Loading [Contrib]/a11y/accessibility-menu.js
Research article Topical Sections

Thermomechanical analysis of porous solid oxide fuel cell by using peridynamics

  • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely used in hybrid marine propulsion systems due to its high power output, excellent emission control and wide fuel suitability. However, the operating temperature in SOFC will rise up to 800–1000 ℃ due to redox reaction among hydrogen and oxygen ions. This provides a suitable environment for ions transporting through ceramic materials. Under such operation temperatures, degradation may occur in the electrodes and electrolyte. As a result, unstable voltage, low capacity and cell failure may eventually occur. This study presents thermomechanical analysis of a porous SOFC cell plate which contains electrodes, electrolytes and pores. A microscale specimen in the shape of a plate is considered in order to maintain uniform temperature loading and increase the accuracy of estimation. A new computational technique, peridynamics, is utilized to calculate the deformations and stresses of the cell plate. Moreover, the crack formation and propagation are also obtained by using peridynamics. According to the numerical results, damage evolution depends on the electrolyte/electrode interface strength during the charging process. For weak interface strength case, damage emerges at the electrode/electrolyte interface. On the other hand, for stronger interface cases, damage emerges on pore boundaries especially with sharp corner.

    Citation: Hanlin Wang, Erkan Oterkus, Selahattin Celik, Serkan Toros. Thermomechanical analysis of porous solid oxide fuel cell by using peridynamics[J]. AIMS Energy, 2017, 5(4): 585-600. doi: 10.3934/energy.2017.4.585

    Related Papers:

    [1] Junji Takaya . Small for Gestational Age and Magnesium: Intrauterine magnesium deficiency may induce metabolic syndrome in later life. AIMS Public Health, 2015, 2(4): 793-803. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.793
    [2] Ragnar Rylander . Treatment with Magnesium in Pregnancy. AIMS Public Health, 2015, 2(4): 804-809. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.804
    [3] John P. Elliott, John C. Morrison, James A. Bofill . Risks and Benefits of Magnesium Sulfate Tocolysis in Preterm Labor (PTL). AIMS Public Health, 2016, 3(2): 348-356. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.2.348
    [4] Trong Hung Nguyen, Thi Hang Nga Nguyen, Hung Le Xuan, Phuong Thao Nguyen, Kim Cuong Nguyen, Tuyet Nhung Le Thi . Nutritional status and dietary intake before hospital admission of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(2): 443-455. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023031
    [5] Hanne Trap Wolf, Hanne Kristine Hegaard, Anja Bisgaard Pinborg, Lene Drasbek Huusom . Does Antenatal Administration of Magnesium Sulphate Prevent Cerebral Palsy and Mortality in Preterm Infants? A Study Protocol.. AIMS Public Health, 2015, 3(4): 727-729. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.4.727
    [6] Christopher A Birt . Food and Agriculture Policy in Europe. AIMS Public Health, 2016, 3(1): 131-140. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.1.131
    [7] Carla Gonçalves, Helena Moreira, Ricardo Santos . Systematic review of mediterranean diet interventions in menopausal women. AIMS Public Health, 2024, 11(1): 110-129. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024005
    [8] Maria Pia Riccio, Gennaro Catone, Rosamaria Siracusano, Luisa Occhiati, Pia Bernardo, Emilia Sarnataro, Giuseppina Corrado, Carmela Bravaccio . Vitamin D deficiency is not related to eating habits in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. AIMS Public Health, 2020, 7(4): 792-803. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2020061
    [9] Paulina Januszko, Ewa Lange . Nutrition, supplementation and weight reduction in combat sports: a review. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(3): 485-498. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021038
    [10] Sudip Bhattacharya, Amarjeet Singh . Phasing out of the Universal Mega Dose of Vitamin-A Prophylaxis to Avoid Toxicity. AIMS Public Health, 2017, 4(1): 38-46. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2017.1.38
  • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely used in hybrid marine propulsion systems due to its high power output, excellent emission control and wide fuel suitability. However, the operating temperature in SOFC will rise up to 800–1000 ℃ due to redox reaction among hydrogen and oxygen ions. This provides a suitable environment for ions transporting through ceramic materials. Under such operation temperatures, degradation may occur in the electrodes and electrolyte. As a result, unstable voltage, low capacity and cell failure may eventually occur. This study presents thermomechanical analysis of a porous SOFC cell plate which contains electrodes, electrolytes and pores. A microscale specimen in the shape of a plate is considered in order to maintain uniform temperature loading and increase the accuracy of estimation. A new computational technique, peridynamics, is utilized to calculate the deformations and stresses of the cell plate. Moreover, the crack formation and propagation are also obtained by using peridynamics. According to the numerical results, damage evolution depends on the electrolyte/electrode interface strength during the charging process. For weak interface strength case, damage emerges at the electrode/electrolyte interface. On the other hand, for stronger interface cases, damage emerges on pore boundaries especially with sharp corner.


    Degeneration of spinal articular facet joint and related structures leading to spatial position deviations and abnormal functional activities can cause neck pains and related symptoms, which are surrounded by abundant micro-nerves and vascular distributions [1]. The most common risk factors for spinal articular facets and related structures' degeneration include trauma, chronic lesion, the posture of working and living, etc. In the clinic, it is generally believed that this status of the spinal articular facet can accelerate the degeneration of the structures and induce corresponding symptoms. However, to our best knowledge, the reports referred to quantitative research were currently rare.

    The degeneration of cervical spinal articular facet joint comprises the changes of the material properties of the joint capsule ligament and the morphological variations of the articular facet joint. It is well known that spine ligaments not only control the motion of the segments, but also maintain spine stability. As major cervical ligaments, capsular ligaments (CL) are one of the fundamental supportive structures in the region [2]. In anatomy, the articular facet joint and CL are paired, while joint bears part of the head weight, and CL stabilizes the activities of the corresponding joint.

    In the study of ligament biomechanics, researchers generally attempted to introduce the ligament resection sequentially for quantification of the mechanical effects of a certain type in the cadaveric specimens [3,4]. But, these studies only stimulated the status of complete ligaments rupture, which was incompatible with our research purpose. Previous studies demonstrated that individual differences in mechanical and material properties are ubiquitous, subjected to a variety of factors including age, gender, and cumulative micro-trauma, etc. [5,6,7]. For instance, aging would reduce the elastic modulus of ligaments, and some specific ligaments of males have a higher modulus than female, naturally [6,8]. In addition, certain sub-failure trauma did not completely break the ligaments, but repetitive loading would significantly reduce the rigidity of the ligaments [9]. Therefore, the relationship between the mechanical sensitivity of these CL and stiffness variation is critical to understand the biomechanical effects of CL degeneration.

    Pal et al. [10] reports the direction of the cervical facet joint systematically with specimens, and the standard deviation of the middle and lower cervical spine facet joints related with the vertebral level was range from 6.16° to 9.43°. Meanwhile, the angle difference was found not only among individuals, but also between the bilateral sides of the same cervical spine. An epidemical report assessed 200 cervical spondylosis patients with axial CT scan imaging and demonstrated that aging and facet tropism concerning the sagittal plane were associated with the facet degeneration [11]. Therefore, depth understanding how physiological or pathologic changes of anatomical structural respond to physiological activities will guide us clinical practices reasonably. It is necessary to investigate the mechanism underlying physiological or pathologic changes of anatomical structural respond to physiological activities, which can provide useful information in clinical practices.

    Previous literatures showed that the C5–C6 segment was more inclined to be injured, and was one of the most degenerative segments reasonably [12,13]. Although a few authors reported some meaningful data through in vivo and in vitro studies at present [4,6], biomechanical effects cannot be quantified and accurately analyzed through conventional methods. For an instant, the tissues' property materials and spine functional activities of the formalin soaked cadaver specimen was distinctive with the live human body. Besides, there is a complex additive effect of the intact cervical spine physiological function, which could hardly figure out the microstructure changes referring to the geometrical structure and properties separately. Also, the in vivo studies mostly relied on radiological imaging measurement, which was difficult to evaluate the spinal three-dimensional movement.

    FE analysis has been widely used by the researchers in biomechanical experiments and has illustrated great flexibility for customizing of various parameters for specific purposes [14,15]. The cervical disc degeneration led to intervertebral space stenosis, increased the facet joint pressure, and caused joint capsule and other soft tissue injury [16]. Moreover, the articular facet injury accelerated disc deterioration [17].

    The hypothesis of the study is that unilateral ligament stiffness and sagittal angle changes in articular facet joints could break the balance of stress distribution under specific activities. Therefore, this study was aimed to quantitatively analyze the biomechanical changes and to comprehend the inherent law related to the potential damages and mechanical properties of C5–C6 segment's unilateral articular capsule ligament and corresponding joint sagittal angle under physiological activities.

    As shown in Figure 1, an anatomically accurate 3-dimensional FE model of the C5–C6 segment had been previously developed based on a 30-year old healthy male subject in a supine position [18]. The subject did not have any history of neck pain and related disorders, and any spine degeneration, malformation, variation, trauma and any other factors that could affect the experiment. The C5–C6 segment was the most frequently affected by disc degenerative disease [19]. Computed tomography (CT) images of a 0.625 mm slice was scanned. The CT images of C5–C6 segment were processed with commercial software Mimics 10.1 (Materialise Inc., Leuven, Belgium), Geomagic Studio 11 (Geomagic, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA), Hypermesh 11.0 (Altair Engineering, Inc., Executive Park, CA, USA) sequentially. The components of the FE model included two vertebrae, one intervertebral disc and major ligaments, and the vertebra bone composed of cortical, cancellous bones and endplates, which were modeled with hexahedron elements with isotropic, linear mechanical properties. Each articular facet was shell elements and the initial gap between the joints was 0.4 mm.

    Figure 1.  The cervical FE model of C5–C6 cervical spine (including vertebra, disc, and ligament).

    The inter-facets were designed to frictionless surface to surface contact. Intervertebral disc consisted of an incompressible nucleus pulposus, annulus ground substance and embedded fibers, and nucleus pulposus was created as a fluid cavity which constituted 25% of the disc volume and had a bulk modulus of 2000 MPa. The annulus fibers were modeled as rebar elements and the matrix volume of fibers concerning the surrounding ground substance was varying from 23% in the outer layer to 5% in the inner, while the orientation of fibers ranged from ± 25° in the outer layers to ± 45° in the inner. Annulus ground substance was modelled with hexahedral elements with nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties [20]. Five major ligaments, anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, interspinous, capsular, and flaval ligaments, were attached to nonlinear tension-only truss element. Detailed material properties assigned to the model obtained from literature were listed in Table 1.

    Table 1.  Material properties and element types in the FE analysis.
    Component Element type Young's modulus (MPa) Poisson's ratio Reference
    Cortical bone Hexahedral (C3D8) 10000 0.3 [21]
    Cancellous bone Hexahedral (C3D8) 450 0.25 [21]
    Facet cartilage Shell (S4R) 10 0.4 [22]
    Ligaments Connectors Nonlinear - [23]
    Annulus fiber Rebar 110 0.3 [24]
    Annulus ground Hexahedral (C3D8) Nonlinear - [20]
    Nucleus Fluid cavity Incompressible - [25]
    Endplate Hexahedral(C3D8) 1200 0.29 [26]

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    We applied 1 Nm pure moment on the three planes to produce flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation, and followed a 73.6 N load near the center of C5 and C6 for head physical gravity simulation. The predicted ranges of motion (ROM) of the C5–C6 segment model under same loading conditions with published experimental data were used for validation [27].

    The basic load-displacement curve of capsular ligament was obtained from the literature by using average value of each parameter [23], the parameters controlling the load-displacement curve included the displacement, force at the transition point and stiffness of the linear region. The minimum stiffness of capsular ligament was created by raising the former one parameter and reducing the latter two parameters by one standard deviation. The maximum stiffness of capsular ligament was created using the opposite approach, but the toe region was adjusted to a linear pattern so that the slope of the toe region was no greater than the slope of linear region. Therefore, each ligament would have three load-displacement curves which served as average, minimum and maximum stiffness.

    To evaluate the biomechanical effects of capsular ligament in various stiffness on C5–C6 segment, we changed the material properties of unilateral capsular ligament (left) by the minimum or maximum stiffness separately for ligament degeneration simulation as shown in Figure 2, while the remaining ligament (right) maintained the average value, which were Model 1 (minimum stiffness capsular ligament) and Model 2 (maximum stiffness capsular ligament). Variations in ligament stiffness could be created by modifying these values obtained from the literature [18,27].

    Figure 2.  Adjusted three levels of capsular ligament stiffness (illustrated with displacement and loading curve, linear portion starts after pre-load).

    The average cervical articular facet tropism was 56.36° ± 8.82° [10], and the facet angle of our basic model was about 66° with the horizontal plate of upper endplate. Referred to the similar study of lumbar spine for mechanics analysis of asymmetric model [21], we altered the angles of left articular facets pair forward 5° and 10° separately to imitate the unilateral facet joint degeneration, which were Model 3 (M3) (61°) and Model 4 (M4) (55°), respectively Figure 3.

    Figure 3.  Adjusted method of cervical articular facet tropism of C5–C6 segment.

    Above all, five FE models were compared in this study. The loadings and boundary conditions of basic model M0, and adaption models of M1, M2, M3 and M4 were maintained to calculate the segmental kinematics and disc stress distribution.

    As shown in Figure 4, the angular displacement of C5 during flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movement of M1 increased under physiological loading. However, the ranges of six degrees of M2 decreased. For the changes of C5 articular facet joint sagittal angle, we simulated the cervical flexion activities under the 1 Nm moment, and the resulted angels of M0, M3, M4 were 5.01°, 5.05°, and 4.84°, separately. And during the extension, the angles of M0, M3, and M4 were 5.73°, 5.72°, and 5.43°, separately. During the axial rotation, we found that the angle increased in M3 and M4 comparing to M0, furthermore, the angle of M4 was larger. However, the angle decreased in M3 and M4 during the lateral bending, and M4 had the larger magnitude of the reduction.

    Figure 4.  Angular displacement of C5 with different stiffness ligaments under the physiological activities (ICLmin = M1, ICLmax = M2, IF5 = M3, IF10 = M4).

    Figure 5 showed the displacement of all asymmetric models (i.e., M1, M2, M3 and M4) in the coronal plane during flexion, extension and neutral position. In detail, the spinous process of C5 of M1 turned to the left during flexion, while the vertebral body of C5 of M2 turned to the left. During extension, the spinous process of C5 of M2 turned to the left. M4 turned to the left under the head weight in neutral position. The displacements were remarked by red circles.

    Figure 5.  Displacement of C5 spatial position under the physiological activities (ICLmin = M1, ICLmax = M2, IF5 = M3, IF10 = M4).

    As showed in Figure 6, stress distribution of C5–C6 intervertebral disc during flexion and extension, abnormal were demonstrated in the all asymmetric models (i.e., M1, M2, M3 and M4), however, insignificantly.

    Figure 6.  Average stress on C5–C6 intervertebral disc under the physiological activities (ICLmin = M1, ICLmax = M2, IF5 = M3, IF10 = M4).

    During axial rotation of the cervical spine, it could cause a comparatively large effect on stress concentrations on nucleus pulposus. Under the right rotation, the pressure in the nucleus of M2 was higher than M0, but M1 was lower than M0. And, M2 was lower than M0 under the left rotation. Besides, the amplitude of M4's ascending curve was lower than M0 during right rotation, but it was higher during left rotation. And, under the controlled axial rotation angle, the curve trends of M1 and M2 were consistent with moment loading condition, but the M2 was magnified as showed with the red lines.

    During left lateral bending, the pressure in the nucleus of M1 was higher than M0, but M2 was lower than M0, and the amplitude of M4's ascending curve was lower than M0. However, M2 was higher than M0, and the amplitude of M4's ascending curve was higher than M0 during right lateral bending. Additionally, M3 and M4 were both higher than M0 under the same angular displacement of lateral bending.

    The human facet joint, a synovial joint located on the posterior-lateral spine, is highly susceptible to degenerative changes and plays a significant role in morbidities [28]. Previous studies reported that the range of activity of the lower cervical spine decreased with aging [29], which was attributed to the reduction of spine disc height and formation of osteophyte owing to the aging [2,23,30]. This study showed that we controlled the angular displacement of C5 articular joint within a certain range (about 2° in segmental rotational angle), the C5–C6 disc distribution of all asymmetric models (M1, M2, M3 and M4) had no significant difference with the symmetrical model (M0) during the rotation, lateral flexion activities. The results indicated that avoidance of excessive activity benefited the asymmetric degeneration cervical spine disc.

    Degeneration of human spine emerges with aging naturally, while would be accelerated with repeated sub-injury, trauma and inclined the mechanical strength of soft tissues, ie., ligaments [7,31,32]. The results showed that variation of joint capsule ligament rigidity (M1, M2) had a limited restriction during flexion and extension but more obvious changes during rotation, lateral flexion. We found that M1 increased the rotation range of ipsilateral side (left), while M2 reduced, and both had limited effect on the contralateral side (right). During extension, the C5 spinous processes of M2 appeared to the ipsilateral side (left) while the C5 vertebra deviation to the same side during flexion, which was caused by the limitation of high stiffness of capsule ligament. In contrast, the low stiffness capsule ligament of M1 increased the ipsilateral axial rotation, and therefore the C5 spinous processes turned to ipsilateral side during flexion. In summary, the displacement of M2 was more distinct than M1 during activities, it implied that ligament lesion lead to objective segment instability at the initial stage, but with the ligament calcification changed, it would produce a kind of protective stability through limiting the neck activity range.

    For the degeneration of the articular joint facet angel, M3 and M4 increased the nucleus pulposus pressure with and without controlled angular displacement during axial rotation. During lateral flexion, M3 and M4 increased the nucleus pulposus pressure significantly, which was greater than turning to the contralateral side. The result was consistent with a radiology imaging study [12], which showed that the larger angle of cervical facet joint declined the anti-shear ability and led to more vulnerable of the disc annulus fiber in the same side. Interestingly, when we controlled angular displacement, the disc stress distribution of M3 and M4 was similar and both higher than M0. This study suggested when the unilateral articular facet joint was rotated forward and closer to the horizontal plane; the range of axial rotation would be increased slightly, which was consistent with previous report [33]. Additionally, the disc pressure increasing was relating to the segment activity.

    There were some limitations in this study. Firstly, in vivo and in vitro experiments are needed to reliably validate and supplement in future studies. Even though we adjusted the capsule ligament stiffness according to the load-displacement curve, but the interactions between the tissue's stiffness, geometrical morphology and other material properties were omitted. Secondly, we did not address the analysis of cervical lordosis, neither of other articular facet joint sagittal angle corresponded to different spine segment and skeletal muscles, which affected the spine kinematics [11,34]. Therefore, these findings with individual characteristics should be explained cautiously to other spine segments. The further studies should focus on these variable factors for understanding thoroughly of the spine biomechanics with more optimized experimental design and powerful computer analysis capabilities.

    The capsule ligament stiffness made an impact on segmental mobility and vertebral spatial position, and the sagittal angle of articular facet joint exerted an influence on disc pressure distribution. The findings demonstrated a vicious cycle of the cervical spine degeneration, which confirmed that it is a protective calcification for stability alternated with progressive degeneration for instability.

    Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81804114, 81503596, 81473702).

    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

    [1] Herdzik J (2011) Emissions from marine engines versus IMO certification and requirements of tier 3. J Kones 18: 161–167.
    [2] Rayment C, Sherwin S (2003) Introduction to fuel cell technology. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, 11–12.
    [3] Celik S, Ibrahimoglu B, Mat MD, et al. (2015) Micro level two dimensional stress and thermal analysis anode/electrolyte interface of a solid oxide fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energ 40: 7895–7902. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.057
    [4] Laosiripojana N, Wiyaratn W, Kiatkittipong W, et al. (2009) Reviews on solid oxide fuel cell technology. Eng J 13: 65–84. doi: 10.4186/ej.2009.13.1.65
    [5] Dusastre V, Kilner JA (1999) Optimisation of composite cathodes for intermediate temperature SOFC applications. Solid State Ionics 126: 163–174. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00108-3
    [6] Papurello D, Lanzini A, Drago D, et al. (2016) Limiting factors for planar solid oxide fuel cells under different trace compound concentrations. Energy 95: 67–78. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.070
    [7] Aguiar P, Lapena RN, Chadwick D, et al. (2001) Improving catalyst structures and reactor configurations for autothermal reaction systems: application to solid oxide fuel cells. Chem Eng Sci 56: 651–658. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00272-4
    [8] Papurello D, Lanzini A, Fiorilli S, et al. (2016) Sulfur poisoning in Ni-anode solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): deactivation in single cells and a stack. Chem Eng J 283: 1224–1233. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.091
    [9] Papurello D, Lanzini A, Leone P, et al. (2016) The effect of heavy tars (toluene and naphthalene) on the electrochemical performance of an anode-supported SOFC running on bio-syngas. Renew Energ 99: 747–753. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.029
    [10] Madi H, Lanzini A, Papurello D, et al. (2016) Solid oxide fuel cell anode degradation by the effect of hydrogen chloride in stack and single cell environments. J Power Sources 326: 349–356. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.003
    [11] Silling SA, Askari E (2005) A meshfree method based on the peridynamic model of solid mechanics. Comput Struct 83: 1526–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.11.026
    [12] Madenci E, Oterkus E (2014) Peridynamic theory and its applications. New York: Springer.
    [13] Laurencin J, Delette G, Dupeux M, et al. (2007) A numerical approach to predict SOFC fracture: the case of an anode supported cell. ECS Transactions 7: 677–686.
    [14] Diyaroglu C, Oterkus E, Oterkus S, et al. (2015) Peridynamics for bending of beams and plates with transverse shear deformation. Int J Solids Struct s69–70: 152–168.
    [15] Oterkus E, Guven I, Madenci E (2010) Fatigue failure model with peridynamic theory. Proceedings of ITherm 2010, Las Vegas, NV.
    [16] Oterkus E, Barut A, Madenci E (2010) Damage Growth Prediction from Loaded Composite Fastener Holes by Using Peridynamic Theory. 51th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Orlando, FL, Paper No. 2010–3026.
    [17] Oterkus E, Madenci E (2012) Peridynamics for Failure Prediction in Composites. 53th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Honolulu, HI, Paper No. 2012–1692.
    [18] Oterkus S, Madenci E, Oterkus E, et al. (2014) Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Analysis and Failure Prediction in Electronic Packages by Using Peridynamics. 64th Electronic Components & Technology Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA.
    [19] De Meo D, Diyaroglu C, Zhu N, et al. (2016) Multiphysics modelling of stress corrosion cracking by using peridynamics. Int J Hydrogen Energ 41: 6593–6609. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.154
    [20] Oterkus S, Fox J, Madenci E (2013) Simulation of electro-migration through peridynamics. IEEE 63rd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 1488–1493.
    [21] Rice JR (1988) Elastic fracture mechanics concepts for interfacial cracks. J Appl Mech 55: 98–103. doi: 10.1115/1.3173668
    [22] Stamps MA, Huang HYS (2012) Mixed modes fracture and fatigue evaluation for lithium-ion batteries. ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 97–103.
    [23] Malvern LE (1969) Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
    [24] Ivers TE, Weber A, Herbstritt D (2001) Materials and technologies for SOFC-components. J Eur Ceram Soc 21: 1805–1811. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00120-0
    [25] Shearing PR, Gelb J, Brandon NP (2010) X-ray nano computerised tomography of SOFC electrodes using a focused ion beam sample-preparation technique. J Eur Ceram Soc 30: 1809–1814. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.02.004
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Anne Maren Engeloug, Gu Yi, Bjørg Egelandsdal, Anna Haug, Berit Nordvi, Commercial Mineral Enhanced Dairy By-Products as Sodium Replacers, Antioxidants and Calcium Fortifiers in Sausages, 2017, 82, 00221147, 1302, 10.1111/1750-3841.13718
    2. Marek Kieliszek, Anna M. Kot, Anna Bzducha-Wróbel, Stanisław BŁażejak, Iwona Gientka, Agnieszka Kurcz, Biotechnological use of Candida yeasts in the food industry: A review, 2017, 31, 17494613, 185, 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.06.001
    3. Forrest H. Nielsen, Dietary Magnesium and Chronic Disease, 2018, 25, 15485595, 230, 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.11.005
    4. Jürgen Vormann, Tanja Werner, Unterschätzter Risikofaktor vieler Krankheiten – Wie lässt sich ein Magnesiummangel nachweisen?, 2019, 26, 2412-8260, 38, 10.1007/s41970-019-0065-6
    5. Yu Meng, Jiantao Sun, Jun Yu, Chunhong Wang, Jianmei Su, Dietary Intakes of Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Potassium Elements and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Meta-Analysis, 2019, 189, 0163-4984, 325, 10.1007/s12011-018-1474-z
    6. Su Qu, Jiazeng Xia, Jun Yan, Hongliu Wu, Hao Wang, Yi Yi, Xiaonong Zhang, Shaoxiang Zhang, ChangLi Zhao, Yigang Chen, In vivo and in vitro assessment of the biocompatibility and degradation of high-purity Mg anastomotic staples, 2017, 31, 0885-3282, 1203, 10.1177/0885328217692948
    7. Alexandre Hideo-Kajita, Samuel Wopperer, Vinícius Bocchino Seleme, Marcelo Harada Ribeiro, Carlos M. Campos, The Development of Magnesium-Based Resorbable and Iron-Based Biocorrodible Metal Scaffold Technology and Biomedical Applications in Coronary Artery Disease Patients, 2019, 9, 2076-3417, 3527, 10.3390/app9173527
    8. Chen-Yuan Chiu, Hsien-Chun Chiu, Shing-Hwa Liu, Kuo-Cheng Lan, Prenatal developmental toxicity study of strontium citrate in Sprague Dawley rats, 2019, 101, 02732300, 196, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.12.003
    9. Luis Humberto Campos Becerra, Marco Antonio Ludovic Hernández Rodríguez, Hugo Esquivel Solís, Raúl Lesso Arroyo, Alejandro Torres Castro, Bio-inspired biomaterial Mg–Zn–Ca: a review of the main mechanical and biological properties of Mg-based alloys, 2020, 6, 2057-1976, 042001, 10.1088/2057-1976/ab9426
    10. Xiaolong Xu, Magdalena Woźniczka, Kristof Van Hecke, Dieter Buyst, Dimitrije Mara, Chris Vervaet, Karen Herman, Evelien Wynendaele, Eric Deconinck, Bart De Spiegeleer, Structural study of l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium, a raw material in cell and tissue therapy, 2020, 25, 0949-8257, 875, 10.1007/s00775-020-01801-3
    11. Chie Ogawa, Ken Tsuchiya, Kunimi Maeda, Tatsuo Shimosawa, High serum magnesium levels are associated with favorable prognoses in diabetic hemodialysis patients, retrospective observational study, 2020, 15, 1932-6203, e0238763, 10.1371/journal.pone.0238763
    12. Akshay Varghese, Eduardo Lacson, Jessica M. Sontrop, Rey R. Acedillo, Ahmed A. Al-Jaishi, Sierra Anderson, Amit Bagga, Katie L. Bain, Laura L. Bennett, Clara Bohm, Pierre A. Brown, Christopher T. Chan, Brenden Cote, Varun Dev, Bonnie Field, Claire Harris, Shasikara Kalatharan, Mercedeh Kiaii, Amber O. Molnar, Matthew J. Oliver, Malvinder S. Parmar, Melissa Schorr, Nikhil Shah, Samuel A. Silver, D. Michael Smith, Manish M. Sood, Irina St. Louis, Karthik K. Tennankore, Stephanie Thompson, Marcello Tonelli, Hans Vorster, Blair Waldvogel, James Zacharias, Amit X. Garg, A Higher Concentration of Dialysate Magnesium to Reduce the Frequency of Muscle Cramps: A Narrative Review, 2020, 7, 2054-3581, 205435812096407, 10.1177/2054358120964078
    13. Diana Fiorentini, Concettina Cappadone, Giovanna Farruggia, Cecilia Prata, Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency, 2021, 13, 2072-6643, 1136, 10.3390/nu13041136
    14. Masaru Okamoto, Yu Wakunami, Kyoji Hashimoto, Severe Hypomagnesemia Associated with the Long-term Use of the Potassium-competitive Acid Blocker Vonoprazan, 2022, 61, 0918-2918, 119, 10.2169/internalmedicine.7325-21
    15. Chao Yan Yue, Chun Yi Zhang, Zhen Ling Huang, Chun Mei Ying, A Novel U-Shaped Association Between Serum Magnesium on Admission and 28-Day In-hospital All-Cause Mortality in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 2022, 9, 2296-861X, 10.3389/fnut.2022.747035
    16. Ramachandran Krishnan, Selvakumar Pandiaraj, Suresh Muthusamy, Hitesh Panchal, Mohammad S. Alsoufi, Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim, Ammar Elsheikh, Biodegradable magnesium metal matrix composites for biomedical implants: synthesis, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior – a review, 2022, 20, 22387854, 650, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.178
    17. Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Mojgan Behrad Nasab, Mina Ahmadzadeh, Saeid Doaei, Mona Jonoush, Soheila Shekari, Maryam Afsharfar, Payam Hosseinzadeh, Saheb Abbastorki, Mohammad Esmail Akbari, Maryam Hashemi, Saeed Omidi, Farhad Vahid, Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi, Ali Lavasani, The association among calorie, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake with colorectal cancer: A case–control study, 2022, 10, 2048-7177, 1527, 10.1002/fsn3.2775
    18. Yalith Lyzet Arancibia‐Hernández, Ana Karina Aranda‐Rivera, Alfredo Cruz‐Gregorio, José Pedraza‐Chaverri, Antioxidant/anti‐inflammatory effect of Mg 2+ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) , 2022, 32, 1052-9276, 10.1002/rmv.2348
    19. Sabrina H. Bilston-John, Ardra Narayanan, Ching T. Lai, Alethea Rea, John Joseph, Donna T. Geddes, Macro- and Trace-Element Intake from Human Milk in Australian Infants: Inadequacy with Respect to National Recommendations, 2021, 13, 2072-6643, 3548, 10.3390/nu13103548
    20. Luis Soriano-Pérez, Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera, Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Magnesium and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Clinical and molecular mechanisms, 2022, 4, 27726320, 100043, 10.1016/j.hsr.2022.100043
    21. S. Thanka Rajan, Mitun Das, A. Arockiarajan, Biocompatibility and corrosion evaluation of niobium oxide coated AZ31B alloy for biodegradable implants, 2022, 212, 09277765, 112342, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112342
    22. Hojjat Ghahramanzadeh Asl, Selcen Celik-Uzuner, Ugur Uzuner, Yaşar Sert, Tevfik Küçükömeroğlu, The effect of friction stir process on the mechanical, tribological, and biocompatibility properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy as a biomaterial: A pilot study, 2022, 236, 0954-4119, 1720, 10.1177/09544119221135687
    23. Aparna Ann Mathew, Rajitha Panonnummal, ‘Magnesium’-the master cation-as a drug—possibilities and evidences, 2021, 34, 0966-0844, 955, 10.1007/s10534-021-00328-7
    24. Emmanuel Mathuthu, Angelique Janse van Rensburg, Dean Du Plessis, Shayne Mason, EDTA as a chelating agent in quantitative1H-NMR of biologically important ions, 2021, 99, 0829-8211, 465, 10.1139/bcb-2020-0543
    25. Karel Klíma, Dan Ulmann, Martin Bartoš, Michal Španko, Jaroslava Dušková, Radka Vrbová, Jan Pinc, Jiří Kubásek, Tereza Ulmannová, René Foltán, Eitan Brizman, Milan Drahoš, Michal Beňo, Jaroslav Čapek, Zn–0.8Mg–0.2Sr (wt.%) Absorbable Screws—An In-Vivo Biocompatibility and Degradation Pilot Study on a Rabbit Model, 2021, 14, 1996-1944, 3271, 10.3390/ma14123271
    26. Lynette J Oost, Cees J Tack, Jeroen H F de Baaij, Hypomagnesemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022, 0163-769X, 10.1210/endrev/bnac028
    27. Zdenka Šlejkovec, Leon Gorše, Ana Grobler, Marta Jagodic, Ingrid Falnoga, Arsenic speciation and elemental composition of rice samples from the Slovenian market, 2021, 342, 03088146, 128348, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128348
    28. Weiyi Li, Yingying Jiao, Liusen Wang, Shaoshunzi Wang, Lixin Hao, Zhihong Wang, Huijun Wang, Bing Zhang, Gangqiang Ding, Hongru Jiang, Association of Serum Magnesium with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes among Adults in China, 2022, 14, 2072-6643, 1799, 10.3390/nu14091799
    29. Juan Chen, Song Lin, Xingzhou Wang, Xiwei Wang, Pengxia Gao, Lower Dietary Magnesium Is Associated with a Higher Hemoglobin Glycation Index in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2024, 202, 0163-4984, 878, 10.1007/s12011-023-03727-8
    30. Brigitte A. Pfluger, Alexis Giunta, Diva M. Calvimontes, Molly M. Lamb, Roberto Delgado-Zapata, Usha Ramakrishnan, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Pilot Study of Heat-Stabilized Rice Bran Acceptability in Households of Rural Southwest Guatemala and Estimates of Fiber, Protein, and Micro-Nutrient Intakes among Mothers and Children, 2024, 16, 2072-6643, 460, 10.3390/nu16030460
    31. Penglei Li, Tiegang Lv, Liping Xu, Wenlu Yu, Yuanyuan Lu, Yuanyuan Li, Jian Hao, Risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular events among patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and their association with serum magnesium, 2024, 46, 0886-022X, 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2355354
    32. Amanina Yusrina Taufik, Hartini Mohd Yasin, Norhayati Ahmad, Masayoshi Arai, Fairuzeta Ja'afar, A review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex. W.Aiton, 2024, 13, 2046-1402, 495, 10.12688/f1000research.148960.2
    33. O. L. Lovkina, N. G. Masibroda, O. A. Muntyan, V. V. Klivak, A. V. Vozniuk, The impact of today’s chronic stress on a woman’s menstrual function, 2023, 27, 2522-9354, 331, 10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2023-27(2)-26
    34. Vedran Milanković, Tamara Tasić, Andreja Leskovac, Sandra Petrović, Miloš Mitić, Tamara Lazarević-Pašti, Mirjana Novković, Nebojša Potkonjak, Metals on the Menu—Analyzing the Presence, Importance, and Consequences, 2024, 13, 2304-8158, 1890, 10.3390/foods13121890
    35. Amanina Yusrina Taufik, Hartini Mohd Yasin, Norhayati Ahmad, Masayoshi Arai, Fairuzeta Ja'afar, A review on the phytochemistry and biological activities of Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex. W.Aiton, 2024, 13, 2046-1402, 495, 10.12688/f1000research.148960.1
    36. Dalal U. Z. Alkazemi, Tasleem A. Zafar, Nourah Y. Alsouri, Abeer A. Aljahdali, Stan Kubow, Low dietary magnesium and fiber intakes among women with metabolic syndrome in Kuwait, 2024, 11, 2296-861X, 10.3389/fnut.2024.1451220
    37. Natsuko I. KOBAYASHI, Keitaro TANOI, 植物における低マグネシウム環境での生存戦略とは, 2022, 60, 0453-073X, 604, 10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu.60.604
    38. Ayşe Akçay, Muhammet Karabaş, Yusuf Kayalı, TiSZ-reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings on magnesium substrate with titanium interlayer, 2024, 102, 0020-2967, 120, 10.1080/00202967.2024.2330833
    39. Iskandar Azmy Harahap, Maciej Kuligowski, Marcin Schmidt, Paweł Kurzawa, Joanna Suliburska, Influence of Isoflavones and Probiotics on Magnesium Status in Healthy Female Rats, 2023, 12, 2304-8158, 3908, 10.3390/foods12213908
    40. Kristína Podolská, Dana Mazánková, Mária Göböová, Význam a bezpečnosť suplementácie magnéziom v období tehotenstva.Suplementovať alebo nie?, 2024, 38, 12127973, 100, 10.36290/far.2024.016
    41. Ioana Adela Ratiu, Corina Moisa, Luciana Marc, Nicu Olariu, Cristian Adrian Ratiu, Gabriel Cristian Bako, Anamaria Ratiu, Simona Fratila, Alin Cristian Teusdea, Mariana Ganea, Mirela Indries, Lorena Filip, The Impact of Hypomagnesemia on the Long-Term Evolution After Kidney Transplantation, 2024, 17, 2072-6643, 50, 10.3390/nu17010050
    42. Ayşe İrem Demirtola, Anar Mammadli, Gökhan Çiçek, The Role of Magnesium Levels in the Progression of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI, 2025, 0003-3197, 10.1177/00033197251314629
    43. Jeffery T. Jolly, Jessica S. Blackburn, The PACT Network: PRL, ARL, CNNM, and TRPM Proteins in Magnesium Transport and Disease, 2025, 26, 1422-0067, 1528, 10.3390/ijms26041528
    44. Sherrie Colaneri-Day, Andrea Rosanoff, Clinical Guideline for Detection and Management of Magnesium Deficiency in Ambulatory Care, 2025, 17, 2072-6643, 887, 10.3390/nu17050887
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2017 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(6239) PDF downloads(1246) Cited by(12)

Figures and Tables

Figures(10)  /  Tables(3)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog