Research article

Multiplicity of positive radial solutions for systems with mean curvature operator in Minkowski space

  • Received: 13 January 2021 Accepted: 29 March 2021 Published: 07 April 2021
  • MSC : 34B15, 35J66

  • In this paper, we are considered with the Dirichlet problem of quasilinear differential system with mean curvature operator in Minkowski space

    M(w):=div(w1|w|2),

    in a ball in RN. In particular, we deal with this system with Lane-Emden type nonlinearities in a superlinear case, by using the Leggett-Williams' fixed point theorem, we obtain the existence of three positive radial solutions.

    Citation: Zhiqian He, Liangying Miao. Multiplicity of positive radial solutions for systems with mean curvature operator in Minkowski space[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(6): 6171-6179. doi: 10.3934/math.2021362

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  • In this paper, we are considered with the Dirichlet problem of quasilinear differential system with mean curvature operator in Minkowski space

    M(w):=div(w1|w|2),

    in a ball in RN. In particular, we deal with this system with Lane-Emden type nonlinearities in a superlinear case, by using the Leggett-Williams' fixed point theorem, we obtain the existence of three positive radial solutions.



    In this paper, we consider the existence and multiplicity of positive radial solutions for non-variational radial system of type

    {M(u)+f1(|x|,u,v)=0   in B,M(v)+f2(|x|,u,v)=0   in B,u|B=v|B=0, (1.1)

    where M stands for the mean curvature operator in Minkowski space

    M(w):=div(w1|w|2),

    B={xRN:|x|<1}, N2 is an integer and the functions f1,f2:[0,1]×R+×R+R+ are continuous, where R+:=[0,).

    Problems with the operator M are originated in differential geometry and theory of relativity. Geometrically, these are related to maximal and constant mean curvature spacelike hypersurfaces (space-like submanifolds of codimension one in the flat Minkowski space LN+1:={(x,t):xRN,tR} endowed with the Lorentzian metric Nj=1(dxj)2(dt)2, where (x,t) are the canonical coordinates in RN+1 having the property that the trace of the extrinsic curvature is zero, respectively, constant (see [17]).

    It is known (see [1,4]) that the study of spacelike submanifolds of codimension one in the flat Minkowski space LN+1 with prescribed mean extrinsic curvature can lead to the type

    Mv=H(x,v) in  Ω,       v=0 on  Ω, (1.2)

    where Ω is a bounded domain in RN and the nonlinearity H:Ω×RR is continuous.

    If H is bounded, then it has been shown by Bartnik and Simon [1] that (1.2) has at least one solution uC1(Ω)W2,2(Ω). Also, when Ω is a ball or an annulus in RN and the nonlinearity H has a radial structure, then it has been proved in [3] that (1.2) has at least one classical radial solution. In [5], by using Leray-Schauder degree argument and critical point theory, Bereanu and his coauthors gave a sharper result: there exists Λ>0 such that it has zero, at least one or at least two positive radial solutions according to λ(0,Λ),λ=Λ or λ>Λ. Ma et al. [23] and Dai et al. [12,13,14] generalized the results in [5] to more general cases via bifurcation technique. For other recent various existence results concerning such problems with the operator M, we refer the reader to [2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,15,18,19,22,24,25,26,27,28] and the references therein.

    On the other hand, inspired by [5], Gurban et al. [16] proved that the result from [5] for a single equation remains valid for the system (1.1) in the case f1 and f2 has the particular form

    f1(|x|,u,v)=λμ(|x|)(p+1)upvq+1,  f2(|x|,u,v)=λμ(|x|)(q+1)up+1vq,

    with the positive exponents p,q satisfying max{p,q}>1 (this guaranties a super-linear behavior of both f1 and f2 near the origin, with respect to (u,v)) which, in particular, include Hénon-Lane-Emden nonlinearities for μ(|x|)=|x|σ (σ>0).

    Motivated by above mentioned results, in this paper, we obtain the existence of three and arbitrarily many positive radial solutions of system (1.1). In particular, we deal with the case when f1 (resp. f2) has a superlinear growth near the origin with respect to ϕ(u) (resp. ϕ(v)), where ϕ(s):=s/1s2. In this respect, we obtain (Theorem 3.2), the existence of at least three positive radial solutions. Here we have in view extensions of some results obtained in [26] for a single equation to systems of type (1.1). Moreover, our results are a complement to the result of Gurban et al. [15,16], where they obtained the existence and multiplicity (at least two) of positive radial solutions of system (1.1) under the suitable conditions on the nonlinearities.

    This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, some preliminaries are given; in Section 3, we obtain the main results.

    In order to present existence results of positive radial solutions for system (1.1), setting r=|x| and u(|x|)=u(r),v(|x|)=v(r), the system (1.1) reduces to the homogeneous mixed boundary value problem:

    {(rN1ϕ(u))+rN1f1(r,u,v)=0,(rN1ϕ(v))+rN1f2(r,u,v)=0,u(0)=u(1)=0=v(1)=v(0). (2.1)

    By a solution of (2.1) we mean a couple of nonnegative functions (u,v)C1[0,1]×C1[0,1] with ||u||<1,||v||<1 and rrN1ϕ(u(r)), rrN1ϕ(v(r)) of class C1 on [0,1], which satisfies problem (2.1). Here and below, |||| stands for the usual sup-norm on C:=C[0,1], while the product space X:=C×C will be endowed with the norm ||(u,v)||=||u||+||v||. Let X=C×C. Also, we denote Bρ={(u,v)X:||(u,v)||<ρ}.

    Throughout the paper, we make the following hypotheses on the nonlinearity

    (H1) fi:[0,1]×R+×R+R+ is continuous, and for any (r,u,v)[0,1]×R+×R+,fi(r,u,v)>0, if (u,v)(0,0),i=1,2.

    The following lemma is a direct consequence of [20,Lemma 2.2].

    Lemma 2.1. For any uC([0,1],[0,)) for which u(r) is decreasing in [0,1] we have

    minr[14,34]u(r)14||u||.

    Let P be a cone in X defined as

    P={˜u=(u1,u2)X:ui(t)0,t[0,1], i=1,2,and mint[14,34]2i=1ui(t)14||(u1,u2)||}.

    Let T:PX be a map with components (T1,T2). We define Ti,i=1,2 by

    (Ti˜u)(r)=1rϕ1(1tN1t0sN1fi(s,u1(s),u2(s))ds)dt,    ˜uPB1. (2.2)

    From a standard procedure(see [15,22]), we have

    Lemma 2.2. Assume (H1) holds. Then T(P)P and T:PP is compact and continuous. We now introduce the following well-known Leggett-Williams' fixed point theorem. Let K be a cone in the real Banach space X. A map α is a nonnegative continuous concave functional on the cone K if it satisfies the following conditions:

    (i) α:K[0,) is continuous;

    (ii) α(tx+(1t)y)tα(x)+(1t)α(y) for all x,yK and 0t1.

    Let Kc:={xK:||x||<c} and K(α,b,d):={xK:bα(x),||x||d}.

    Lemma 2.3 ([21]). Let K be a cone in the real Banach space X, A:ˉKcˉKc be completely continuous and α be a nonnegative continuous concave functional on K with α(x)||x|| for all xˉKc. Suppose there exist 0<a<b<dc such that the following conditions hold:

    (i) {xK(α,b,d):α(x)>b} and α(Ax)>b for all xK(α,b,d);

    (ii) ||Ax||<a for xˉKa;

    (iii) α(Ax)>b for xK(α,b,c) with ||Ax||>d.

    Then, A has at least three fixed points x1,x2,x3ˉKc satisfying

    ||x1||<a,  α(x2)>b,  a<||x3||  with α(x3)<b. (2.3)

    Theorem 3.1. Assume that there exist positive constants a,c and d with 0<d<a<14c<c<1 such that

    (H2) f(r,u,v)<Nϕ(d/2), for all r[0,1],u,v0 and 0u+v<d;

    (H3) there exists i0{1,2}, for all r[14,34],u,v0, and u+v[a,4a], such that

    fi0(r,u,v)ϕ(4aΓ), with Γ=3414(1N(tN(14)N))dt.

    (H4) f(r,u,v)<Nϕ(c/2), for all r[0,1],u,v0 and 0u+v<c.

    Then system (1.1) has at least three positive radial solutions u1=(u1,v1),u2=(u2,v2),u3=(u3,v3) satisfying

    ||u1||<d,a<min14t34(u2(t)+v2(t)), and ||u3||>d with min14t34(u3(t)+v3(t))<a. (3.1)

    Proof. For u:=(u,v)P, define

    α(u)=min14t34(u(t)+v(t)),

    then it is easy to see that α is a nonnegative continuous concave functional on P with α(u)||u|| for uP.

    Set b=4a. First, we show that T:ˉPcˉPc, where c>b. In fact, for any uˉPc, then ||u||c. Since ϕ1 is increasing in R, by (2.2) and (H4), we have

    ||Tiu||=supr[0,1]1rϕ1(1tN1t0sN1fi(s,u(s),v(s))ds)dt=10ϕ1(1tN1t0sN1Nϕ(c2)ds)dt=10ϕ1(ϕ(c2)t)dt10ϕ1(ϕ(c2))dt=c2.

    So ||Tu||=||T1u(t)||+||T2u(t)||c. Therefore, TˉPcˉPc. Similarly, ||Tu||<d, thus condition (ii) of Lemma 2.3 holds.

    Next, we shall show that condition (i) of Lemma 2.3 is satisfied. To do this, let ˉu=(a+b4,a+b4){u=(u,v)P(α,a,b):α(u)>a}. Hence

    {uP(α,a,b):α(u)>a}.

    Then for any uP(α,a,b) and t[14,34], it is easy to obtain that

    b||u||+||v||u(t)+v(t)min14t34(u(t)+v(t))=α(u)>a.

    Then from (H3) and the fact that ϕ1(s1s2)s1ϕ1(s2) with s1(0,1), we have

    α(Tu)=mint[14,34]2i=1Tiu(t)mint[14,34]Ti0u(t)14||Ti0u(t)||143414ϕ1(1tN1t14sN1fi0(s,u(s),v(s))ds)dt143414ϕ1(t14sN1ϕ(4aΓ)ds)dtaΓ3414(1N(tN(14)N))dt=a.

    Finally, we check condition (iii) of Lemma 2.3. Suppose that uP(α,a,c) with ||Tu||>b, then from Lemma 2.2, we obtain

    α(Tu)=mint[14,34]2i=1Tiu(t)142i=1||Tiu||>b4=a.

    In summary, all conditions of Lemma 2.3 are satisfied. Hence (2.1) has at least three positive solutions u1=(u1,v1), u2=(u2,v2) and u3=(u3,v3) such that ||u1||<d,a<min14t34(u2(t)+v2(t)), and ||u3||>d with

    min14t34(u3(t)+v3(t))<a.

    Then the results of Theorem 3.1 hold.

    Consider problem (2.1), in addition to (H1), that f1 and f2 satisfy

    (Hf) (i) f1(r,s,t)>0, f2(r,s,t)>0, s,t>0, r[0,1];

    (ii) f1(r,ξ,0)=f2(r,0,ξ)=0, ξ>0, r[0,1].

    Theorem 3.2. Assume that f1,f2 are continuous and satisfy (H3) and (Hf). If there is some M>0 such that either

    lims0+f1(r,s,t)ϕ(s)=0,   lims1f1(r,s,t)ϕ(s)=0   uniformly with r[0,1],t[0,M], (3.2)

    or

    limt0+f2(r,s,t)ϕ(t)=0,   limt1f2(r,s,t)ϕ(t)=0   uniformly with r[0,1],s[0,M]. (3.3)

    Then the system (1.1) has at least three positive radial solutions.

    Proof. First, we shall show that there exists a positive number c with cb=4a such that T:ˉPcˉPc.

    Let f1 and f2 be from Theorem 3.2. Without loss of generality, we assume that (3.2) is true. Then there exists d(0,a) such that

    fi(r,u,v)12Nϕ(||u||), r[0,1], u+v[0,d].

    If uˉPd, then we have

    ||Tu||=2i=1||Tiu(t)||2i=1supt[0,1]1tϕ1(s0τN1fi(τ,u(τ),v(τ))dτ)ds2i=110ϕ1(10τN1fi(τ,u(τ),v(τ))dτ)ds2i=1ϕ1(10τN1(12Nϕ||u||)dτ)2i=1ϕ1(d2)d.

    On the other hand, by the second condition of (3.2) and (3.3), there exists δ(0,1), such that

    fi(r,u,v)14Nϕ(||u||), r[0,1], ||u||δ,v[0,M].

    Set

    12NMi=max{fi(r,u,v):r[0,1],u[0,δ],v[0,M]}.

    First, we shall show that there exists a positive number c with

    c>max{b,2M1,2M2}.

    If uˉPc, then

    ||Tu||=2i=1||Tiu(t)||2i=1supt[0,1]1tϕ1(s0τN1fi(τ,u(τ),v(τ))dτ)ds2i=1ϕ1(10τN1fi(τ,u(τ),v(τ))dτ)2i=1ϕ1(10τN1(14N||u||+12NMi)dτ)2i=1ϕ1(c2)c.

    Finally, the rest of the proof is similar to Theorem 3.1, we omit it.

    Remark 3.1. Suppose there exist constants d,a,c and η(0,12) with 0<d<a<ηc<c<1 such that (H1)-(H4) hold. Then the conclusion of Theorem 3.1 remains true.

    From Theorem 3.1, we can obtain arbitrarily many positive radial solutions of system (1.1).

    Corollary 3.1. Suppose there exist positive constants 0<η<12, 0<d1<a1<ηc1<c1<d2<a2<ηc2<c2<<dN1<aN1<ηcN1<cN1<1,N=2,3,, such that

    (H5) f(r,u,v)<Nϕ(di/2), for all r[0,1],u,v0 and 0u+v<di, 1iN1;

    (H6) there exists i0{1,2,}, for all r[η,1η],u,v0, and u+v[ai,aiη],

    fi0(r,u,v)ϕ(ηaiΓ), 1iN1;

    (H7) f(r,u,v)<Nϕ(ci/2), for all r[0,1],u,v0 and 0u+v<ci, 1iN1.

    Then the system (1.1) has at least 2N1 positive radial solutions.

    Proof. If N=2, from condition (H5), we have TˉPd1ˉPd1. Then by the Schauder's fixed point theorem, problem (1.1) has at least one positive radial solution. If N=3, it is clear that Theorem 3.1 holds with c1=d2. Thus system (1.1) has at least three positive radial solutions. Following the same method, by the induction method we immediately complete our proof.

    Example 3.1. Consider the following Dirichlet problem of quasilinear differential system

    {(rN1ϕ(u))+rN1μ1(r)upvq=0,(rN1ϕ(v))+rN1μ2(r)upvq=0,u(0)=u(1)=0=v(1)=v(0), (3.4)

    where the positive exponents p,q satisfy min{p,q}>1 and the function μi:[0,1][0,) is continuous and μi(r)>0,i=1,2 for all r(0,1]. Clearly, all of the conditions in Theorem 3.2 are fulfilled. By Theorem 3.2 and [15,Lemma 2.1], system (3.4) has at least three positive and radially strictly decreasing solutions.

    Remark 3.2. In [15], Gurban et al. studied the more general Dirichlet problem of quasilinear differential system

    {(rN1ϕ(u))+λ1rN1μ1(r)upvq=0,(rN1ϕ(v))+λ2rN1μ2(r)upvq=0,u(0)=u(1)=0=v(1)=v(0). (3.5)

    By using the fixed point index, they proved that there exist λ1=ϕ(α1b)αp+qb0τN1μ1(τ)dτ, λ2=ϕ(α1b)αp+qb0τN1μ2(τ)dτ, where b(0,1),α(0,1b) are constants. Then for all λ1>λ1 and λ2>λ2, system (3.5) has a solution (u,v) with both u and v positive in B and radially strictly decreasing. In particular, in the case μi1,i=1,2, it is easy to see that λi>1,i=1,2. Our main result (Theorem 3.2) shows that in the case λ1=λ2=1, system (3.5) has three positive radial solutions.

    The authors are very grateful to the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province (2021-ZJ-957Q).

    The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.



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