Review

Climate change adaptation in Nigerian agricultural sector: A systematic review and resilience check of adaptation measures

  • Received: 26 August 2019 Accepted: 03 November 2019 Published: 15 November 2019
  • The changing climate is adversely affecting the productivity and livelihoods of Nigerian smallholder rural farmers. Several studies predict worsening outcomes for future climate events, for example heat waves, drought and intense precipitation. Farmers are required to adopt several measures to thrive, given the observed or expected climate change events. Existing studies about the interaction between climate change the agriculture sector has focused evaluating the bi-directional causal relationships, and identifying adaptation measures, but research on the climate resilience aspect of these adaptation measures is missing, or at best, low. This study aims to fill this gap in knowledge by assessing resilience and contribution to sustainability of farmer-adopted measures aimed at addressing risks posed by climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 95 studies concentrating on climate adaptation by smallholder rural farmers in Nigeria in the period 2010 to 2019. We assess the climate resilience of adaptation measures using the Ifejika-Speranza Resilience Check Toolkit. Our findings show that farmers are using climate-resilient adaptation measures; however, we could not ascertain how these have led to sustainable agricultural systems, since it is not the focus of the current study. Our findings show that majority of the adaptation studies in Nigeria are focused on crop farming subsystem. The major agricultural ecosystems and the broad adaptation areas are: Crop farming (improved soil and land management, crop-specific Innovation, water management practices, climate information services and education, access to finance, and off-farm diversification), livestock farming (improved livestock management systems, improved breeding strategies, sustainable health improvement, proper feed formulation early maturing and heat-resistant bird varieties), and fish farming (water harvesting measures, organic material, quick-maturing varieties).

    Citation: Robert Ugochukwu Onyeneke, Chinyere Augusta Nwajiuba, Chukwuemeka Chinonso Emenekwe, Anurika Nwajiuba, Chinenye Judith Onyeneke, Precious Ohalete, Uwazie Iyke Uwazie. Climate change adaptation in Nigerian agricultural sector: A systematic review and resilience check of adaptation measures[J]. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 2019, 4(4): 967-1006. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2019.4.967

    Related Papers:

    [1] David V. McQueen, Erma Manoncourt, Yuri N. Cartier, Irina Dinca, Ülla-Karin Nurm . The Transferability of Health Promotion and Education Approaches Between Non-communicable Diseases and Communicable Diseases—an Analysis of Evidence. AIMS Public Health, 2014, 1(4): 182-198. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2014.4.182
    [2] Chan-Young Kwon, Boram Lee . The efficacy of acupuncture on suicidal behavior: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. AIMS Public Health, 2022, 9(4): 651-660. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2022046
    [3] Jessie-Lee McIsaac, Grace Warner, Logan Lawrence, Robin Urquhart, Sheri Price, Jacqueline Gahagan, Mary McNally, Lois A Jackson . The application of implementation science theories for population health: A critical interpretive synthesis. AIMS Public Health, 2018, 5(1): 13-30. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.1.13
    [4] Afeez Abiola Hazzan, Joyce O Hazzan, Mark Oremus . Measuring quality and level of care provided by family caregivers of persons with dementia: protocol for a systematic review of validated instruments. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(2): 206-212. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021016
    [5] Wanda Martin, Bernie Pauly, Marjorie MacDonald . Situational Analysis for Complex Systems: Methodological Development in Public Health Research. AIMS Public Health, 2016, 3(1): 94-109. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.1.94
    [6] Mehreen Tariq, Margaret Haworth-Brockman, Seyed M Moghadas . Ten years of Pan-InfORM: modelling research for public health in Canada. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(2): 265-274. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021020
    [7] Karen E. Lamb, Lukar E. Thornton, Ester Cerin, Kylie Ball . Statistical Approaches Used to Assess the Equity of Access to Food Outlets: A Systematic Review. AIMS Public Health, 2015, 2(3): 358-401. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.3.358
    [8] Siti Roshaidai Mohd Arifin, Helen Cheyne, Margaret Maxwell . Review of the prevalence of postnatal depression across cultures. AIMS Public Health, 2018, 5(3): 260-295. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.3.260
    [9] Kai Cheng, Jiangtao Wang, Jian Liu, Xiangsheng Zhang, Yuanyuan Shen, Hang Su . Public health implications of computer-aided diagnosis and treatment technologies in breast cancer care. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(4): 867-895. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023057
    [10] Joyce Lo, Sharan Jaswal, Matthew Yeung, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ali Bani-Fatemi, Aaron Howe, Amin Yazdani, Basem Gohar, Douglas P. Gross, Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia . A systematic review of the literature: Gender-based violence in the construction and natural resources industry. AIMS Public Health, 2024, 11(2): 654-666. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024033
  • The changing climate is adversely affecting the productivity and livelihoods of Nigerian smallholder rural farmers. Several studies predict worsening outcomes for future climate events, for example heat waves, drought and intense precipitation. Farmers are required to adopt several measures to thrive, given the observed or expected climate change events. Existing studies about the interaction between climate change the agriculture sector has focused evaluating the bi-directional causal relationships, and identifying adaptation measures, but research on the climate resilience aspect of these adaptation measures is missing, or at best, low. This study aims to fill this gap in knowledge by assessing resilience and contribution to sustainability of farmer-adopted measures aimed at addressing risks posed by climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 95 studies concentrating on climate adaptation by smallholder rural farmers in Nigeria in the period 2010 to 2019. We assess the climate resilience of adaptation measures using the Ifejika-Speranza Resilience Check Toolkit. Our findings show that farmers are using climate-resilient adaptation measures; however, we could not ascertain how these have led to sustainable agricultural systems, since it is not the focus of the current study. Our findings show that majority of the adaptation studies in Nigeria are focused on crop farming subsystem. The major agricultural ecosystems and the broad adaptation areas are: Crop farming (improved soil and land management, crop-specific Innovation, water management practices, climate information services and education, access to finance, and off-farm diversification), livestock farming (improved livestock management systems, improved breeding strategies, sustainable health improvement, proper feed formulation early maturing and heat-resistant bird varieties), and fish farming (water harvesting measures, organic material, quick-maturing varieties).


    Corals and their associated ecosystems are of great ecological and economic importance to Caribbean island nations and must be protected. Despite the Aichi target 111 that stipulated that by 2020 each country should have 10% of its maritime area devoted to protected areas, Marine protected areas (MPAs), both within the Caribbean and elsewhere, are all affected by the lack of funding to carry out conservation activities and enhancement of the existing ecological heritage. MPA funding takes on essentially four forms: (1) funding of state public funds or from local authorities, (2) self-financing, based on revenues generated by the sale of fees for entrance, activities and various services, (3) public-private partnership, achieved particularly with environmental foundations of large industrial groups and (4) research and development projects, which provide support to MPAs in a timely manner, and even more frequently when incurred by activities of research or ecological monitoring. The future Regional Nature Reserve (RNR) of "le Prêcheur", located in the North-West of Martinique (see map below) must, as of today, include the financing of daily operations and investments on the agenda of priority actions. In addition to the financial support granted from the region, additional income modes should be considered.

    1 See: https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/rationale/target-11/.

    The main objective of this article is to highlight the various possible additional funding sources for the sustainable functioning of the MPA of le Prêcheur. Several feasibility assessments of the implementation of funding of MPA mechanisms exist but each of them focus on a specific type of financing and its related feasibility, usually based on the willingness to pay (Reid-Grant and Bhat, 2009; Chen et al., 2014; Thur, 2010), while the contribution of this article is to present all possible options for complementary funding of MPAs and evaluate their feasibility in the context of Martinique. The options of taxes, royalties and entry fees that can be used to partially finance the future RNR of le Prêcheur are developed according to criteria of general framework for tax implementation and regimes. Of these options, only those that appear achievable are retained and their feasibility is analysed in more detail. This further analysis of the feasibility allows us to rank the options and thus evaluate which one to keep. The article also introduces the concept of "payment for ecosystem services" (PES) which, in the context of the RNR of le Prêcheur, could be used to compensate fishermen for their efforts towards the improvement of environmental services of the MPA of le Prêcheur (Failler, 2016). PES are not used directly to finance the operation of the reserve, but to compensate fishermen for their efforts towards the improvement of ecosystem services of MPAs, which compensates for the reduction of fishing activity while involving fishermen in the process of habitat conservation and sustainable use of fisheries resources.

    The paper is structured in 3 parts. It starts by presenting an inventory of the volume and sources of public funding for natural areas in the French metropolitan area and in the French overseas territories. It then provides an analysis of main potential sources of income through the assessment of current options. It follows with a presentation of other funding options for which investigative work is required. Finally, the concept of payment for environmental services, and it applicability in the functioning of the RNR of le Prêcheur, is analysed. A conclusion gives the summary of key findings and some research and policy orientations.

    Figure Map 1.  Martinique island and "Le Prêcheur" location on the North-West of the island. (source: http://www.geographicguide.com/america-maps/martinique.htm).

    The current system of public budget allocated to the protection of French natural areas in the mainland and French overseas aims to improve the quality of sites, landscapes, natural environments, as well safeguarding natural habitats. It also aims, when health status and vulnerability of natural areas allows it, to be used for spatial planning towards the opening to the people.

    According to the French Environmental Code, which applies in Martinique, protection and financing of protected natural areas is a shared jurisdiction between state and local authorities. The French protected natural areas are therefore currently funded almost exclusively by the public sector. Private funding through foundations and corporate sponsorship, is more uncommon, while self-financing from private operating revenue remains marginal.

    State public financing assigned to protect the French marine and coastal environments are estimated at €74 million (see Table 1). These, however, are largely underestimated: State grants are supplemented by the budgets earmarked to policies in favour of environment conservation by local authorities (at nearly four times the state budget).

    Table 1.  State public budget (and operating organizations) for the protection of marine and coastal ecosystems.
    Level Budget (million €) Notes
    State 28.1 Allocated budget, program 113 action 7*
    French Marine Protected
    Areas Agency
    1 -
    French Coastal Protection Agency 40 €2.4 million of which come from repayments of the state and €37.6 million come from an individual taxation regime
    Other operators 5 -
    Total State + operators 74.1 In comparison, the total state budget allocated to the conservation of natural areas and water management amounts to €2447 million
    Source: Translated from Badré M and Duranthon JP, 2010. *Current financial resources allocated by the state to the budget for biodiversity policies are partly addressed by action 7 "management of environments and biodiversity" program 113 of the Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The state gets almost all of its income from compulsory levies (taxes, royalties, etc.). Those of regional authorities come from the state repayments or are induced by the individual tax system (e.g., the development tax, for which part of it is allocated to natural areas). The Environmental Code acknowledging the "polluter-payer" principle, taxation of the environment uses taxes and royalties to prevent or punish damaging behaviour to natural areas. Tax revenues are intended to pay for public services provided by the state or "collectivities" (local authorities). The revenues of royalties are used to pay for the services provided by private supplier or by common pool resources (here marine ecosystems) for a service provided to users. However, as some royalties work as eco-taxes, the distinction between both payments does not always fit to this definition (see Box 1).

    The French law identifies three principles of taxation of natural areas, which meet three distinct objectives:

    a. To compensate exploitation of natural resources

    b. To compensate disturbances and damages to ecosystems

    c. To compensate use of the marine area

    To get a better outlook of their relative relevance, the overview of taxes and royalties related to the use and exploitation of natural resources is structured below based on the amount of income they generate.

    Table Box 1.  Taxes versus royalties. Source: Extract from the final report of the Operational Committee nº 5, Grenelle of the Sea.
    The tax is levied from the provision of a service. It may be required not only from actual users but also from potential users and the amount is not strictly equivalent to the service provided (e.g. tax for household waste collection). The tax is provided by the law.
    Royalties (or remuneration) for services rendered are received in return for a service, such as the use of a piece of work or a benefit provided by a public service to a user while bearing the cost, and therefore must match the value of the benefit or service. A royalty can be established through regulation. The amount of the royalty must be equivalent to the value of the benefit or proportional to the cost of the service rendered. Such is the case of the "institution of a royalty comprising of a fixed part and a variable part, provided that the calculation of the fee allows to ensure the proportionality with the cost of the service rendered" (EC No. 220803 of July 9 2009). 'Respect for the rule of equivalence between the fare of a royalty and the value of the benefit or service can be ensured by withholding the cost of the latter, but also according to the characteristics of the service, by taking into account the economic value of the benefit to the recipient; that in all cases, the fare must be established according to objective and rational criteria, in full conformity with the principle of equality between the users of public services and the competition rules (EC No 309 499 of 7 October 2009).
    Environmental royalties can be defined as payment for environmental services: in return for their payment, the taxpayer receives an environmental service. As pollution could be interpreted as a particular use of a natural resource (right to pollute), a levy associated with a degradation of the environment can then be likened to a royalty.
    The distinction between taxes and royalties is also based on the allocation of revenues. Into the general budget for the first case, revenues are earmarked for specific purposes in the case of royalties. Yet, in the field of environmental taxation, these two aspects of distinction between taxes and royalties are not systematically combined. This explains why these two terms are sometimes interchangeably used.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The majority of tax revenues related to natural areas are dependent on water management policies: more than nine tenths of the budget and total tax resources for natural areas originate from royalties and charges levied by the National Office for Water and Aquatic Environments (ONEMA) and water agencies and offices, representing €1.9 billion according to Badré and Duranthon (2010). In comparison, the marine environment, and to a lesser extent, terrestrial biodiversity, appear as the poor relation.

    The Water Office of Martinique, as well as other water agencies, collects a number of royalties for the use or consumption of water resources, which are devoted to actions to promote a better use of water in the territory2.

    2 See Article L213-10 of the Environment Code.

    The state also draws royalties from the occupation or use of public ground. In the maritime area, this includes for example fishing and hunting rights, the product of exploitation of marine cultures, products of extractions, rights of way for operators of telecommunication networks. The income amounted to almost €300 million in 2010.

    At the scale of local authorities, tax measures to raise funds in favour of protected natural areas mainly belong to the departments, through the development tax. Formerly Departmental Tax on Sensitive Natural Areas (TDENS), it is primarily intended to generate resources to finance actions in favour of biodiversity. Governed by the Urban Planning Code, it subdues the construction, reconstruction, expansion of buildings and other facilities projects subject to licence or declaration. Optional, it has nevertheless enabled significant financial reserve estimated at €269 million in 2010 (République Française, 2011). This net balance is due to under-utilization and a recurring postponement of a year on year revenue from this tax. Its rate varies according to the department, but it cannot exceed 2% of the value of the housing complexes. In 2009, of the 95 metropolitan departments and 4 overseas departments, nine departments had not implemented the TDENS, 20 had introduced a rate of 2%, 16 a rate between 1 and 2%, 34 a 1% rate, and 21 a rate lower than 1%. Among the charted expenditures, the TDNES is used mainly for the development and maintenance of sensitive natural areas—the rest is devoted to the acquisition of these areas or is donated to another collectivity.

    Some taxes are not directly associated to natural areas but their employment is linked through tourism depending on them. For municipalities and groups of collectivities with their individual tax, the visitor's tax3 is usually applied to expenses dedicated to promoting tourist visitation of the territory. However, some municipalities have instituted this tax for actions of protection and management of their natural areas, the revenue from the tax can be allocated4, to expenses to promote the protection and management of their natural areas for tourism purposes. The law provides that when these municipalities are situated in whole or in part on the territory of a national park or a regional park administered by a public administrative establishment, the product of the visitor's tax can be donated by the municipality or public establishment of inter-municipal cooperation to the park management organization as part of a convention. The visitor's tax has yielded €158 million for municipalities and €45 million for groups of collectivities of individual tax in 2010.

    3 See Article L2333 - 26-46 of the General Code of territorial collectivities.

    4 Subject to the provisions of Article L. 2231-14.

    Other taxes on exploitation or use of natural areas exist, although they are less substantial. They are assigned to other legal entities then the state. In the area of environmental protection, those who have yielded the highest average tax revenue in 2010 (French Republic, 2011) are:

    a. The general tax on polluting activities TAGP5 for €489 million, part of which benefits the ADEME;

    5 Article 266 of the Customs Code.

    b. The levy on the product of premiums or additional contributions relating to the guarantee against natural disasters risk (€158 million) intended for the Prevention of major natural disasters fund (FPRNM);

    c. The hunting royalties that benefit primarily the National Agency for Hunting and Wildlife (€70 million);

    d. The right to francization and navigation that benefits the Coastal and Lake Shore Conservation Authority in particular (€39 million);

    Finally, some taxes reflect the compensation for inconvenience generated by the transport of passengers but generate far less income. For example, the tax on passengers departing to natural protected areas6 generated less than €1 million in revenue in 2010, revenue that shared the Conservatoire du Littoral, the marine park of Port-Cros, the National Forestry Office, affected collectivities, etc. For overseas territorial collectivities specifically, the tax due by air and maritime public transport companies on passengers (Article 285 ter of the Customs Code) is dedicated to classified or listed natural areas, national parks, natural reserves, CELRL sites or ports exclusively or mainly one of the protected areas mentioned above without being included. In 2010, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Guyana and Reunion have drawn together €8 million.

    6 Article 285 quater of the Customs Code.

    RNRs are under the competence of the Region. From the ranking to the implementation of the management plan and organization of events, the Region therefore supports technically and financially the owner or organization managing the protected natural area (or in process of being ranked). According to the provisions prescribed by the regulations for intervention, it can subsidise a part of the operating and investment expenditures (actions of restoration, preservation and enhancement)—never all of the expenditures.

    The region exclusively uses its budget, supplemented by the state, to finance the management of RNRs (unlike for example Departments that have the ability to use the revenues from the development tax). The use of taxation to complement the funding of the RNR of le Prêcheur includes the study of obstacles and opportunities for the establishment of such a design, as well as the definition of the base, geography or rate.

    Options for the implementation of one (or more) tax(es) to partially finance the RNR of le Prêcheur fit into three distinct approaches:

    a. The introduction of a new tax/royalty;

    b. The assignment of an existing tax in whole or in part to the financing of the reserve;

    c. Broadening the rate of an existing tax to include the financing of the reserve. These three approaches set the general framework of the tax implementation. For each approach, it is possible to consider various regimes of taxes and royalties, in terms of:

    d. The subjected population: involved populations may include residential tourists, users of marine ecosystems, companies that pollute or have a negative impact on marine ecosystems;

    e. The geographical scale: the intervention scale of the tax may be local and limited to the municipality of le Prêcheur (and potentially the neighbouring municipalities of Saint-Pierre and Trois-Rivières; see map 1 above) or regional and extended to the whole of Martinique. In the first case, taxes only apply to users of the marine environment and/or of the watershed of the municipality of le Prêcheur. It enables an effective reduction of marine and land pressures on the marine ecosystems of le Prêcheur. The second case extends the taxation regime to the users of the whole regional area. It calls for empowerment and awareness of environmental issues by all users on the island.

    Using these criteria, 24 taxes, royalties and entry fees have been devised (Table 2). A part of these taxes seems a priori seldom enforceable in the case of the RNR of le Prêcheur (boxes highlighted in blue in Table 2). The decision to exclude these taxes a priori derives from the combination assessment of: social acceptability of the tax, legislative difficulties in the implementation of this tax, injustice or equity problems created by the tax, etc. For example, a new tax on polluting activities in Martinique that have impacts on marine ecosystems only to finance the reserve of le Prêcheur would result in a significant opposition from businesses located far from the northwest of Martinique and having no apparent negative impact on the area.

    Table 2.  Taxes as partial financing of the future RNR of le Prêcheur.
    Introduction of a new tax or royalty Assignment of an existing tax Broadening of the rate of an existing tax
    Regional scale Residential tourists Tax to finance regional reserves of Martinique (on the template of the tourist tax) Share of the tourist tax of the municipalities of Martinique Broadening of the airport tax; broadening of the transportation tax
    Inhabitants of Martinique Tax to finance regional reserves of Martinique (on the template of the housing tax) Share of dock dues Broadening of the airport tax; broadening of the transportation tax
    Marine ecosystem users Tax on uses of the ecosystems of Martinique (in addition to fishing licences for e.g.), tax on offshore recreational practices (surf, kitesurf, etc.) Share of revenue of fishing licences Broadening of fishing licences
    Corporations that pollute Taxes on polluting activities in Martinique that have impacts on marine ecosystems (urbanisation coastal fringe, granulate extraction, non-biological agricultural activities, etc.) Share of the tax on marine polluting activities Broadening of the tax on polluting activities
    Local scale (area of the reserve and surrounding area) Residential tourists Tax to finance the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to tourist operators of the municipality (on the template of the tourist tax) Share of the tourist tax of the municipality of le Prêcheur Broadening of the transportation tax
    Inhabitants of Martinique Tax to finance the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to the inhabitants of the municipality (on the template of the housing tax) Share of the housing tax of the municipality of le Prêcheur Broadening of the transportation tax
    Marine ecosystems users Local tax on extracting and/or damaging of the RNR activities (fishing, spearfishing); royalty on diving activities; royalty on taxi-boats, recreational boats and private sailing boats n.a. n.a.
    Corporations that pollute Tax on polluting activities of the watershed n.a. n.a.
    Note: n.a. = not applicable; Source: authors own creation.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Ten other taxes seem more feasible and are worthy of a further analysis on their feasibility (boxes highlighted in green in Table 2 above). The strengths and weaknesses of the implementation of these taxes are presented in table 3 below.

    Table 3.  Strengths and weaknesses relating to feasibility of implementation.
    Strengths Weaknesses
    Introduction of a new tax/royalty
    Tax for the financing of the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to tourist operators of the municipality Tourism figures increasing, potential source of growing incomes
    Potential modulation of the rate based on the environmental impact of the operator
    Penalises supply of tourism services of the municipality of le Prêcheur only, already seldom developed
    Potentially penalises visitors that are non-users of marine ecosystems (e.g. Hikers)
    Tax for the financing of the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to inhabitants of the municipality Empowers inhabitants on the impact of their everyday practices on the ecosystem Potential modulation of the rate based on the environmental impact of the building Penalises the inhabitants of the municipality of le Prêcheur only, potentially making the area less attractive Potentially penalises the inhabitants that are non-users of marine ecosystems (e.g. Hikers)
    Local tax on extractive and/or damaging of the RNR activities (fishing, spearfishing) Reduces through a fiscal leverage the extractive activities and other damaging practices while producing revenues for the reserve
    Enables guidance by incentives for reorientation of fishermen or discontinuing of damaging practices (frequent use of beach-seine for example)
    Low acceptability upon populations of fishermen and underwater hunters already affected by management actions Difficult to weigh the burden of a tax only on fishermen and underwater hunters Revenues of this tax are destined to decrease, thus jeopardizing the financing
    Penalises operators who take measures voluntarily (eco-responsible construction, choice of a fishing net with larger mesh, etc.)
    Tax on polluting activities of the watershed Polluter-payer principle: polluting activities must be subjected to financial compensation; to go further, it is possible to implement a payment for ecosystem services: polluting activities fund the reserve for improvement of the treatment of waste produce by these activities; enables to give a tax preference to non-polluting local activities (idea of a partial exemption from tax for the reduction
    of pollutants)
    Seldom educational, as it can be interpreted as a "right to pollute"
    Concerning the development of the tourism sector, operators are already subject to obligation to avoid, reduce and compensate damages to the environment
    Royalty on diving activities Positive image from alerted and sensitized persons, usually willing to pay extra if their participation in the reserve is transparent Widely favourable view of diving operators in the area, willing to raise the average
    price per dive
    Cannot be the only measure because: i) little profitable and ii) it shows a taxation disparity of one activity without taxing the others (fishing, swimming on beaches, access, etc.)
    Royalty on taxi-boats, recreational and private sailing boats Taxation affects primary beneficiaries of the reserve (through tourism increase), the acceptability of such a tax should be good Can be done through various taxes and lead to development (tax for the access to mooring buoys in the reserve) Cannot be the only measure because: i) little profitable and ii) it shows a taxation disparity of one activity without taxing the others (fishing, swimming on beaches, access, etc.)
    Assignment of an existing tax
    Share of the tourist tax of the municipality of le Prêcheur Tourism in the area is closely related to visitation of natural resources, particularly marine resources Figures of tourism increasing, potential source of growing incomes Highlight the willingness of local authorities to participate in the implementing of
    the reserve Opportunity for neighbouring municipalities (Saint-Pierre, Grand Rivière, Cabaret, etc.) to devote part of their tourist tax to the reserve
    Little profitable as long as visitation and supply of accommodation are limited
    in capacity Difficult to arbitrate for the reallocation of a share of the tax to the reserve Participation of neighbouring municipalities to the reserve presumably difficult
    Share of dock dues Taxation of all products sold in French overseas – modulation of the rate based on environmental impact of products Difficult to justify the financing when dock dues ought to help in economic development Advocacy work needed for an arbitration in favour of the reserve and at the expense of the financing item which loses the income of the tax
    Share of the tax on marine polluting activities Polluter-payer principle extended to the region: polluting activities must be subject to financial compensation Gives a fiscal preference to non-polluting regional activities (idea of a partial tax exemption for reduction of pollutants) Lack of acceptability of activities not directly linked with le Prêcheur (e.g. Intensive agriculture of southern Martinique)
    Broadening of the rate of an existing tax
    Broadening of the airport tax Can generate very high revenues at a low cost per person Attachment to marine ecosystems of airport passengers, tourists or inhabitants Airport taxes usually intended to upgrade safety and comfort of passengers; can pose problems of arbitration of tax revenues thus needs an expansion and not a modification of assignment
    Broadening of the transportation tax The possibility of a justification of an environmental approach of transport helps social acceptance of the broadening of the tax Political and legislative difficulties of broadening the rate of an existing tax
    Source: authors own creation.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    To compare them, the ten selected options are quantitatively analysed through these six criteria:

    a. Ease of implementation: this criterion depends on the conditions of establishment of the tax, from the easiest (broadening the tax base or the rate of an existing tax for the management of future MPA of le Prêcheur) to the most constraining (introducing a new tax, the proceeds of which will be donated to the managing organization for the management of future MPA of le Prêcheur);

    b. Acceptability: this criterion reflects the reaction of users and non-users to the implementation of the tax. It is strongly related to the legibility of the tax objective. It also calls for a higher level in communication and information which should accompany the implementation of the tax (the lower the acceptability, the more communication activities must be well crafted, targeted);

    c. Income generation: this criterion expresses the potential of the tax to generate revenues for the RNR; depending on the choice of tax base and subject population; the wider the base and population, the higher the contribution of the tax to partial financing of the RNR;

    d. Sustainability: this criterion evaluates the life expectancy of the considered tax; taxes may be transient or permanent, depending especially on their purpose, for instance a tax on destructive fishing practices aims at eliminating these practices on the medium-term and not to sustain them in order to continue taxing these activities;

    e. Resilience to the economic context: this criterion foresees the consequences of the risks related to economic uncertainties on the collection of tax revenues and provides better transparency on the stability of the RNR's financing;

    f. Selectivity of the subjects: this criterion reflects the number and diversity of people subject to tax; the considered tax should not, as far as possible, be restricted to a single occupational category, or there will be poor social acceptability and economic risk.

    The taxes considered for having a good potential to complete the financing of the future RNR of le Prêcheur are qualitatively analysed according to these six criteria. The results are displayed in Table 4 below: one star means "little" or "low"; two stars mean "a lot" or "strong". Red means "negative" and the blue "positive".

    Table 4.  Comparative analysis of tax options for partial financing of the RNR of le Prêcheur.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    From the elements of the previous analysis, it is possible to rank the ten selected options. By assigning a score by ranking the criteria of the comparative analysis of Table 4 (+1 for a blue star and −1 for a red star), the feasibility of each option is relatively estimated (see Table 5).

    Table 5.  Overall valuation of the feasibility of the ten considered taxes.
    General valuation
    Introduction of a new tax/royalty
    Tax for the financing of the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to tourist operators of the municipality 0
    Tax for the financing of the RNR of le Prêcheur enforceable to inhabitants of
    the municipality
    −1
    Tax on extractive and/or damaging of the reserve activities (fishing, spearfishing) −3
    Tax on polluting activities of the watershed 1
    Royalty on diving activities 7
    Royalty on taxi boats, recreational and private sailing boats 8
    Assignment of an existing tax
    Share of dock dues 2
    Share of the tourist tax 6
    Share of the tax on polluting activities 2
    Broadening of the rate of an existing tax
    Broadening of the airport tax 7
    Broadening of the transportation tax 2
    Source: authors own creation.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The overall feasibility valuation shows a definite relevance to weigh the burden of taxation on local leisure activities, through the establishment of a new royalty. The two options that cumulate the most points are the royalty on recreational and sailing activities (8 points) and the royalty on diving activities (7 points). Besides the financial contribution to the management of RNR of le Prêcheur, these options also have the virtue of offering a tool to regulate the use of marine ecosystems. In this respect, they function as an entrance fee (Voltaire et al., 2011). With the difference that they are better accepted in France, the principle of the entrance fee faces legal (see right of the public domain) and social (tradition of free access to nature) constraints (Vourc'h and Natali, 2000). However, possible difficulties of introducing a new royalty in the currently depressed economic environment must be noted.

    The expansion of the airport tax seems to also be an interesting option (7 points). Its implementation can be difficult because it is a broadening of the tax that does not directly benefit to the management of the airport. But the revenue generated can be very large in view of visitation of the airport Aimé Césaire.

    The allocation of part of the tourist tax levied on all hosts of Martinique also proves relevant, with a score of 6 points. This option provides a better distribution of the tax burden than a strictly local royalty, which could penalize the attractiveness of the municipality of le Prêcheur.

    Less interesting are the options that suggest the introduction of a tax on polluting activities of the watershed and at regional scale, to allocate part of the dock dues or to expand the transportation tax (1 or 2 points). The introduction of a tax on extractive activities in the area, or taxes to explicitly finance the RNR with tourists or inhabitants of the municipality, prove to be among the least favourable of the selected options. Yet these low scores, with regard to the complementary revenue generation target for the RNR, should not mask the advantage in terms of management of marine ecosystems and associated activities of the latter options. Thus, a tax on polluting or damaging activities reduces pressures on ecosystems of the reserve and encourage virtuous practices for the environment (Binet et al., 2013; Failler et al., 2015).

    With approximately 18,000 dives per year for around fifteen dive centres in the area of le Prêcheur (Failler et al., 2010), the implementation of a royalty could generate between 36,000 and 90,000 euros per year. For reference, an investigation undertaken with the visitors of Martinique had shown the possibility to increase prices of 2 to 5 euros per dive as long as spectacular fish or marine areas can be observed, for a dive of an average price of 40 euros (Borot Battisti et al., 2011). This range is equivalent to the introduction of a tax with a rate between 5 and 12.5%.

    The implementation of an enlargement of the airport tax of 1 euro to finance regional marine reserves would allow, with a passenger flow of 1.6 million on average for the last three years, generation of an income of 1.6 million euros.

    With a yearly average of 1500 excursionists visiting the area of le Prêcheur by taxi-boat or sailing boat, the introduction of a royalty on tours could yield about 3,000 euros a year (for a willingness to pay estimated at €2 per tour). This relatively low estimate does not take into account, for a lack of assessment of their number, visitors on boats in the area. This is a potentially significant income, as they are estimated at about 40,000 a year on all of Martinique.

    With 19,000 residential tourists each year in the territory of the municipality of le Prêcheur, the allocation of part of the tourist tax levied on all hosts of the municipality would generate an income of 3,800 euros per year for €0.20 and €7600 per year for €0.40. The neighbouring municipalities (Saint-Pierre, Grand Rivière, le Carbet, etc.) may also earmark a share of their tourist tax to fund the reserve. This solidarity contribution of neighbouring municipalities could generate tens of thousands of euros.

    The implementation of an MPA results in a decrease in fishing activities, little or not compensated (Binet et al., 2013). To maintain their activity, fishermen tend to increase fishing efforts in the unprotected territory, which goes against the MPA's conservation efforts. It is therefore essential to find a way to compensate for this loss of territory without increasing fishing efforts. In addition, the ousting of the fishermen for the MPA results in a loss of knowledge for society in general, as fishermen have empirical knowledge of the marine ecosystem transmitted in an ancestral way. This knowledge is crucial to anticipate the consequences of global change on marine and coastal ecosystems of the Caribbean islands. The traditional knowledge of the fishermen can also be harnessed for the maintenance or improvement of coastal environments. This can be done simultaneously to fishing activities. The point is not to convert fishermen to conservationists; no, it is much more about involving them in the process of habitat conservation and sustainable use of fisheries resources. Thus the two functions, fishing and protection, become inseparable.

    The goal is therefore to develop a simple mechanism where fishermen can be rewarded for their efforts towards the improvement of ecosystem services of marine protected areas. This realization warrants a reflection on "payments for environmental services" or PES. The PES concept emerged in the 1990s (Meral, 2010), notably with the establishment of the PES program in Costa Rica that protects to this day 25,000 hectares of forest. But it was not until 2002 that the PES experienced a real increase of interest thanks to two books published by Landell-Mills and Porras, and Pagiola, Bishop and Landell-Mills. Although the definition of PES is still controversial, the one established by Wunder (2005) is widely accepted. It defines a PSE as a voluntary transaction where a particular ecosystem service is 'purchased' by (at least) one individual consumer from (at least) one individual supplier, if and only if the supplier guarantees the production of this service. Designed in a market-driven, voluntary exchanges between providers and consumers of services can thus be subject to negotiations, nonetheless forcing suppliers to engage in activities of specific use and to consider the demand to set the price. Moreover, the compensation is carried out in a 'logic of additionality', as the presence of service must provide a benefit to biodiversity, and in a 'logic of conditionality' ensuring the effectiveness of the service, its supply becoming mandatory to obtain the payment (Froger et al., 2012).

    Several PES programs similar to that of Costa Rica have been implemented, including in Mexico (protection of about 2 million hectares of forest). However, the vast majority of PES initiatives are implemented on a smaller scale. Thus, many PES program projects are being implemented or prepared at national scale or the scale of a watershed (Pagiola, 2008). As of today, no PES program has been established for marine and coastal ecosystems. The establishment of PES in le Prêcheur would be a pioneering action that may, if successful, be replicated in other MPAs.

    Behind the name of PES stands a simple mechanism that is to reward the actions of those that enhance (or do not cause a decrease in) the quality of ecosystem services; the contributors being the users. In other words, the fishermen can be paid for efficient actions in favour of biodiversity and for the knowledge they provide to the governance of MPAs. In the first case, it is the direct users (divers, boaters, hikers, swimmers, etc.) that will contribute to the remuneration of the actions of fishermen, in the second, it is the society in general that is indebted (through the MPA) as protected areas act as places with higher resistance to global change than non-protected areas, and with greater resilience. The PES mechanism is all the more relevant as it generates funding for activities towards biodiversity that would not exist otherwise. It is also sustainable because it is based on self-interest of fishermen and users and not on the good will of the government or non-governmental organizations. It is all the more sustainable as it has a net positive toll for both individuals and society as a whole.

    A survey was conducted among the fishermen of le Prêcheur in 2015 and 2016 (Thirot et al., 2017). The study sample, composed of 16 fishermen, represents about 50% of the fishermen declared in activity. It is characterized by an ethnic diversity, ensuring a wide spectrum of responses and access to the various existing categories in the professional group7. The fishermen's knowledge on the marine environment originates from a daily presence at sea and the data transmission by peers during the apprenticeship. They are presented very synthetically in Table 6 below. They can be promoted in the context of ecotourism, where it is direct users who contribute to the payment of fishermen's actions, or in scientific monitoring and more generally the MPA management.

    7 However, some fishermen fiercely opposed to the creation of the MPA refused to be interviewed.

    Table 6.  Knowledge of fishermen and their appreciation.
    Knowledge of fishermen Ecotourism Scientific monitoring and MPA management
    Physical characteristics, behaviour and habits (feeding, habitat, spawning grounds) of fish (ethology) X X
    Spawning grounds X
    Fish life cycles (breeding and migration seasons) X
    Impact of abiotic factors (hydraulic, oceanographic, climatic) on fish life cycle X
    Adaptive and resiliency capabilities of the marine environment to climate change X
    Endangered species X X
    Health status of the marine environment (coral bleaching or algal invasion for example) X
    Evolution of the fishery resource with notably species rotation, disappearance or appearance (lion fish), etc. X
    Rhythm, temporality et cycle of fishing seasons and species presence X
    Interconnections between species (between fish species but also between fish and plants) X
    Impact of human activities on the marine environment X
    Source: authors own creation.

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The knowledge of fishermen encompasses both elements of local (nursery places for example) and global (including climate change) knowledge, observed on a long timescale since some have been working for over 30 years. With this sharp empirical knowledge, they are able to interpret ecological processes at work in the marine environment by making hypotheses they can later test in situ. This exercise is essential for those who wish to appreciate the evolution of the marine environment, its adaptability and resilience to climate change. This integrated vision of the marine ecosystem can thus be useful to the scientific monitoring and generally the management of the MPA of le Prêcheur and for any type of action beneficial to the restoration, maintenance and improvement of biodiversity in general (through awareness-raising of the educational world).

    Although the MPA of le Prêcheur was formally created by deliberation of the Regional Council of Martinique on October 14, 2014, no management structure exists at this time to make it run. The PES therefore cannot be implemented. However, when an effective management is established, their implementation should allow fishermen to contribute to the preservation of a common asset. Thus, PES can act as catalysts and promote the MPA as means to add value to the fishing profession.

    The feasibility analysis of taxation as an additional income for the RNR of le Prêcheur demonstrates the relevance of the enlargement of the airport tax to finance the RNR. This analysis also demonstrates the benefits of the introduction of a new royalty on tourism activities related to the enjoyment of the marine ecosystems of the area: the recreation and sailing on the one hand and on the other hand diving. The allocation of part of the tourist tax, collected for the benefit of the management of RNRs of Martinique, also appears an attractive option.

    The estimation of the financial benefits of the four selected taxes is approximately €1.6 to 1.7 million. This income will probably be destined to increase for taxes levied locally with the establishment of the RNR, the label of which will function as a guarantee of quality and therefore of attractivity to visitors. For regional taxes on the other hand (primarily the airport tax), this participation will be reduced with the possible creation of other regional marine reserves in Martinique.

    However, the final selection of the preferred option requires a thorough operational analysis, including in particular the implementation schedule, costs and results associated with the collection of taxes and forecasted financials. In particular, the reality of the institutional context, fiscally constrained, forces to reckon with limited resources and no guarantee of sustainability. It requires in all cases to fully optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of resource use. For this, a detailed analysis of the starting funds needed for the future reserve and then for the medium-term management seems essential, in parallel of the study of potential sources. Finally, we must remember that, regardless of the option selected, no action can succeed without first involving all stakeholders for concertation.

    Finally, the implementation of a sustainable management of marine resources requires the development of specific systems of gratification, such as payments for environmental services, ensuring the recognition and enhancement of knowledge and actors who hold them, here the fishermen. These compensation mechanisms need to take into account two types of environmental services provided by fishermen. The first is based on the commitment to protect the marine environment and requires a change in practices. The direct beneficiary is biodiversity. The second service is to exploit the knowledge held by engaging in sustainable resource management operations, in the short and medium term. The beneficiary is the society (more generally humanity) and specifically the services recipients that are institutional players, other sea users and the local population. In all cases, these bonuses must meet requirements of justice and fair redistribution.

    This paper has been produced with the financial support of the European Commission, under the BEST Scheme and within the Project CARIPES (Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Caribbean). Opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the ones of the European Commission and don't anticipate the Policy of the Commission in this area.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.



    [1] IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability-Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
    [2] IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved July 1, 2019, Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf.
    [3] Abidoye BO, Kurukulasuriya P, Mendelsohn R (2017) South-East Asian farmer perceptions of climate change. Clim Change Econ 8: 1740006. doi: 10.1142/S2010007817400061
    [4] Konchar KM, Staver B, Salick J, et al. (2015) Adapting in the shadow of Annapurna: a climate tipping point. J Ethnobiol 35: 449-471. doi: 10.2993/0278-0771-35.3.449
    [5] Aldunce P, Handmer J, Beilin R, et al. (2016) Is climate change framed as 'business as usual' or as a challenging issue? The practitioners' dilemma. Environ Plann 34: 999-1019.
    [6] Scheffers BR, Meester L, Bridge TC, et al. (2016) The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science 354: 6313.
    [7] Voccia A (2012) Climate change: What future for small, vulnerable states? Int J Sust Dev World Ecol 19: 101-115. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2011.634032
    [8] Spires M, Shackleton S, Cundill G (2014) Barriers to implementing planned community-based adaptation in developing countries: A systematic literature review. Clim Dev 6: 277-287. doi: 10.1080/17565529.2014.886995
    [9] Bockel L, Vian L, Torre C (2016) Towards sustainable impact monitoring of green agriculture and forestry investments by NDBs: Adapting MRV methodology. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
    [10] Glenn A, James WE, Fuller RA (2016) Global mismatch between greenhouse gas emissions and the burden of climate change. Sci Rep 6: 20281. doi: 10.1038/srep20281
    [11] Jackson G, McNamara K, Witt B (2017) A framework for disaster vulnerability in a small island in the Southwest Pacific: A case study of Emae Island, Vanuatu. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 8: 358-373. doi: 10.1007/s13753-017-0145-6
    [12] Easterling WE (1996) Adapting North American agriculture to climate change in review. Agric For Meteorol 80: 1-53. doi: 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02315-1
    [13] FAO (2007) Adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: Perspective, framework and priorities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
    [14] Berrang-Ford L, Pearce T, Ford JD (2015) Systematic review approaches for climate change adaptation research. Reg Environ Chang 15: 755-769. doi: 10.1007/s10113-014-0708-7
    [15] Ifejika-Speranza C (2010) Resilient adaptation to climate change in African Agriculture. Bonn: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).
    [16] Abiodun BJ, Salami AT, Tadross M (2011) Climate change scenarios for Nigeria: Understanding biophysical impacts. Ibadan, Nigeria: Building Nigeria's Response to Climate Change (BNRCC) Project.
    [17] IPCC (2018) Global warming of 1.5 ℃ Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on climate change.
    [18] NBS (2017) Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report, Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics.
    [19] Yakubu MM, Akanegbu BN (2015) The Impact of international trade on economic growth in Nigeria: 1981-2012. Eur J Bus Econ Account 3: 26-36.
    [20] Berg A, de Noblet-Ducoudre N, Benjamin S, et al. (2013) Projections of climate change impacts on potential C4 crop productivity over tropical regions. Agric For Meteorol 170: 89-102. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.003
    [21] Mereu V, Santini M, Cervigni R, et al (2018) Robust decision making for a climate-resilient development of the agricultural sector in Nigeria. In: Lipper L, McCarthy N, Zilberman D, et al., Eds., Climate Smart Agriculture: Building Resilience to Climate Change, Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 277-306.
    [22] Adejuwon JO (2005) Food crop production in Nigeria. Present effects of climate variability. Clim Res 30: 53-60.
    [23] Odekunle TO (2004) Rainfall and the length of the growing season in Nigeria. Int J Climatol 24: 467-479. doi: 10.1002/joc.1012
    [24] Remling E, Veitayaki J (2016) Community-based action in Fiji's Gau Island: A model for the Pacific? Int J Clim Chang Str Manage 8: 375-398. doi: 10.1108/IJCCSM-07-2015-0101
    [25] Ogbo A, Lauretta NE, Ukpere W (2013) Risk management and challenges of climate change in Nigeria. J Hum Ecol 41: 221-235.
    [26] Obioha EE (2008) Climate change, population drift and violent conflict over land resources in Northeastern Nigeria. J Hum Ecol 23: 311-324. doi: 10.1080/09709274.2008.11906084
    [27] Mburu BM, Kung'u JB, Muriuku JN (2015) Climate change adaptation strategies by small-scale farmers in Yatta District, Kenya. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 9: 712-722. doi: 10.5897/AJEST2015.1926
    [28] Cooper C, Booth A, Varley-Campbell J, et al. (2018) Defining the process to literature searching in systematic reviews: A literature review of guidance and supporting studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 85: 1-14.
    [29] Babatunde KA, Begum RA, Said FF (2017) Application of computable general equilibrium (CGE) to climate change mitigation policy: A systematic review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 78: 61-71. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.064
    [30] Escarcha JF, Lassa JA, Zander KK (2018) Livestock under climate change: A systematic review of impacts and adaptation. Climate 6: 54. doi: 10.3390/cli6030054
    [31] Folke C (2006) Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environ Chang 16: 253-267. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
    [32] Ifejika-Speranza C (2013) Buffer capacity: Capturing a dimension of resilience to climate change in African smallholder agriculture. Reg Environ Chang 13: 521-535. doi: 10.1007/s10113-012-0391-5
    [33] Pretty J (2008) Agricultural sustainability: Concepts, principles and evidence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363: 447-465. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2163
    [34] Dorward A, Anderson S, Clark S (2001) Asset functions and livelihood strategies: A framework for pro-poor analysis, policy and practice. Imperial College at Wye, Department of Agricultural Sciences: ADU Working Papers 10918.
    [35] Shaffril HA, Krauss SE, Samsuddin SF (2018) A systematic review on Asian's farmers' adaptation practices towards climate change. Sci Total Environ 644: 683-695. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.349
    [36] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6: e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
    [37] Singh C, Deshpande T, Basu R (2017) How do we assess vulnerability to climate change in India? A systematic review of literature. Reg Environ Chang 17: 527-538.
    [38] Rusinamhodzi L, Corbeels M, Nyamangara J, et al. (2012) Maize-grain legume intercropping is an attractive option for ecological intensification that reduces climatic risk for smallholder farmers in central Mozambique. Field Crops Res 136: 12-22. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014
    [39] Challinor A, Wheeler T, Garfoth C, et al. (2007) The vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Clim Chang 83: 381-399. doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9249-0
    [40] Morton JF (2007) The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 19680-19685. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701855104
    [41] Armbrecht I, Gallego-Ropero MC (2007) Testing ant predation on the coffee berry borer in shaded and sun coffee plantations in Colombia. Entomol Exp Appl 124: 261-267. doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00574.x
    [42] Lin BB (2011) Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for environmental change. BioScience 61: 183-193. doi: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4
    [43] Grubben G, Klaver W, Nono-Womdim R, et al. (2014) Vegetables to combat the hidden hunger in Africa. Chronica Hort 54: 24-32.
    [44] Luoh JW, Begg CB, Symonds RC, et al. (2014) Nutritional yield of African indigenous vegetables in water-deficient and water-sufficient conditions. Food Nutri Sci 5: 812-822.
    [45] Lunduka RW, Mateva KL, Magoroshoko C, et al. (2019) Impact of adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties on total maize production in south Eastern Zimbabwe. Clim Dev 11: 35-46. doi: 10.1080/17565529.2017.1372269
    [46] Akinnagbe OM, Irohibe IJ (2014) Agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change impacts in Africa: A review. Bangladesh J Agric Res 39: 407-418.
    [47] Waha K, Müller C, Bondeau A, et al. (2013) Adaptation to climate change through the choice of cropping system and sowing date in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Environ Chang 23: 130-143. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.001
    [48] Atedhor GO (2015) Strategies for agricultural adaptation to climate change in Kogi state, Nigeria. Ghana J Geogr 7: 20-37.
    [49] Westengen OT, Brysting AK (2014) Crop adaptation to climate change in the semi-arid zone in Tanzania: The role of genetic resources and seed systems. Agri Food Secur 3: 1-12. doi: 10.1186/2048-7010-3-1
    [50] Sanz MJ, de Vente J, Chotte JL, et al. (2017) Sustainable land management contribution to successful land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation: A report of the science-policy interface. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
    [51] FAO (2017) Voluntary guidelines for sustainable soil management. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
    [52] Stavi I (2013) Biochar use in forestry and tree-based agro-ecosystems for increasing climate change mitigation and adaptation. Int J Sust DevWorld Ecol 20: 166-181. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2013.773466
    [53] Lal R (2015) Sequestering carbon and increasing productivity by conservation agriculture. J Soil Water Conserv 70: 55-62. doi: 10.2489/jswc.70.3.55A
    [54] Stavi I, Bel G, Zaady E (2016) Soil functions and ecosystem services in conventional, conservation, and integrated agricultural systems. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 36: 1-12. doi: 10.1007/s13593-015-0343-9
    [55] Agbonlahor MU, Aromolaran AB, Aiboni VI (2003) Sustainable soil management practices in small farms of southern Nigeria: A poultry-food crop integrated farming approach. J Sustain Agric 22: 51-62. doi: 10.1300/J064v22n04_05
    [56] Thierfelder C, Matemba-Mutasa R, Rusinamhodzi L (2015) Yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) to conservation agriculture cropping system in Southern Africa. Soil Till Res 146: 230-242.
    [57] Oyekale AS, Oladele OI (2012) Determinants of climate change adaptation among cocoa farmers in Southwest Nigeria. ARPN J Sci Technol 2: 154-168.
    [58] Merrey DJ, Sally H (2008) Micro-AWM Technologies for food security in Southern Africa: Part of the solution or a red herring? Water Policy 10: 515-530. doi: 10.2166/wp.2008.025
    [59] CGIAR (2016) Agricultural practices and technologies to enhance food security, resilience and productivity in a sustainable manner: Messages to SBSTA 44 agriculture workshops, CCAFS Working Paper no. 146, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016.
    [60] Abraham TW, Fonta WM (2018) Climate change and financing adaptation by farmers in northern Nigeria. Financ Innov 4: 11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0094-0. doi: 10.1186/s40854-018-0094-0
    [61] BNRCC (2011) Reports of pilot projects in community-based adaptation to climate change in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Building Nigeria's Response to Climate Change (BNRCC) Project.
    [62] Asfaw A, Simane B, Hassen A, et al. (2017) Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: Evidence from rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in Northcentral Ethiopia (Woleka sub-basin). Dev Stud Res 4: 22-36. doi: 10.1080/21665095.2017.1413411
    [63] Nzegbule EC, Nwajiuba C, Ujor G, et al. (2019) Sustainability and the effectiveness of BNRCC community-based adaptation (CBA) to address climate change impact in Nigeria. In: Leal FW Eds., Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, Cham: Springer, 1-22.
    [64] Akrofi-Atitianti F, Ifejika-Speranza C, Bockel L, et al. (2018) Assessing climate smart agriculture and its determinants of practice in Ghana: A case of the cocoa production system. Land 7: 30. doi: 10.3390/land7010030
    [65] Adepoju AO, Osunbor PP (2018) Small scale poultry farmers' choice of adaption strategies to climate change in Ogun State, Nigeria. Rural Sustain Res 40: 32-40.
    [66] Salem BH, López-Francos A (2012) Feeding and management strategies to improve livestock productivity, welfare and product quality under climate change. 14th International Seminar of the Sub-Network on Nutrition of the FAO-CIHEAM Inter-Regional Cooperative Research and Development Network on Sheep and Goats. Hammamet, Tunisia.
    [67] IAEA (2010) Improving livestock production using indigenous resources and conserving the environment. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency.
    [68] Lamy E, van Harten S, Sales-Baptista E, et al. (2012) Factors influencing livestock productivity. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SM, Ezeji T, et al. Eds., Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 19-51.
    [69] Gebremedhin B, Hoekstra D, Jemaneh S (2007) Heading towards commercialization? The case of live animal marketing in Ethiopia. Nairobi, Kenya: Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian Farmers. Working Paper 5. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute).
    [70] Batima P (2006) Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector of Mongolia. Washington, DC: Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), Project No. AS 06.
    [71] Okonkwo WI, Akubuo CO (2001) Thermal analysis and evaluation of heat requirement of a passive solar energy poultry chick brooder. Nig J Renew Energ 9: 83-87.
    [72] Nyoni NM, Grab S, Archer ER (2019) Heat stress and chickens: Climate risk effects on rural poultry farming in low-income countries. Clim Dev 11: 83-90. doi: 10.1080/17565529.2018.1442792
    [73] Elijah OA, Adedapo A (2006) The effect of climate on poultry productivity in Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. Int J Poult Sci 5: 1061-1068. doi: 10.3923/ijps.2006.1061.1068
    [74] Ampaire A, Rothschild MF (2010) Effects of training and facilitation of farmers in Uganda on livestock development. Livest Res Rural Dev 22: 1-7.
    [75] Shelton C (2014) Climate change adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture: Compilation of initial examples. FAO Fisheries and Agriculture Circular No. 1088. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
    [76] Ficke AD, Myrick CA, Hansen LJ (2007) Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 17: 581-613. doi: 10.1007/s11160-007-9059-5
    [77] Nwabeze GO, Erie AP, Erie GO (2012) Fishers' adaptation to climate change in the Jebba Lake Basin, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 16: 68-78.
    [78] Adebayo OO (2012) Climate change perception and adaptation strategies on catfish farming in Oyo State, Nigeria. Glob J Sci Frontier Res Agric Vet Sci 12: 1-7.
    [79] Huq S, Reid H (2007) Community-based adaptation: A vital approach to the threat climate change poses to the poor. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
    [80] Achoja FO, Oguh VO (2018) Income effect of climate change adaptation technologies among crop farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Int J Agric Rural Dev 21: 3611-3616.
    [81] Agomuo CI, Asiabaka CC, Nnadi FN, et al. (2015) Rural women farmers' use of adaptation strategies to climate change in Imo State. Nigeria Int J Agric Rural Dev 18: 2305-2310.
    [82] Ajayi JO (2015) Adaptation strategies to climate change by farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Appl Trop Agric 20: 01-07.
    [83] Ajieh PC, Okoh RN (2012) Constraints to the implementation of climate change adaptation measures by farmers in delta state, Nigeria. Glob J Sci Frontier Res Agric Vet Sci 12: 1-7.
    [84] Akinbile LA, Oluwafunmilayo AO, Kolade RI (2018) Perceived effect of climate change on forest dependent livelihoods in Oyo State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 22: 169-179.
    [85] Akinwalere BO (2017) Determinants of adoption of agroforestry practices among farmers in Southwest Nigeria. Appl Trop Agric 22: 67-72.
    [86] Anyoha NO, Nnadi FN, Chikaire J, et al. (2013) Socio-economic factors influencing climate change adaptation among crop farmers in Umuahia South Area of Abia State, Nigeria. Net J Agric Sci 1: 42-47.
    [87] Apata TG (2011) Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria: Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria. Environ Econ 2: 74-83.
    [88] Arimi K (2014) Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies used by rice farmers in Southwestern, Nigeria. J Agr Rural Dev Trop 115: 91-99.
    [89] Asadu AN, Ozioko RI, Dimelu MU (2018) Climate change information source and indigenous adaptation strategies of cucumber farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 22: 136-146.
    [90] Ayanlade A, Radeny M, Morton JF (2017) Comparing smallholder farmers' perception of climate change with meteorological data: A case study from southwestern Nigeria. Weather Clim Extremes 15: 24-33. doi: 10.1016/j.wace.2016.12.001
    [91] Ayoade AR (2012) Determinants of climate change on cassava production in Oyo State, Nigeria. Glob J Sci Frontier Res Agric Vet Sci 12: 1-7.
    [92] Chukwuone N (2015) Analysis of impact of climate change on growth and yield of yam and cassava and adaptation strategies by farmers in Southern Nigeria. African Growth and Development Policy Modelling Consortium Working Paper 0012. Dakar-Almadies, Senegal: African Growth and Development Policy Modelling Consortium.
    [93] Chukwuone NA, Chukwuone C, Amaechina EC (2018) Sustainable land management practices used by farm households for climate change adaptation in South East Nigeria. J Agric Ext 22: 185-194.
    [94] Emodi AI, Bonjoru FH (2013) Effects of climate change on rice farming in Ardo Kola Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. Agric J 8: 17-21.
    [95] Enete AA, Madu II, Mojekwu JC, et al. (2011) Indigenous agricultural adaptation to climate change: Study of Imo and Enugu States in Southeast Nigeria. African Technology Policy Studies Network Working Paper No. 53. Nairobi: African Technology Policy Studies Network.
    [96] Enete AA, Otitoju MA, Ihemezie EJ (2015) The choice of climate change adaptation strategies among food crop farmers in Southwest Nigeria. Nig J Agric Econ 5: 72-80.
    [97] Eregha PB, Babatolu JS, Akinnubi RT (2014) Climate change and crop production in Nigeria: An error correction modelling approach. Int J Energ Econ Policy 4: 297-311.
    [98] Esan VI, Lawi MB, Okedigba I (2018) Analysis of cashew farmers adaptation to climate change in South-Western Nigeria. Asian J Agric Ext Econ Sociol 23: 1-12.
    [99] Ezeh AN, Eze AV (2016) Farm-level adaptation measures to climate change and constraints among arable crop farmers in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Agric Res J 53: 492-500. doi: 10.5958/2395-146X.2016.00098.3
    [100] Ezike KN (2019) Implications for mitigation and adaptation measures: Rice farmers' response and constraints to climate change in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. In: Leal FW Eds., Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, Cham: Springer, 1787-1799.
    [101] Falola A, Achem BA (2017) Perceptions on climate change and adaptation strategies among sweet potato farming households in Kwara State, Northcentral Nigeria. Ceylon J Sci 46: 55-63.
    [102] Farauta BK, Egbule CL, Idrisa YL, et al. (2011) Farmers' perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies in Northern Nigeria: An empirical assessment. African Technology Policy Studies Network Research Paper No 15. Nairobi, Kenya: African Technology Policy Studies Network.
    [103] Henri-Ukoha A, Adesope OM (2019) Sustainability of climate change adaptation measures in Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria. In: Leal FW, Eds., Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, Cham: Springer, 675-683.
    [104] Ifeanyi-Obi CC, Asiabaka CC, Matthews-Njoku E, et al. (2012) Effects of climate change on fluted pumpkin production and adaptation measures used among farmers in Rivers State. J Agric Ext 16: 50-58.
    [105] Ifeanyi-Obi CC, Asiabaka CC, Adesope OM (2014) Determinants of climate change adaptation measures used by crop and livestock farmers in Southeast Nigeria. J Human Soc Sci 19: 61-70.
    [106] Igwe AA (2018) Effect of livelihood factors on climate change adaptation of rural farmers in Ebonyi State. J Biol Agric Healthc 8: 10-15.
    [107] Iheke OR, Agodike WC (2016) Analysis of factors influencing the adoption of climate change mitigating measures by smallholder farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Sci Papers Ser Manag Econ Eng Agric Rural Dev 16: 213-220.
    [108] Ihenacho RA, Orusha JO, Onogu B (2019) Rural farmers use of indigenous knowledge systems in agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation in Southeast Nigeria. Ann Ecol Environ Sci 3: 1-11.
    [109] Ikehi ME, Onu FM, Ifeanyieze FO, et al. (2014) Farming families and climate change issues in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Extent of impact and adaptation strategies. Agric Sci 5: 1140-1151.
    [110] Kim I, Elisha I, Lawrence E, et al. (2017) Farmers adaptation strategies to the effect of climate variation on rice production: Insight from Benue State, Nigeria. Environ Ecol Res 5: 289-301.
    [111] Koyenikan MJ. Anozie O (2017) Climate change adaptation needs of male and female oil palm entrepreneurs in Edo State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 21: 162-175.
    [112] Mbah EN, Ezeano CI, Saror SF (2016) Analysis of climate change effects among rice farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Curr Res Agric Sci 3: 7-15.
    [113] Mustapha SB, Undiandeye UC, Gwary MM (2012) The role of extension in agricultural adaptation to climate change in the Sahelian Zone of Nigeria. J Environ Earth Sci 2: 48-58.
    [114] Mustapha SB, Alkali A, Zongoma BA, et al. (2017) Effects of climatic factors on preference for climate change adaptation strategies among food crop farmers in Borno State, Nigeria. Int Acad Inst Sci Technol 4: 23-31.
    [115] Nnadi FN, Chikaire J, Nnadi CD, et al. (2012) Sustainable land management practices for climate change adaptation in Imo State, Nigeria. J Emerg Trends Eng Appl Sci 3: 801-805.
    [116] Nwaiwu IU, Ohajianya DO, Orebiyi JS, et al. (2014) Climate change trend and appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies in Southeast Nigeria. Glob J Biol Agric Health Sci 3: 120-125.
    [117] Nwalieji HU, Onwubuya EA (2012) Adaptation practices to climate change among rice farmers in Anambra State of Nigeria. J Agric Ext 16: 42-49.
    [118] Nwankwo GC, Nwaobiala UC, Ekumankama OO, et al. (2017) Analysis of perceived effect of climate change and adaptation among cocoa farmers in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. ARPN J Sci Technol 7: 1-7.
    [119] Nzeadibe TC, Egbule CL, Chukwuone NA, et al. (2011) Climate change awareness and adaptation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Nairobi, Kenya: African Technology Policy Studies Network Working Paper Series No.57. Nairobi, Kenya: African Technology Policy Studies Network.
    [120] Obayelu OA, Adepoju AO, Idowu T (2014) Factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation to climate change in Ekiti State, Nigeria. J Agric Environ Int Dev 108: 3-16.
    [121] Ofuoku AU (2011) Rural farmers' perception of climate change in central agricultural zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Indones J Agric Sci 12: 63-69. doi: 10.21082/ijas.v12n2.2011.p63-69
    [122] Ogbodo JA, Anarah SE, Abubakar SM (2018) GIS-based assessment of smallholder farmers' perception of climate change impacts and their adaptation strategies for maize production in Anambra State, Nigeria. In: Amanullah, & S. Fahad (Eds.), Corn production and human health in changing climate, 115-138.
    [123] Ogogo AU, Ekong MU, Ifebueme NM (2019) Climate change awareness and adaptation measures among farmers in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States of Nigeria. In: Leal FW (Ed), Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, 1983-2002, Cham: Springer.
    [124] Okpe B, Aye GC (2015) Adaptation to climate change by farmers in Makurdi, Nigeria. J Agric Ecol Res Int 2: 46-57.
    [125] Oluwatusin FM (2014) The perception of and adaptation to climate change among cocoa farm households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Acad J Interdiscipli Stud 3: 147-156.
    [126] Oluwole AJ, Shuaib L, Dasgupta P (2016) Assessment of level of use of climate change adaptation strategies among arable crop farmers in Oyo and Ekiti States, Nigeria. J Earth Sci Clim Chang 7: 369.
    [127] Onyeagocha SU, Nwaiwu IU, Obasi PC, et al. (2018) Encouraging climate smart agriculture as part solution to the negative effects of climate change on agricultural sustainability in Southeast Nigeria. Int J Agric Rural Dev 21: 3600-3610.
    [128] Onyegbula CB, Oladeji JO (2017) Utilization of climate change adaptation strategies among rice farmers in three states of Nigeria. J Agric Ext Rural Dev 9: 223-229. doi: 10.5897/JAERD2017.0895
    [129] Onyekuru NA (2017) Determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change in Nigerian forest communities. Nig Agric Policy Res J 3: 42-59.
    [130] Onyeneke RU (2016) Effects of livelihood strategies on sustainable land management practices among food crop farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Nig J Agric Food Environ 12: 230-235.
    [131] Onyeneke RU (2018) Challenges of adaptation to climate change by farmers Anambra State, Nigeria. Int J BioSciences Agric Technol 9: 1-7.
    [132] Onyeneke RU, Madukwe DK (2010) Adaptation measures by crop farmers in the Southeast Rainforest Zone of Nigeria to climate change. Sci World J 5: 32-34.
    [133] Onyeneke RU, Iruo FA, Ogoko IM (2012) Micro-level analysis of determinants of farmers' adaptation measures to climate change in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Lessons from Bayelsa State. Nig J Agric Econ 3: 9-18.
    [134] Tarfa PY, Ayuba HK, Onyeneke RU, et al. (2019) Climate change perception and adaptation in Nigeria's Guinea Savanna: Empirical evidence from farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Appl Ecol Environ Res 17: 7085-7112.
    [135] Onyeneke R, Mmagu CJ, Aligbe JO (2017) Crop farmers' understanding of climate change and adaptation practices in South-east Nigeria. World Rev Sci Technol Sust Dev 13: 299-318. doi: 10.1504/WRSTSD.2017.089544
    [136] Oriakhi LO, Ekunwe PA, Erie GO, et al. (2017) Socio-economic determinants of farmers' adoption of climate change adaptation strategies in Edo State, Nigeria. Nig J Agric Food Environ 13: 115-121.
    [137] Orowole PF, Okeowo TA, Obilaja OA (2015) Analysis of level of awareness and adaptation strategies to climate change among crop farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Appl Res Technol 4: 8-15.
    [138] Oruonye ED (2014) An Assessment of the level of awareness of climate change and variability among rural farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria. Int J Sustain Agric Res 1: 70-84.
    [139] Oselebe HO, Nnamani CV, Efisue A, et al. (2016) Perceptions of climate change and variability, impacts and adaptation strategies by rice farmers in south east Nigeria. Our Nature 14: 54-63.
    [140] Oti OG, Enete AA, Nweze NJ (2019) Effectiveness of climate change adaptation practices of farmers in Southeast Nigeria: An empirical approach. Int J Agric Rural Dev 22: 4094-4099.
    [141] Owombo PT, Koledoye GF, Ogunjimi SI, et al. (2014) Farmers' adaptation to climate change in Ondo State, Nigeria: A gender analysis. J Geog Reg Plann 7: 30-35. doi: 10.5897/JGRP12.071
    [142] Ozor N, Madukwe MC, Enete AA, et al. (2012) A framework for agricultural adaptation to climate change in Southern Nigeria. Int J Agric 4: 243-251.
    [143] Sangotegbe NS, Odebode SO, Onikoyi MP (2012) Adaptation strategies to climate change by food crop farmers in Oke-Ogun Area of South Western Nigeria. J Agric Ext 16: 119-131.
    [144] Sanni DO (2018) Local knowledge of climate change among arable farmers in selected locations in Southwestern Nigeria. In: Leal FW, Eds., Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, Cham: Springer, 1-18.
    [145] Solomon E, Edet OG (2018) Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies among farm households in Delta State, Nigeria. Curr Invest Agric Curr Res 5: 615-620.
    [146] Tanko L, Muhsinat BS (2014) Arable crop farmers' adaptation to climate change in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. J Agric Crop Res 2: 152-159.
    [147] Usman MN, Ibrahim FD, Tanko L (2016) Perception and adaptation of crop farmers to climate change to in Niger State, Nigeria. Nig J Agric Food Environ 12: 186-193.
    [148] Uzokwe UN, Okonkwo JC (2012) Survival strategies of women farmers against climate change in Delta State and implication for extension services. Banat J Biotechnol 3: 97-103.
    [149] Weli VE, Bajie S (2017) Adaptation of Root crop farming system to climate change in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Am J Clim Chang 6: 40-51. doi: 10.4236/ajcc.2017.61003
    [150] Chah JM, Odo E, Asadu AN, et al. (2013) Poultry farmers' adaptation to climate change in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 17: 100-114
    [151] Chah JM, Attamah CO, Odoh EM (2018) Differences in climate change effects and adaptation strategies between male and female livestock entrepreneurs in Nsukka Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 22: 105-115
    [152] Ibrahim FD, Azemheta T (2016) Climate change effects and perception on smallholder poultry farms in Lokoja Local Government Area of Kogi State: Implications for Policy Intervention. Nig J Agric Food Environ 12: 164-173.
    [153] Tologbonse EB, Iyiola-Tunji AO, Issa FO, et al. (2011) Assessment of climate change adaptive strategies in small ruminant production in rural Nigeria. J Agric Ext 15: 40-57.
    [154] Ume SI, Ezeano CI, Anozie R (2018) Climate change and adaptation coping strategies among sheep and goat farmers in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Sustain Agri Food Environ Res 6: 50-68.
    [155] Adeleke ML, Omoboyeje VO (2016) Effects of climate change on aquaculture production and management in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. Nig J of Fish Aquacult 4: 50-58.
    [156] Aphunu A, Nwabeze GO (2012) Fish farmers' perception of climate change impact on fish production in Delta State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 16: 1-13.
    [157] Owolabi ES, Olokor J (2016) Climate change and fish farmers adaptation: A case study of New Bussa fishing population. J Natur Sci Res 6: 123-141.
    [158] Amusa TA, Okoye CU, Enete AA (2015) Determinants of climate change adaptation among farm households in Southwest Nigeria: A heckman's double stage selection approach. Rev Agric Appl Econ 18: 3-11.
    [159] NEST, Woodley E (2012) Learning from experience: Community-based adaptation to climate change in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Building Nigeria's response to climate change.
    [160] BNRCC, FederalMinistry of Environment (2011) National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (NASPA-CCN). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Environment (Climate Change Department).
    [161] Oladipo E (2010) Towards enhancing the adaptive capacity of Nigeria: A Review of the Country's state of preparedness for climate change adaptation. Abuja, Nigeria: Report Submitted to Heinrich Böll Foundation Nigeria.
    [162] Tijjani AR, Chikaire JU (2016) Fish farmers perception of the effects of climate change on water resource use in Rivers State, Nigeria. J Sci Eng Res 3: 347-353.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Alina Weise, Roland Büchter, Dawid Pieper, Tim Mathes, Assessing context suitability (generalizability, external validity, applicability or transferability) of findings in evidence syntheses in healthcare—An integrative review of methodological guidance, 2020, 11, 1759-2879, 760, 10.1002/jrsm.1453
    2. Niki M. Medendorp, Pomme E.A. van Maarschalkerweerd, Laxsini Murugesu, Joost G. Daams, Ellen M.A. Smets, Marij A. Hillen, The impact of communicating uncertain test results in cancer genetic counseling: A systematic mixed studies review, 2020, 103, 07383991, 1692, 10.1016/j.pec.2020.03.015
    3. Md Mahbub Hossain, Umbrella Review as an Emerging Approach of Evidence Synthesis in Health Sciences: A Bibliometric Analysis, 2020, 1556-5068, 10.2139/ssrn.3551055
    4. Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Yun Ting Ong, Kuang Teck Tay, Jia Min Hee, Min Chiam, Elisha Wan Ying Chia, Krish Sheri, Xiu Hui Tan, Yao Hao Teo, Cheryl Shumin Kow, Stephen Mason, Ying Pin Toh, Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework, 2020, 7, 2382-1205, 238212052095764, 10.1177/2382120520957649
    5. Kam-Fung Cheung, Michael G.H. Bell, Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya, Cybersecurity in logistics and supply chain management: An overview and future research directions, 2021, 146, 13665545, 102217, 10.1016/j.tre.2020.102217
    6. Lisa Xin Ling Ngiam, Yun Ting Ong, Jun Xuan Ng, Joshua Tze Yin Kuek, Jeng Long Chia, Natalie Pei Xin Chan, Chong Yao Ho, Ahmad Bin Hanifah Marican Abdurrahman, Nur Haidah Ahmad Kamal, Clarissa Wei Shuen Cheong, Cheng Han Ng, Xiu Hui Tan, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Stephen Mason, Muhammad Raihan Jumat, Min Chiam, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Impact of Caring for Terminally Ill Children on Physicians: A Systematic Scoping Review, 2021, 38, 1049-9091, 396, 10.1177/1049909120950301
    7. Amitabh Anand, Louise Brøns Kringelum, Charlotte Øland Madsen, Louisa Selivanovskikh, Interorganizational learning: a bibliometric review and research agenda, 2020, ahead-of-print, 0969-6474, 10.1108/TLO-02-2020-0023
    8. Kaitlyn Tate, Sarah Hewko, Patrick McLane, Pamela Baxter, Karyn Perry, Susan Armijo-Olivo, Carole Estabrooks, Deb Gordon, Greta Cummings, Learning to lead: a review and synthesis of literature examining health care managers' use of knowledge, 2019, 24, 1355-8196, 57, 10.1177/1355819618786764
    9. Sheryl Reimer-Kirkham, Barbara Astle, Ikponwosa Ero, Kristi Panchuk, Duncan Dixon, Albinism, spiritual and cultural practices, and implications for health, healthcare, and human rights: a scoping review, 2019, 34, 0968-7599, 747, 10.1080/09687599.2019.1566051
    10. Joke Depraetere, Christophe Vandeviver, Tom Vander Beken, Ines Keygnaert, Big Boys Don’t Cry: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Male Sexual Victimization, 2020, 21, 1524-8380, 991, 10.1177/1524838018816979
    11. Joshua Tze Yin Kuek, Lisa Xin Ling Ngiam, Nur Haidah Ahmad Kamal, Jeng Long Chia, Natalie Pei Xin Chan, Ahmad Bin Hanifah Marican Abdurrahman, Chong Yao Ho, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Jun Leng Goh, Michelle Shi Qing Khoo, Yun Ting Ong, Min Chiam, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, The impact of caring for dying patients in intensive care units on a physician’s personhood: a systematic scoping review, 2020, 15, 1747-5341, 10.1186/s13010-020-00096-1
    12. Katrin Gerber, Emma Maharaj, Bianca Brijnath, Josefine Antoniades, End-of-life care for older first-generation migrants: a scoping review, 2020, 2045-435X, bmjspcare-2020-002617, 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002617
    13. Ronald B. Brown, Breakthrough Knowledge Synthesis in the Age of Google, 2020, 5, 2409-9287, 4, 10.3390/philosophies5010004
    14. Kwabena Obeng Asiama, Winrich Voss, Rohan Bennett, Innocent Rubanje, Land consolidation activities in Sub-Saharan Africa towards the agenda 2030: A tale of three countries, 2021, 101, 02648377, 105140, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105140
    15. Chong Yao Ho, Cheryl Shumin Kow, Chin Howe Joshua Chia, Jia Ying Low, Yong Hao Melvin Lai, Sarah-Kei Lauw, Ashley Ern Hui How, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Xin Ling Lisa Ngiam, Natalie Pei Xin Chan, Tze Yin Joshua Kuek, Nur Haidah Ahmad Kamal, Jeng Long Chia, Ahmad Bin Hanifah Marican Abdurrahman, Min Chiam, Yun Ting Ong, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Ying Pin Toh, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, The impact of death and dying on the personhood of medical students: a systematic scoping review, 2020, 20, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-020-02411-y
    16. Chaka Chaka, Translanguaging, Decoloniality, and the Global South: An Integrative Review Study, 2020, 25, 1812-5441, 6, 10.1080/18125441.2020.1802617
    17. Joke Depraetere, Christophe Vandeviver, Ines Keygnaert, Tom Vander Beken, The critical interpretive synthesis: an assessment of reporting practices, 2020, 1364-5579, 1, 10.1080/13645579.2020.1799637
    18. Elisha Wan Ying Chia, Huixin Huang, Sherill Goh, Marlyn Tracy Peries, Charlotte Cheuk Yiu Lee, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Michelle Shi Qing Khoo, Kuang Teck Tay, Yun Ting Ong, Wei Qiang Lim, Xiu Hui Tan, Yao Hao Teo, Cheryl Shumin Kow, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Min Chiam, Jamie Xuelian Zhou, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review of teaching and evaluating communications in the intensive care unit, 2021, 6, 24249270, 3, 10.29060/TAPS.2021-6-1/RA2351
    19. Cheryl Shumin Kow, Yao Hao Teo, Yao Neng Teo, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Elaine Li Ying Quah, Nur Haidah Binte Ahmad Kamal, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Clarissa Wei Shuen Cheong, Yun Ting Ong, Kuang Teck Tay, Min Chiam, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in medical schools, 2020, 20, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-020-02169-3
    20. Amitabh Anand, Piera Centobelli, Roberto Cerchione, Why should I share knowledge with others? A review-based framework on events leading to knowledge hiding, 2020, 33, 0953-4814, 379, 10.1108/JOCM-06-2019-0174
    21. Onouma Thummapol, Tanya Park, Sylvia Barton, Exploring health services accessibility by indigenous women in Asia and identifying actions to improve it: a scoping review, 2020, 25, 1355-7858, 940, 10.1080/13557858.2018.1470607
    22. H. Fernández-Sánchez, K. King, C.B. Enríquez-Hernández, Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias como metodología para la síntesis del conocimiento científico, 2020, 17, 2395-8421, 10.22201/eneo.23958421e.2020.1.697
    23. Alexander Gish, Niki Kiepek, Brenda Beagan, Methamphetamine use among gay men: An interpretive review of a non-sanctioned occupation, 2020, 27, 1442-7591, 26, 10.1080/14427591.2019.1643398
    24. Welma Lubbe, Wilma ten Ham-Baloyi, Karlien Smit, The integrative literature review as a research method: A demonstration review of research on neurodevelopmental supportive care in preterm infants, 2020, 26, 13551841, 308, 10.1016/j.jnn.2020.04.006
    25. Daniel Zhihao Hong, Annabelle Jia Sing Lim, Rei Tan, Yun Ting Ong, Anushka Pisupati, Eleanor Jia Xin Chong, Chrystie Wan Ning Quek, Jia Yin Lim, Jacquelin Jia Qi Ting, Min Chiam, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Limin Wijaya, Sandy Cook, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A Systematic Scoping Review on Portfolios of Medical Educators, 2021, 8, 2382-1205, 238212052110003, 10.1177/23821205211000356
    26. Xiu Hui Tan, Malia Alexandra Foo, Shaun Li He Lim, Marie Bernadette Xin Yi Lim, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Jamie Zhou, Min Chiam, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Teaching and assessing communication skills in the postgraduate medical setting: a systematic scoping review, 2021, 21, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-021-02892-5
    27. Edison D. Macusi, Darshel Ester P. Estor, Elaine Q. Borazon, Misael B. Clapano, Mudjekeewis D. Santos, Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Shrimp Farming in the Philippines: A Critical Analysis Using PRISMA, 2022, 14, 2071-1050, 2977, 10.3390/su14052977
    28. Lynn Varagona, Nancy M. Ballard, Margot (Lisa) Hedenstrom, Virtue ethics in health care teams; its time has come: Review of the nursing virtue ethics literature, 2022, 30, 0966-0429, 2394, 10.1111/jonm.13757
    29. Nail Sariyev, An assessment of selected tax burdens and reliefs of hidden champions: Theoretical comparison between Slovakia and Ireland, 2022, 11, 23066784, 346, 10.22495/jgrv11i2siart14
    30. Sem Vanbelleghem, Melissa De Regge, Yves Van Nieuwenhove, Paul Gemmel, Barriers and Enablers of Second-Order Problem-Solving Behavior: How Nurses Can Break Away From the Workaround Culture, 2022, 31, 1063-8628, 130, 10.1097/QMH.0000000000000385
    31. Jia Yin Lim, Simon Yew Kuang Ong, Chester Yan Hao Ng, Karis Li En Chan, Song Yi Elizabeth Anne Wu, Wei Zheng So, Glenn Jin Chong Tey, Yun Xiu Lam, Nicholas Lu Xin Gao, Yun Xue Lim, Ryan Yong Kiat Tay, Ian Tze Yong Leong, Nur Diana Abdul Rahman, Min Chiam, Crystal Lim, Gillian Li Gek Phua, Vengadasalam Murugam, Eng Koon Ong, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review of reflective writing in medical education, 2023, 23, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-022-03924-4
    32. Zhi H. Ong, Lorraine H. E. Tan, Haziratul Z. B. Ghazali, Yun T. Ong, Jeffrey W. H. Koh, Rachel Z. E. Ang, Chermaine Bok, Min Chiam, Alexia S. I. Lee, Annelissa M. C. Chin, Jamie X. Zhou, Gene W. H. Chan, Gayathri D. Nadarajan, Lalit K. R. Krishna, A Systematic Scoping Review on Pedagogical Strategies of Interprofessional Communication for Physicians in Emergency Medicine, 2021, 8, 2382-1205, 238212052110417, 10.1177/23821205211041794
    33. Amanda Heffernan, Katrina MacDonald, Fiona Longmuir, The emotional intensity of educational leadership: a scoping review, 2022, 1360-3124, 1, 10.1080/13603124.2022.2042856
    34. Carolyn L. Elias, Kevin M. Gorey, Online Social Networking among Clinically Depressed Young People: Scoping Review of Potentially Supportive or Harmful Behaviors, 2022, 40, 1522-8835, 79, 10.1080/15228835.2021.2010163
    35. Ramana Piussi, Tora Berghdal, David Sundemo, Alberto Grassi, Stefano Zaffagnini, Mikael Sansone, Kristian Samuelsson, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety After ACL Injury: A Systematic Review, 2022, 10, 2325-9671, 232596712110664, 10.1177/23259671211066493
    36. Saeedeh Rezaee Vessal, Amitabh Anand, 2022, 978-1-80262-358-1, 61, 10.1108/S2754-586520220000001004
    37. Chong Yao Ho, Nicole-Ann Lim, Yun Ting Ong, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Min Chiam, Gillian Phua Li Gek, Shiva Sarraf-Yazdi, Stephen Mason, Lalit Krishna, The impact of death and dying on the personhood of senior nurses at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS): a qualitative study, 2022, 21, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-022-00974-9
    38. Gabriël Rafaël Cantaert, Peter Pype, Martin Valcke, Emelien Lauwerier, Interprofessional Identity in Health and Social Care: Analysis and Synthesis of the Assumptions and Conceptions in the Literature, 2022, 19, 1660-4601, 14799, 10.3390/ijerph192214799
    39. Onouma Thummapol, Werayuth Srithumsuk, Tanya Park, A scoping review of experiences and needs of older LGBTI adults in Asia, 2022, 34, 1053-8720, 403, 10.1080/10538720.2021.2006848
    40. Adina Cismaru-Inescu, Stéphane Adam, Anne Nobels, Philippe Kempeneers, Marie Beaulieu, Christophe Vandeviver, Ines Keygnaert, Laurent Nisen, The Elephant in the Room – A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Older Adults’ Sexuality, 2022, 34, 1931-7611, 90, 10.1080/19317611.2021.1958040
    41. Charlotte Riordon, Sionnach Hendra, Christine Johnson, The politics of public health: A rapid review of the impact of public health reform on population health outcomes, 2021, 3, 2291-5796, 98, 10.25071/2291-5796.66
    42. Qi Wang, Ying Zhu, Shitong Xie, Mohammad Golam Kibria, Qiangqiang Guo, Ahmed Atef Belal, Yanfei Li, Jingyi Zhang, Yaolong Chen, Holger J. Schünemann, Michael G. Wilson, Kehu Yang, John N. Lavis, Facilitators, barriers and strategies for health-system guidance implementation: a critical interpretive synthesis protocol, 2022, 20, 1478-4505, 10.1186/s12961-022-00908-0
    43. Sadie Deschenes, Kaitlyn Tate, Shannon D. Scott, Diane Kunyk, Recommendations for navigating the experiences of moral distress: A scoping review, 2021, 122, 00207489, 104035, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104035
    44. Atousa Ghahramani, Maximilian de Courten, Maria Prokofieva, “The potential of social media in health promotion beyond creating awareness: an integrative review”, 2022, 22, 1471-2458, 10.1186/s12889-022-14885-0
    45. Amitabh Anand, Ritu Tripathi, Anjana Karumathil, Tanvika Kalra, Applying systematic bibliometric methods to track a journal’s impact and review its knowledge contribution, 2022, 71, 2514-9342, 928, 10.1108/GKMC-04-2021-0064
    46. Eleanor Jia Xin Chong, Ming Jia Wang, Jia Yin Lim, Grace Shen Shen, Misha Jing Yi Chow, Kai Kee Koh, Annabelle Jia Sing Lim, Daniel Zhihao Hong, Jacquelin Jia Qi Ting, Anushka Pisupati, Betrand Kai Yang Lam, Yun Ting Ong, Min Chiam, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Si Ying Tan, Surgical portfolios: A systematic scoping review, 2022, 10, 26662620, 100107, 10.1016/j.sipas.2022.100107
    47. Rei Tan, Jacquelin Jia Qi Ting, Daniel Zhihao Hong, Annabelle Jia Sing Lim, Yun Ting Ong, Anushka Pisupati, Eleanor Jia Xin Chong, Min Chiam, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Laura Hui Shuen Tan, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Limin Wijaya, Warren Fong, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Medical Student Portfolios: A Systematic Scoping Review, 2022, 9, 2382-1205, 238212052210760, 10.1177/23821205221076022
    48. Shirin Ziaei, Anne Hammarström, What social determinants outside paid work are related to development of mental health during life? An integrative review of results from the Northern Swedish Cohort, 2021, 21, 1471-2458, 10.1186/s12889-021-12143-3
    49. Katherine Sievert, Victoria Chen, Rebecca Voisin, Hope Johnson, Christine Parker, Mark Lawrence, Phillip Baker, Meat production and consumption for a healthy and sustainable Australian food system: Policy options and political dimensions, 2022, 33, 23525509, 674, 10.1016/j.spc.2022.08.007
    50. Bijaya Pokharel, Jane Yelland, Leesa Hooker, Angela Taft, A Systematic Review of Culturally Competent Family Violence Responses to Women in Primary Care, 2023, 24, 1524-8380, 928, 10.1177/15248380211046968
    51. Nail Sariyev, Janka Táborecká-Petrovičová, Performance measurement in a “hidden champion” company: An empirical study, 2022, 12, 20774303, 21, 10.22495/rgcv12i1p2
    52. Rui Song Ryan Ong, Ruth Si Man Wong, Ryan Choon Hoe Chee, Chrystie Wan Ning Quek, Neha Burla, Caitlin Yuen Ling Loh, Yu An Wong, Amanda Kay-Lyn Chok, Andrea York Tiang Teo, Aiswarya Panda, Sarah Wye Kit Chan, Grace Shen Shen, Ning Teoh, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review moral distress amongst medical students, 2022, 22, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-022-03515-3
    53. Mafole Sematlane, 2022, chapter 9, 9781668450345, 143, 10.4018/978-1-6684-5034-5.ch009
    54. Birgit Muskat, Amitabh Anand, Christine Contessotto, Adrian Heng Tsai Tan, Guihyun Park, Team familiarity—Boon for routines, bane for innovation? A review and future research agenda, 2022, 32, 10534822, 100892, 10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100892
    55. Areni Altun, Helen Brown, Liz Sturgiss, Grant Russell, Evaluating chronic pain interventions in recent refugees and immigrant populations: A systematic review, 2022, 105, 07383991, 1152, 10.1016/j.pec.2021.08.021
    56. Smruti Bulsari, Kiran Pandya, 2023, chapter 9, 9781668467459, 140, 10.4018/978-1-6684-6745-9.ch009
    57. Farid Karimi, Stakeholders’ Risk Perceptions of Decarbonised Energy System: Insights into Patterns of Behaviour, 2021, 14, 1996-1073, 7205, 10.3390/en14217205
    58. Kelly Jia Hui Teo, Mac Yu Kai Teo, Anushka Pisupati, Rui Song Ryan Ong, Chloe Keyi Goh, Claire Hui Xian Seah, You Ru Toh, Neha Burla, Natalie Song Yi Koh, Kuang Teck Tay, Yun Ting Ong, Min Chiam, Warren Fong, Limin Wijaya, Suzanne Pei Lin Goh, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Assessing professional identity formation (PIF) amongst medical students in Oncology and Palliative Medicine postings: a SEBA guided scoping review, 2022, 21, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-022-01090-4
    59. Emily C. Koller, Christine Berg, Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Practice Model, 2021, 37, 0164-212X, 403, 10.1080/0164212X.2021.1957064
    60. Paul Agu Igwe, Nnamdi O. Madichie, David Gamariel Rugara, Decolonising research approaches towards non-extractive research, 2022, 25, 1352-2752, 453, 10.1108/QMR-11-2021-0135
    61. Sherill Goh, Ruth Si Man Wong, Elaine Li Ying Quah, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Wei Qiang Lim, Aubrey Ding Rui Ng, Xiu Hui Tan, Cheryl Shumin Kow, Yao Hao Teo, Elijah Gin Lim, Anushka Pisupati, Eleanor Jia Xin Chong, Nur Haidah Ahmad Kamal, Lorraine Hui En Tan, Kuang Teck Tay, Yun Ting Ong, Min Chiam, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Mentoring in palliative medicine in the time of covid-19: a systematic scoping review, 2022, 22, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-022-03409-4
    62. Chrystie Wan Ning Quek, Ryan Rui Song Ong, Ruth Si Man Wong, Sarah Wye Kit Chan, Amanda Kay-Lyn Chok, Grace Shen Shen, Andrea York Tiang Teo, Aiswarya Panda, Neha Burla, Yu An Wong, Ryan Choon Hoe Chee, Caitlin Yuen Ling Loh, Kun Woo Lee, Gabrielle Hui Ning Tan, Ryan Emmanuel Jian Leong, Natalie Song Yi Koh, Yun Ting Ong, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Min Chiam, Crystal Lim, Xuelian Jamie Zhou, Simon Yew Kuang Ong, Eng Koon Ong, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Systematic scoping review on moral distress among physicians, 2022, 12, 2044-6055, e064029, 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064029
    63. Abdul‐Ganiyu Fuseini, Lenore Ley, Helen Rawson, Bernice Redley, Debra Kerr, A systematic review of patient‐reported dignity and dignified care during acute hospital admission, 2022, 78, 0309-2402, 3540, 10.1111/jan.15370
    64. Huixin Huang, Rachelle Qi En Toh, Christine Li Ling Chiang, Ashiley Annushri Thenpandiyan, Prachi Simran Vig, Randal Wei Liang Lee, Min Chiam, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Vijayendra Ranjan Baral, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Impact of Dying Neonates on Doctors' and Nurses' Personhood: A Systematic Scoping Review, 2022, 63, 08853924, e59, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.002
    65. Federico Cavallaro, Silvio Nocera, Integration of passenger and freight transport: A concept-centric literature review, 2022, 43, 22105395, 100718, 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100718
    66. Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Elaine Li Ying Quah, Yun Xue Lim, Chloe Keyi Goh, Jieyu Lim, Darius Wei Jun Wan, Simone Meiqi Ong, Chi Sum Chong, Kennan Zhi Guang Yeo, Laura Shih Hui Goh, Ray Meng See, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Yun Ting Ong, Min Chiam, Eng Koon Ong, Jamie Xuelian Zhou, Crystal Lim, Simon Yew Kuang Ong, Lalit Krishna, A systematic scoping review on patients’ perceptions of dignity, 2022, 21, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-022-01004-4
    67. Bingjie Liu-Lastres, Beyond simple messaging: a review of crisis communication research in hospitality and tourism, 2022, 34, 0959-6119, 1959, 10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1404
    68. Vaishnavi Venktaramana, Eleanor Kei Ying Loh, Clarissa Jing Wen Wong, Jun Wei Yeo, Andrea York Tiang Teo, Celest Sin Yu Chiam, Dillon Jie Ming Foo, Faith Teo, Jonathan Liang, Vijayprasanth Raveendran, Luke Cheng Lin Chng, Shiwei Xiao, Kevin Chong, Seng Leong Quek, Christine Li Ling Chiang, Rachelle Qi En Toh, Caleb Wei Hao Ng, Elijah Gin Lim, Shariel Leong, Kuang Teck Tay, Amos Chan, Elisha Wan Ying Chia, Laura Hui Shuen Tan, Yun Ting Ong, Krish Sheri, Jun Xuan Ng, Annelissa Mien Chew Chin, Jamie Xuelian Zhou, Min Chiam, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Stephen Mason, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review of communication skills training in medical schools between 2000 and 2020, 2022, 44, 0142-159X, 997, 10.1080/0142159X.2022.2054693
    69. Aamod D Shrestha, Johanne G Andersen, Dinesh Neupane, Sarita Ghimire, Christine Campbell, Per Kallestrup, Protocol for systematic literature review on implementation of cervical cancer screening and associated factors in Nepal from 2000 to 2018, 2020, 4, 2399-1623, 10.29392/001c.12505
    70. Carlee Wilson, Allyson Jones, Kara Schick-Makaroff, Esther S. Kim, Understanding the impact of group therapy on health-related quality of life of people with Aphasia: a scoping review, 2021, 2050-571X, 1, 10.1080/2050571X.2021.1917216
    71. Prachi Simran Vig, Jia Yin Lim, Randal Wei Liang Lee, Huixin Huang, Xiu Hui Tan, Wei Qiang Lim, Marie Bernadette Xin Yi Lim, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Min Chiam, Crystal Lim, Vijayendra Ranjan Baral, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Parental bereavement – impact of death of neonates and children under 12 years on personhood of parents: a systematic scoping review, 2021, 20, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-021-00831-1
    72. Elaine Li Ying Quah, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Jun Kiat Lua, Darius Wei Jun Wan, Chi Sum Chong, Yun Xue Lim, Lalit Krishna, A Systematic Review of Stakeholder Perspectives of Dignity and Assisted Dying, 2023, 65, 08853924, e123, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.10.004
    73. Onouma Thummapol, Sadaf Murad, Oluwakemi Amodu, Megan Kennedy, Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Music Intervention Embedded With Binaural Beats on Health and Well-Being of Older People: A Scoping Review, 2024, 0733-4648, 10.1177/07334648241275965
    74. Yao Hao Teo, Tan Ying Peh, Ahmad Bin Hanifah Marican Abdurrahman, Alexia Sze Inn Lee, Min Chiam, Warren Fong, Limin Wijaya, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A modified Delphi approach to nurturing professionalism in postgraduate medical education in Singapore, 2024, 65, 0037-5675, 313, 10.11622/smedj.2021224
    75. Natalie E. Pope, Emily A. Greenfield, Laura Keyes, Elizabeth Russell, A Review of Public Sector Engagement in Age-Friendly Community Initiatives, 2024, 0895-9420, 1, 10.1080/08959420.2024.2376934
    76. Sunny C Okoroafor, Christmal Dela Christmals, Optimizing the roles of health workers to improve access to health services in Africa: an implementation framework for task shifting and sharing for policy and practice, 2023, 23, 1472-6963, 10.1186/s12913-023-09848-z
    77. Gábor Rónaföldi-Széll, Succession and gender dynamics in family firms – A systematic literature review and future research agenda, 2024, 55, 01330179, 59, 10.14267/VEZTUD.2024.07-08.06
    78. Nami Kawakyu, Megan Coe, Bradley H. Wagenaar, Kenneth Sherr, Sarah Gimbel, Edward Nicol, Refining the Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) framework for data use at the local level: An integrative review, 2023, 18, 1932-6203, e0287635, 10.1371/journal.pone.0287635
    79. Michal Kaššaj, Tomáš Peráček, Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure, 2024, 14, 2076-3417, 3575, 10.3390/app14093575
    80. Johan Högberg, Ramana Piussi, Johan Lövgren, Mathias Wernbom, Rebecca Simonsson, Kristian Samuelsson, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Restoring Knee Flexor Strength Symmetry Requires 2 Years After ACL Reconstruction, But Does It Matter for Second ACL Injuries? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, 2024, 10, 2198-9761, 10.1186/s40798-023-00666-5
    81. Cara Evans, Julia Abelson, Nick Kates, Alice Cavanagh, John N. Lavis, Tommaso Martino, A Multilevel Framework for Complex Care: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis, 2023, 2023, 1365-2524, 1, 10.1155/2023/4487200
    82. Jasmine Svantesson, Ramana Piussi, Elin Weissglas, Eleonor Svantesson, Alexandra Horvath, Erik Börjesson, Andy Williams, Robert Prill, Kristian Samuelsson, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Shedding light on the non-operative treatment of the forgotten side of the knee: rehabilitation of medial collateral ligament injuries—a systematic review, 2024, 10, 2055-7647, e001750, 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001750
    83. Zoe Guerrero, Dagmar Civišová, Petr Winkler, Mental health and access to care among the Roma population in Europe: A scoping review, 2024, 61, 1363-4615, 118, 10.1177/13634615231200853
    84. Palaniappan Ganesh Nagappan, Samuel Brown, Alex McManus, Sarah Sayers, Shazia Absar, Sapphire Rou Xi Tan, Isla Kuhn, Edward Lau, Charlotte Tulinius, Changes in medical student attendance and its impact on student educational outcomes: a systematic review protocol, 2024, 14, 2044-6055, e078252, 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078252
    85. Begetayinoral Kussia Lahole, Tesfahun Simon, Wondimu Ewunetu, Wondafrash Kussia, Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on intention to screen for cervical cancer and predictors among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia, 2024, 2, 2753-4294, e000585, 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000585
    86. Katja Rogers, Teresa Hirzle, Sukran Karaosmanoglu, Paula Toledo Palomino, Ekaterina Durmanova, Seiji Isotani, Lennart E. Nacke, An Umbrella Review of Reporting Quality in CHI Systematic Reviews: Guiding Questions and Best Practices for HCI, 2024, 31, 1073-0516, 1, 10.1145/3685266
    87. Gillian Li Gek Phua, Jasmine Lerk Juan Owyong, Ian Tze Yong Leong, Suzanne Goh, Nagavalli Somasundaram, Eileen Yi Ling Poon, Anupama Roy Chowdhury, Simon Yew Kuang Ong, Crystal Lim, Vengadasalam Murugam, Eng Koon Ong, Stephen Mason, Ruaridh Hill, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review of group reflection in medical education, 2024, 24, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-024-05203-w
    88. Yvonne Fitzmaurice, Suzanne Beeke, Jytte Isaksen, Una Cunningham, Caroline Jagoe, Éidín Ní Shé, Ruth McMenamin, Communication partner training for student health and social care professionals engaging with people with stroke acquired communication difficulties: A protocol for a realist review., 2024, 6, 2515-4826, 60, 10.12688/hrbopenres.13783.2
    89. Anne Hammarström, Hugo Westerlund, Urban Janlert, Pekka Virtanen, Shirin Ziaei, Per-Olof Östergren, How do labour market conditions explain the development of mental health over the life-course? A conceptual integration of the ecological model with life-course epidemiology in an integrative review of results from the Northern Swedish Cohort, 2024, 24, 1471-2458, 10.1186/s12889-024-18461-6
    90. Jodie Gill, Alexis Jones, Klara Price, Egan Goodison, Philip Tyson, A mixed‐method systematic review of the perspectives of young people, carers and professionals on psychiatric diagnosis in childhood and adolescence, 2024, 37, 1073-6077, 10.1111/jcap.12459
    91. Amalia Kouskoura, Eleni Kalliontzi, Dimitrios Skalkos, Ioannis Bakouros, Assessing the Key Factors Measuring Regional Competitiveness, 2024, 16, 2071-1050, 2574, 10.3390/su16062574
    92. Anu-Riina Svenlin, Tiina Lehto-Lundén, Respite care from the child’s perspective – The Support Family Intervention in Finland, 2023, 47, 0308-5759, 138, 10.1177/03085759231176566
    93. Ramana Piussi, Rebecca Simonson, Bálint Zsidai, Alberto Grassi, Jon Karlsson, Francesco Della Villa, Kristian Samuelsson, Eric Hamrin Senorski, Better Safe Than Sorry? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis on Time to Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction as a Risk Factor for Second ACL Injury, 2024, 54, 0190-6011, 161, 10.2519/jospt.2023.11977
    94. Yun Xue Lim, Elaine Li Ying Quah, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Casper Keegan Lin Ronggui, Ranitha Govindasamy, Simone Meiqi Ong, Eng Koon Ong, Gillian Li Gek Phua, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A Systematic Scoping Review on Dignity Assessment Tools, 2024, 67, 08853924, e263, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.12.008
    95. Elaine Li Ying Quah, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Casper Keegan Ronggui Lin, Andrew Vimal Vijayan, Nur Amira Binte Abdul Hamid, Jasmine Lerk Juan Owyong, Neeta Satku, Natalie Woong, Crystal Lim, Gillian Li Gek Phua, Eng Koon Ong, Warren Fong, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, The role of patients’ stories in medicine: a systematic scoping review, 2023, 22, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-023-01319-w
    96. Tim Stroh, Anne-Laure Mention, Cameron Duff, The impact of evolved psychological mechanisms on innovation and adoption: A systematic literature review, 2023, 125, 01664972, 102759, 10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102759
    97. Neha Burla, Rui Song Ryan Ong, Ryan Choon Hoe Chee, Ruth Si Man Wong, Shao Yun Neo, Nur Amira Binte Abdul Hamid, Crystal Lim, Eng Koon Ong, Nagavalli Somasundaram, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, A systematic scoping review on group non-written reflections in medical education, 2024, 24, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-024-06117-3
    98. Rita Elaine Silver, Vinay Kumar, Deborah Chua Fengyi, Michael Tan Lip Thye, Johannis Auri Bin Abdul Aziz, For What and for Whom? Expanding the Role of Research Syntheses for Diverse Stakeholders, 2024, 53, 0013-189X, 464, 10.3102/0013189X241285414
    99. Yvonne Fitzmaurice, Suzanne Beeke, Jytte Isaksen, Una Cunningham, Caroline Jagoe, Éidín Ní Shé, Ruth McMenamin, Communication partner training for student health and social care professionals engaging with people with stroke acquired communication difficulties: A realist review., 2023, 6, 2515-4826, 60, 10.12688/hrbopenres.13783.1
    100. Danielle Allard, Tami Oliphant, With a Little Help from Our Friends: Applying a Critical Friends Orientation to Critical Literature Reviews, 2024, 61, 2373-9231, 13, 10.1002/pra2.1004
    101. Sunday Adeola Ajagbe, Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Ademola Temidayo Opadotun, Matthew O. Adigun, 2023, Chapter 4, 978-981-99-5084-3, 39, 10.1007/978-981-99-5085-0_4
    102. Darius Wei Jun Wan, Laura Shih Hui Goh, Mac Yu Kai Teo, Celestine Jia Ling Loh, Gerald Hng Kai Yak, Joanna Jing Hui Lee, Nila Ravindran, Nur Diana Abdul Rahman, Min Chiam, Eng Koon Ong, Nagavalli Somasundaram, Ying Yin Lim, Gillian Li Gek Phua, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Enhancing self-care education amongst medical students: a systematic scoping review, 2024, 24, 1472-6920, 10.1186/s12909-023-04965-z
    103. Tea Rosic, Elizabeth Lovell, Harriet MacMillan, Zainab Samaan, Rebecca L Morgan, Components of Outpatient Child and Youth Concurrent Disorders Programs: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis: Composantes des programmes de troubles concomitants des enfants et des jeunes ambulatoires : une synthèse interprétative critique, 2024, 69, 0706-7437, 381, 10.1177/07067437231212037
    104. Katherine P. Kelly, Kathleen A. Knafl, Susan Keller, Pamela S. Hinds, Thematic expansion: A new strategy for theory development, 2021, 43, 0193-9459, 962, 10.1177/0193945920984795
    105. Rahma K. Dewi, Sri Sumarni, Parenting style and family empowerment for children's growth and development: a systematic review, 2023, 14, 2038-9930, 8, 10.4081/jphia.2023.2582
    106. Milou S. H. van Dieën, Wolter Paans, Massimo A. Mariani, Willem Dieperink, Fredrike Blokzijl, Roles and competencies of nurses and physicians in shared decision‐making in cardiac surgery: A scoping review, 2024, 80, 0309-2402, 60, 10.1111/jan.15811
    107. Katarzyna Turoń, Factors Affecting Car-Sharing Services, 2023, 6, 2624-6511, 1185, 10.3390/smartcities6020057
    108. Tiago Bigolin, Edson Talamini, Impacts of Climate Change Scenarios on the Corn and Soybean Double-Cropping System in Brazil, 2024, 12, 2225-1154, 42, 10.3390/cli12030042
    109. Vitaliano Fiorillo, Biagio Maria Amico, Milk Quality and Economic Sustainability in Dairy Farming: A Systematic Review of Performance Indicators, 2024, 5, 2624-862X, 384, 10.3390/dairy5030031
    110. Astrid Bertrand, Tiphaine Viard, Rafik Belloum, James R. Eagan, Winston Maxwell, 2023, On Selective, Mutable and Dialogic XAI: a Review of What Users Say about Different Types of Interactive Explanations, 9781450394215, 1, 10.1145/3544548.3581314
    111. Jelena Komanchuk, Judy L. Cameron, Stefan Kurbatfinski, Linda Duffett-Leger, Nicole Letourneau, A realist review of digitally delivered child development assessment and screening tools: Psychometrics and considerations for future use, 2023, 183, 03783782, 105818, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105818
    112. Jonathan Zhen Liang, Donovan Kai Wei Ng, Vijayprasanth Raveendran, Mac Yu Kai Teo, Elaine Li Ying Quah, Keith Zi Yuan Chua, Jun Kiat Lua, Jasmine Lerk Juan Owyong, Andrew Vimal Vijayan, Nur Amira Binte Abdul Hamid, Ting Ting Yeoh, Eng Koon Ong, Gillian Li Gek Phua, Stephen Mason, Warren Fong, Crystal Lim, Natalie Woong, Simon Yew Kuang Ong, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Marsa Gholamzadeh, The impact of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic on the professional identity formation of medical students: A systematic scoping review, 2024, 19, 1932-6203, e0296367, 10.1371/journal.pone.0296367
    113. Rosa Angélica Priego Morales, Management leadership in the New Mexican School and teacher revaluation from the recognition of human talent: a scoping review, 2024, 29546168, 10.58763/rc2024197
    114. Nofie Iman, Service modularity in the digital era: integrating environmental sustainability and post-pandemic insights, 2024, 1756-669X, 10.1108/IJQSS-05-2023-0061
    115. Camila F. Pfeiffer, Wendy L. Magee, Rebecca Fülöp, Travis C. Nace, Candela Castro, Agustina Iturri, Jimena Franceschi, Gabriela Echauri, Liliana Gassull, María Julieta Russo, Exploring Music-Based Interventions for Executive Functioning and Emotional Well-Being in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review, 2024, 5, 2673-4087, 565, 10.3390/neurosci5040041
    116. Verónica Estruch-García, María Dolores Gil-Llario, Estefanía Ruiz-Palomino, Olga Fernández-García, Vicente Morell-Mengual, Zélia Ferreira Caçador Anastácio, Systematic Integrative Review: Sex Education for People with Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2025, 43, 0146-1044, 10.1007/s11195-024-09877-4
    117. Kari Dee Vallury, Amanda Asher, Olivia Sarri, Nicola Sheeran, Jami Leichliter, Characteristics and determinants of quality non-directive pregnancy options counselling: a scoping review, 2025, 22, 1448-5028, 10.1071/SH24170
    118. Kirsten M. Greer, Kyla M. Cary, Morgan E. PettyJohn, Gianna Casaburo, Carin Graves, Kristen N. Jozkowski, A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Women’s Experiences of Internalized Sociocultural Sexual Pressure, 2025, 0022-4499, 1, 10.1080/00224499.2025.2451144
    119. Wei Chen Chang, Wan Zi Lin, Wen-Zhi Chen, Wen-Ko Chiou, Oliver Shinbou Lin, Design-driven innovation in the public sector: insights from case studies of initiatives in Taiwan, 2025, 1751-6234, 1, 10.1080/17516234.2025.2457166
    120. Hiroyuki Suzuki, Yusuke Tsuboko, Manabu Tamura, Ken Masamune, Kiotaka Iwasaki, Synthesis of the clinical utilities and issues of intraoperative imaging devices in clinical reports: a systematic review and thematic synthesis, 2025, 25, 1472-6947, 10.1186/s12911-025-02915-x
    121. Charles Birungi, Michael A. Obst, Using economics to advance health equity: What we know, don't know and need to know (but may never know) from Markus Haacker, 2025, 2, 2994-4694, 10.1080/29944694.2025.2456791
    122. Abdullah Almunifi, Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Metabolic Bariatric Surgery (MBS) and Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS): A Literature Review, 2025, Volume 17, 1178-7082, 161, 10.2147/OAS.S482690
    123. Yoeurng Sak, Paradise Ros, Reviewing Needs and Techniques of Mentors for Mentoring New Teachers , 2025, 14, 2327-2619, 52, 10.11648/j.edu.20251402.13
    124. Luke Tan, Sonia Sheri, Yun Yao Goh, Raeanne Fong, Ranitha Govindasamy, Yun Ting Ong, Nur Amira Binte Abdul Hamid, Tessa Li Xiang Low, Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna, Experiences of healthcare professionals providing palliative care in home settings - a scoping review, 2025, 24, 1472-684X, 10.1186/s12904-025-01728-z
    125. Kathleen Parry, Christopher Picard, Rashmi Devkota, Kaitlyn Tate, Emergency Department Navigator Interventions and Outcome Measures: A Scoping Review, 2025, 20, 1748-3735, 10.1111/opn.70026
    126. Ольга Подпалова, Євдокія Решетнік, Олександр Ковальчук, Ірина Прибитько, Руслан Мневець, ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОСТІ МЕДИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ ЧЕРЕЗ СТУДЕНТСЬКІ НАУКОВІ ОБ’ЄДНАННЯ, 2025, 2710-3056, 479, 10.36074/grail-of-science.10.01.2025.071
    127. Douglas S. Lownsbery, A Synthesis Review of Four Literature Reviews of Disaster Risk Reduction Education for Children, 2025, 22124209, 105555, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105555
    128. Chiara Bernuzzi, Giulia Paganin, Sara Petrilli, Simona Margheritti, Old trends in new clothing? Exploring the quiet quitting phenomenon through a scoping review, 2025, 1046-1310, 10.1007/s12144-025-07920-x
    129. Giti Bahrami, Nooshin Ghavidel, Zohreh Mahmoodi, Ronan McDermott, Hamed Seddighi, The health effects of climate change: identifying strategies, policies, and knowledge gaps: an umbrella review, 2025, 0960-3123, 1, 10.1080/09603123.2025.2498624
    130. Ukachukwu O Abaraogu, Philippa Dall, Chris Seenan, Sarah Rhodes, Trish Gorely, Joanna McParland, Julie Brittenden, Ebuka M Anieto, Lorna Booth, Cathy Gormal, Jeremy Dearling, Candida Fenton, Sarah Audsley, Kimberley Fairer, Lindsay Bearne, Dawn A Skelton, Behaviour change interventions to promote physical activity in people with intermittent claudication: the OPTIMA systematic review, 2025, 2046-4924, 1, 10.3310/ZBNG5240
    131. David Steingard, Kathleen Rodenburg, Assessing the Societal Impact of Academic Research With Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Scoping Review of Business School Scholarship as a ‘Force for Good’, 2025, 38, 0953-1513, 10.1002/leap.2010
    132. Quan Nha Hong, Ginny Brunton, Helping Trainees Understand the Strategies to Minimize Errors and Biases in Systematic Review Approaches, 2025, 41, 0167-8329, 161, 10.1177/01678329251323445
    133. Charan Bijlani, Denise Ndlovu, Dianna Smith, Claire Thompson, Leandro Garcia, Cornelia Junghans, Eszter P. Vamos, Paraskevi Seferidi, Understanding food insecurity in England: a systems-based approach, 2025, 2574-1292, 1, 10.1080/25741292.2025.2523114
    134. Julie B. Grant, Jacqueline Jones, Carey Candrian, Kathleen S. Oman, Sean M. Reed, The Role of Nursing Communication: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis, 2025, 2666142X, 100373, 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100373
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2019 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(14819) PDF downloads(1516) Cited by(24)

Figures and Tables

Figures(9)  /  Tables(8)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog