AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(5): 4168-4196. doi: 10.3934/math.2020267.

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Some results on p-adic valuations of Stirling numbers of the second kind

1 Mathematical College, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
2 School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P.R. China

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Let $n$ and $k$ be nonnegative integers. The Stirling number of the second kind, denoted by $S(n, k)$, is defined as the number of ways to partition a set of $n$ elements into exactly $k$ nonempty subsets and we have $$S(n, k)=\frac{1}{k!}\sum_{i=0}^{k}(-1)^i\binom{k}{i}(k-i)^n.$$ Let $p$ be a prime and $v_p(n)$ stand for the $p$-adic valuation of $n$, i.e., $v_p(n)$ is the biggest nonnegative integer $r$ with $p^r$ dividing $n$. Divisibility properties of Stirling numbers of the second kind have been studied from a number of different perspectives. In this paper, we present a formula to calculate the exact value of $p$-adic valuation of $S(n, n-k)$, where $n\ge k+1$ and $1\le k\le 7$. From this, for any odd prime $p$, we prove that $v_p((n-k)!S(n, n-k))< n$ if $n\ge k+1$ and $0\le k\le 7$. It confirms partially Clarke's conjecture proposed in 1995. We also give some results on $v_p(S(ap^n, ap^n-k))$, where $a$ and $n$ are positive integers with $(a, p)=1$ and $1\le k\le 7$.
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Citation: Yulu Feng, Min Qiu. Some results on p-adic valuations of Stirling numbers of the second kind. AIMS Mathematics, 2020, 5(5): 4168-4196. doi: 10.3934/math.2020267

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