Research article Special Issues

Analysis of a mathematical model with nonlinear susceptibles-guided interventions

  • Received: 18 March 2019 Accepted: 06 June 2019 Published: 17 June 2019
  • In this paper, we considered a mathematical model describing the nonlinear susceptibles-guided vaccination and isolation strategies, incorporating the continuously saturated treatment. In this strategy, we find that the disease-free periodic solution can always exist, and consequently the control reproduction number can be defined through analyzing the stability of the disease-free periodic solution. Also, we discussed the existence and stability of the positive order-1 periodic solution from two points of view. Initially, we investigated the transcritical and pitchfork bifurcation of the Poincaré map with respect to key parameters, and proved the existence of a stable or an unstable positive order-1 periodic solution near the disease-free periodic solution. For another aspect, by studying the properties of the Poincaré map, we verified the existence of the positive order-1 periodic solution in a large range of the control parameters, especially, we verified the co-existence of finite or infinite countable different positive order-1 periodic solutions. Furthermore, numerical simulations show that the unstable order-1 periodic solution can co-exist with the stable order-1, or order-2, or order-3 periodic solution. The finding implies that the nonlinear susceptibles-triggered feedback control strategy can induce much rich dynamics, which suggests us to carefully choose key parameters to ensure the stability of the disease-free periodic solution, indicating that infectious diseases die out.

    Citation: Qian Li, Yanni Xiao. Analysis of a mathematical model with nonlinear susceptibles-guided interventions[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2019, 16(5): 5551-5583. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2019276

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  • In this paper, we considered a mathematical model describing the nonlinear susceptibles-guided vaccination and isolation strategies, incorporating the continuously saturated treatment. In this strategy, we find that the disease-free periodic solution can always exist, and consequently the control reproduction number can be defined through analyzing the stability of the disease-free periodic solution. Also, we discussed the existence and stability of the positive order-1 periodic solution from two points of view. Initially, we investigated the transcritical and pitchfork bifurcation of the Poincaré map with respect to key parameters, and proved the existence of a stable or an unstable positive order-1 periodic solution near the disease-free periodic solution. For another aspect, by studying the properties of the Poincaré map, we verified the existence of the positive order-1 periodic solution in a large range of the control parameters, especially, we verified the co-existence of finite or infinite countable different positive order-1 periodic solutions. Furthermore, numerical simulations show that the unstable order-1 periodic solution can co-exist with the stable order-1, or order-2, or order-3 periodic solution. The finding implies that the nonlinear susceptibles-triggered feedback control strategy can induce much rich dynamics, which suggests us to carefully choose key parameters to ensure the stability of the disease-free periodic solution, indicating that infectious diseases die out.


    The famous Young's inequality, as a classical result, state that: if a,b>0 and t[0,1], then

    atb1tta+(1t)b (1.1)

    with equality if and only if a=b. Let p,q>1 such that 1/p+1/q=1. The inequality (1.1) can be written as

    abapp+bqq (1.2)

    for any a,b0. In this form, the inequality (1.2) was used to prove the celebrated Hölder inequality. One of the most important inequalities of analysis is Hölder's inequality. It contributes wide area of pure and applied mathematics and plays a key role in resolving many problems in social science and cultural science as well as in natural science.

    Theorem 1 (Hölder inequality for integrals [11]). Let p>1 and 1/p+1/q=1. If f and g are real functions defined on [a,b] and if |f|p,|g|q are integrable functions on [a,b] then

    ba|f(x)g(x)|dx(ba|f(x)|pdx)1/p(ba|g(x)|qdx)1/q, (1.3)

    with equality holding if and only if A|f(x)|p=B|g(x)|q almost everywhere, where A and B are constants.

    Theorem 2 (Hölder inequality for sums [11]). Let a=(a1,...,an) and b=(b1,...,bn) be two positive n-tuples and p,q>1 such that 1/p+1/q=1. Then we have

    nk=1akbk(nk=1apk)1/p(nk=1bqk)1/q. (1.4)

    Equality hold in (1.4) if and only if ap and bq are proportional.

    In [10], İşcan gave new improvements for integral ans sum forms of the Hölder inequality as follow:

    Theorem 3. Let p>1 and 1p+1q=1. If f and g are real functions defined on interval [a,b] and if |f|p, |g|q are integrable functions on [a,b] then

    ba|f(x)g(x)|dx1ba{(ba(bx)|f(x)|pdx)1p(ba(bx)|g(x)|qdx)1q+(ba(xa)|f(x)|pdx)1p(ba(xa)|g(x)|qdx)1q} (1.5)

    Theorem 4. Let a=(a1,...,an) and b=(b1,...,bn) be two positive n-tuples and p,q>1 such that 1/p+1/q=1. Then

    nk=1akbk1n{(nk=1kapk)1/p(nk=1kbqk)1/q+(nk=1(nk)apk)1/p(nk=1(nk)bqk)1/q}. (1.6)

    Let E be a nonempty set and L be a linear class of real valued functions on E having the following properties

    L1: If f,gL then (αf+βg)L for all α,βR;

    L2: 1L, that is if f(t)=1,tE, then fL;

    We also consider positive isotonic linear functionals A:LR is a functional satisfying the following properties:

    A1: A(αf+βg)=αA(f)+β A(g) for f,gL and α,βR;

    A2: If fL, f(t)0 on E then A(f)0.

    Isotonic, that is, order-preserving, linear functionals are natural objects in analysis which enjoy a number of convenient properties. Functional versions of well-known inequalities and related results could be found in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12].

    Example 1. i.) If E=[a,b]R and L=L[a,b], then

    A(f)=baf(t)dt

    is an isotonic linear functional.

    ii.)If E=[a,b]×[c,d]R2 and L=L([a,b]×[c,d]), then

    A(f)=badcf(x,y)dxdy

    is an isotonic linear functional.

    iii.)If (E,Σ,μ) is a measure space with μ positive measure on E and L=L(μ) then

    A(f)=Efdμ 

    is an isotonic linear functional.

    iv.)If E is a subset of the natural numbers N with all pk0, then A(f)=kEpkfk is an isotonic linear functional. For example; If E={1,2,...,n} and f:ER,f(k)=ak, then A(f)=nk=1ak is an isotonic linear functional. If E={1,2,...,n}×{1,2,...,m} and f:ER,f(k,l)=ak,l, then A(f)=nk=1ml=1ak,l is an isotonic linear functional.

    Theorem 5 (Hölder's inequality for isotonic functionals [13]). Let L satisfy conditions L1, L2, and A satisfy conditions A1, A2 on a base set E. Let p>1 and p1+q1=1. If w,f,g0 on E and wfp,wgq,wfgL then we have

    A(wfg)A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq). (2.1)

    In the case 0<p<1 and A(wgq)>0 (or p<0 and A(wfp)>0), the inequality in (2.1) is reversed.

    Remark 1. i.) If we choose E=[a,b]R, L=L[a,b], w=1 on E and A(f)=ba|f(t)|dt in the Theorem 5, then the inequality (2.1) reduce the inequality (1.3).

    ii.) If we choose E={1,2,...,n}, w=1 on E, f:E[0,),f(k)=ak, and A(f)=nk=1ak in the Theorem 5, then the inequality (2.1) reduce the inequality (1.4).

    iii.) If we choose E=[a,b]×[c,d],L=L(E), w=1 on E and A(f)=badc|f(x,y)|dxdy in the Theorem 5, then the inequality (2.1) reduce the following inequality for double integrals:

    badc|f(x,y)||g(x,y)|dxdy(badc|f(x,y)|pdx)1/p(badc|g(x,y)|qdx)1/q.

    The aim of this paper is to give a new general improvement of Hölder inequality for isotonic linear functional. As applications, this new inequality will be rewritten for several important particular cases of isotonic linear functionals. Also, we give an application to show that improvement is hold for double integrals.

    Theorem 6. Let L satisfy conditions L1, L2, and A satisfy conditions A1, A2 on a base set E. Let p>1 and p1+q1=1. If α,β,w,f,g0 on E, αwfg,βwfg,αwfp,αwgq,βwfp,βwgq,wfgL and α+β=1 on E, then we have

    i.)

    A(wfg)A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfq)A1/q(βwgq) (3.1)

    ii.)

    A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfp)A1/q(βwgq)A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq). (3.2)

    Proof. ⅰ.) By using of Hölder inequality for isotonic functionals in (2.1) and linearity of A, it is easily seen that

    A(wfg)=A(αwfg+βwfg)=A(αwfg)+A(βwfg)A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfp)A1/q(βwgq).

    ⅱ.) Firstly, we assume that A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq)0. then

    A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfp)A1/q(βwgq)A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq)=(A(αwfp)A(wfp))1/p(A(αwgq)A(wgq))1/q+(A(βwfp)A(wfp))1/p(A(βwgq)A(wgq))1/q,

    By the inequality (1.1) and linearity of A, we have

    A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfp)A1/q(βwgq)A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq)1p[A(αwfp)A(wfp)+A(βwfp)A(wfp)]+1q[A(αwgq)A(wgq)+A(βwgq)A(wgq)]=1.

    Finally, suppose that A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq)=0. Then A1/p(wfp)=0 or A1/q(wgq)=0, i.e. A(wfp)=0 or A(wgq)=0. We assume that A(wfp)=0. Then by using linearity of A we have,

    0=A(wfp)=A(αwfp+βwfp)=A(αwfp)+A(βwfp).

    Since A(αwf),A(βwf)0, we get A(αwfp)=0 and A(βwfp)=0. From here, it follows that

    A1/p(αwfp)A1/q(αwgq)+A1/p(βwfp)A1/q(βwgq)=00=A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq).

    In case of A(wgq)=0, the proof is done similarly. This completes the proof.

    Remark 2. The inequality (3.2) shows that the inequality (3.1) is better than the inequality (2.1).

    If we take w=1 on E in the Theorem 6, then we can give the following corollary:

    Corollary 1. Let L satisfy conditions L1, L2, and A satisfy conditions A1, A2 on a base set E. Let p>1 and p1+q1=1. If α,β,f,g0 on E, αfg,βfg,αfp,αgq,βfp,βgq,fgL and α+β=1 on E, then we have

    i.)

    A(fg)A1/p(αfp)A1/q(αgq)+A1/p(βfq)A1/q(βgq) (3.3)

    ii.)

    A1/p(αfp)A1/q(αgq)+A1/p(βfp)A1/q(βgq)A1/p(fp)A1/q(gq).

    Remark 3. i.) If we choose E=[a,b]R, L=L[a,b], α(t)=btba,β(t)=taba on E and A(f)=ba|f(t)|dt in the Corollary 1, then the inequality (3.3) reduce the inequality (1.5).

    ii.) If we choose E={1,2,...,n}, α(k)=kn,β(k)=nkn on E, f:E[0,),f(k)=ak, and A(f)=nk=1ak in the Theorem1, then the inequality (3.3) reduce the inequality (1.6).

    We can give more general form of the Theorem 6 as follows:

    Theorem 7. Let L satisfy conditions L1, L2, and A satisfy conditions A1, A2 on a base set E. Let p>1 and p1+q1=1. If αi,w,f,g0 on E, αiwfg,αiwfp,αiwgq,wfgL,i=1,2,...,m, and mi=1αi=1 on E, then we have

    i.)

    A(wfg)mi=1A1/p(αiwfp)A1/q(αiwgq)

    ii.)

    mi=1A1/p(αiwfp)A1/q(αiwgq)A1/p(wfp)A1/q(wgq).

    Proof. The proof can be easily done similarly to the proof of Theorem 6.

    If we take w=1 on E in the Theorem 6, then we can give the following corollary:

    Corollary 2. Let L satisfy conditions L1, L2, and A satisfy conditions A1, A2 on a base set E. Let p>1 and p1+q1=1. If αi,f,g0 on E, αifg,αifp,αigq,fgL,i=1,2,...,m, and mi=1αi=1 on E, then we have

    i.)

    A(fg)mi=1A1/p(αifp)A1/q(αigq) (3.4)

    ii.)

    mi=1A1/p(αifp)A1/q(αigq)A1/p(fp)A1/q(gq).

    Corollary 3 (Improvement of Hölder inequality for double integrals). Let p,q>1 and 1/p+1/q=1. If f and g are real functions defined on E=[a,b]×[c,d] and if |f|p,|g|qL(E) then

    badc|f(x,y)||g(x,y)|dxdy4i=1(badcαi(x,y)|f(x,y)|pdx)1/p(badcαi(x,y)|g(x,y)|qdx)1/q, (3.5)

    where α1(x,y)=(bx)(dy)(ba)(dc),α2(x,y)=(bx)(yc)(ba)(dc),α3(x,y)=(xa)(yc)(ba)(dc),,α4(x,y)=(xa)(dy)(ba)(dc) on E

    Proof. If we choose E=[a,b]×[c,d]R2, L=L(E), α1(x,y)=(bx)(dy)(ba)(dc),α2(x,y)=(bx)(yc)(ba)(dc),α3(x,y)=(xa)(yc)(ba)(dc),α4(x,y)=(xa)(dy)(ba)(dc) on E and A(f)=badc|f(x,y)|dxdy in the Corollary 1, then we get the inequality (3.5).

    Corollary 4. Let (ak,l) and (bk,l) be two tuples of positive numbers and p,q>1 such that 1/p+1/q=1. Then we have

    nk=1ml=1ak,lbk,l4i=1(nk=1ml=1αi(k,l)apk,l)1/p(nk=1ml=1αi(k,l)bqk,l)1/q, (3.6)

    where α1(k,l)=klnm,α2(k,l)=(nk)lnm,α3(k,l)=(nk)(ml)nm,α4(k,l)=k(ml)nm on E.

    Proof. If we choose E={1,2,...,n}×{1,2,...,m}, α1(k,l)=klnm,α2(k,l)=(nk)lnm,α3(k,l)=(nk)(ml)nm,α4(k,l)=k(ml)nm on E, f:E[0,),f(k,l)=ak,l, and A(f)=nk=1ml=1ak,l in the Theorem1, then we get the inequality (3.6).

    In [14], Sarıkaya et al. gave the following lemma for obtain main results.

    Lemma 1. Let f:ΔR2R be a partial differentiable mapping on Δ=[a,b]×[c,d] in R2with a<b and c<d. If 2ftsL(Δ), then the following equality holds:

    f(a,c)+f(a,d)+f(b,c)+f(b,d)41(ba)(dc)badcf(x,y)dxdy12[1baba[f(x,c)+f(x,d)]dx+1dcdc[f(a,y)+f(b,y)]dy]=(ba)(dc)41010(12t)(12s)2fts(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s)d)dtds.

    By using this equality and Hölder integral inequality for double integrals, Sar\i kaya et al. obtained the following inequality:

    Theorem 8. Let f:ΔR2R be a partial differentiable mapping on Δ=[a,b]×[c,d] in R2with a<b and c<d. If |2fts|q,q>1, is convex function on the co-ordinates on Δ, then one has the inequalities:

    |f(a,c)+f(a,d)+f(b,c)+f(b,d)41(ba)(dc)badcf(x,y)dxdyA|(ba)(dc)4(p+1)2/p[|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q4]1/q, (4.1)

    where

    A=12[1baba[f(x,c)+f(x,d)]dx+1dcdc[f(a,y)+f(b,y)]dy],

    1/p+1/q=1 and fst=2fts.

    If Theorem 8 are resulted again by using the inequality (3.5), then we get the following result:

    Theorem 9. Let f:ΔR2R be a partial differentiable mapping on Δ=[a,b]×[c,d] in R2with a<b and c<d. If |2fts|q,q>1, is convex function on the co-ordinates on Δ, then one has the inequalities:

    |f(a,c)+f(a,d)+f(b,c)+f(b,d)41(ba)(dc)badcf(x,y)dxdyA|(ba)(dc)41+1/p(p+1)2/p{[4|fst(a,c)|q+2|fst(a,d)|q+2|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[2|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+4|fst(b,c)|q+2|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[2|fst(a,c)|q+4|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+2|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[|fst(a,c)|q+2|fst(a,d)|q+2|fst(b,c)|q+4|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q}, (4.2)

    where

    A=12[1baba[f(x,c)+f(x,d)]dx+1dcdc[f(a,y)+f(b,y)]dy],

    1/p+1/q=1 and fst=2fts.

    Proof. Using Lemma 1 and the inequality (3.5), we find

    |f(a,c)+f(a,d)+f(b,c)+f(b,d)41(ba)(dc)badcf(x,y)dxdyA|(ba)(dc)41010|12t||12s||fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|dtds(ba)(dc)4{(1010ts|12t|p|12s|pdtds)1/p×(1010ts|fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|qdtds)1/q+(1010t(1s)|12t|p|12s|pdtds)1/p×(1010t(1s)|fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|qdtds)1/q+(1010(1t)s|12t|p|12s|pdtds)1/p×(1010(1t)s|fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|qdtds)1/q+(1010(1t)(1s)|12t|p|12s|pdtds)1/p×(1010(1t)(1s)|fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|qdtds)1/q}. (4.3)

    Since |fst|q is convex function on the co-ordinates on Δ, we have for all t,s[0,1]

    |fst(ta+(1t)b,sc+(1s))|qts|fst(a,c)|q+t(1s)|fst(a,d)|q+(1t)s|fst(a,c)|q+(1t)(1s)|fst(a,c)|q (4.4)

    for all t,s[0,1]. Further since

    1010ts|12t|p|12s|pdtds=1010t(1s)|12t|p|12s|pdtds=1010(1t)s|12t|p|12s|pdtds (4.5)
    =1010(1t)(1s)|12t|p|12s|pdtds=14(p+1)2, (4.6)

    a combination of (4.3) - (4.5) immediately gives the required inequality (4.2).

    Remark 4. Since η:[0,)R,η(x)=xs,0<s1, is a concave function, for all u,v0 we have

    η(u+v2)=(u+v2)sη(u)+η(v)2=us+vs2.

    From here, we get

    I={[4|fst(a,c)|q+2|fst(a,d)|q+2|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[2|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+4|fst(b,c)|q+2|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[2|fst(a,c)|q+4|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+2|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q+[|fst(a,c)|q+2|fst(a,d)|q+2|fst(b,c)|q+4|fst(b,d)|q36]1/q}2{[6|fst(a,c)|q+3|fst(a,d)|q+6|fst(b,c)|q+3|fst(b,d)|q72]1/q+[3|fst(a,c)|q+6|fst(a,d)|q+3|fst(b,c)|q+6|fst(b,d)|q72]1/q}
    4{[|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q16]1/q

    Thus we obtain

    (ba)(dc)41+1/p(p+1)2/pI(ba)(dc)41+1/p(p+1)2/p4{[|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q16]1/q}(ba)(dc)4(p+1)2/p{[|fst(a,c)|q+|fst(a,d)|q+|fst(b,c)|q+|fst(b,d)|q4]1/q}.

    This shows that the inequality (4.2) is better than the inequality (4.1).

    The aim of this paper is to give a new general improvement of Hölder inequality via isotonic linear functional. An important feature of the new inequality obtained here is that many existing inequalities related to the Hölder inequality can be improved. As applications, this new inequality will be rewritten for several important particular cases of isotonic linear functionals. Also, we give an application to show that improvement is hold for double integrals. Similar method can be applied to the different type of convex functions.

    This research didn't receive any funding.

    The author declares no conflicts of interest in this paper.



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