into the influence of key parameters (e.g., dilution rate and mutualism coefficients) on system dynamics. The optimal control section extends the model's applicability to bioreactor optimization, which is a significant contribution to the field. Several simulations effectively corroborate theoretical findings, illustrating transitions between equilibria and the impact of parameter variations.
- chemostat,
- competition,
- mutualism,
- coexistence,
- stability,
- leachate recirculation,
- persistence theory,
- sensitivity analysis,
- optimal control
Citation: Fawaz K. Alalhareth, Ammar R. Aljohani, Mohammed H. Alharbi, Miled El Hajji. Modeling, stability analysis, and optimal control of a chemostat model for mutualistic bacterial species with leachate recycling[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(12): 28714-28752. doi: 10.3934/math.20251264

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Abstract

In this paper, we presented a comprehensive mathematical analysis of a chemostat model involving two mutualistic bacterial species competing for nutrients, with the inclusion of leachate recycling. We bridged theoretical ecology and bioreactor design, offering insights into microbial coexistence and system stability. Moreover, we addressed practical challenges in waste-water treatment and bioreactor design by optimizing microbial mutualism and nutrient recycling. The novelty of this study lies in integrating mutualistic interactions, leachate recycling, and optimal control of dilution rates-features seldom combined in chemostat models. We discussed a chemostat model involving two bacterial species that were mutualism competing for two essential nutrients with leachate recycling for one of them. The model was reduced from five dimensions to three, and several equilibrium points were identified: $ E_0 $ (extinction of both species), $ E_1 $ (extinction of species 2), $ E_2 $ (extinction of species 1), and $ E_{12} $ (coexistence of both species). The local stability of these equilibria was analyzed. We proved that the coexistence of both species is conditional to some assumptions on the growth rates of species. The coexistence of the two competing bacteria was demonstrated using the theory of uniform persistence applied to the three-variable reduced system. The sensitivity analysis provided valuable insights into the influence of key parameters (e.g., dilution rate and mutualism coefficients) on system dynamics. The optimal control section extends the model's applicability to bioreactor optimization, which is a significant contribution to the field. Several simulations effectively corroborate theoretical findings, illustrating transitions between equilibria and the impact of parameter variations.

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