The fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation generalizes the classical KdV equation by incorporating truncation effects within bounded domains, offering a flexible framework for modeling complex phenomena. This paper develops a high-order, fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method with generalized alternating numerical fluxes to solve the fractional KdV equation, enhancing applicability beyond the limitations of purely alternating fluxes. An efficient finite difference scheme approximates the fractional derivatives, followed by the LDG method for solving the equation. The scheme is proven unconditionally stable and convergent. Numerical experiments confirm the method's accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, highlighting its potential for broader applications in fractional differential equations.
Citation: Yanhua Gu. High-order numerical method for the fractional Korteweg-de Vries equation using the discontinuous Galerkin method[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(1): 1367-1383. doi: 10.3934/math.2025063
[1] | Youchan Kim, Seungjin Ryu, Pilsoo Shin . Approximation of elliptic and parabolic equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(4): 1-43. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023079 |
[2] | Peter Bella, Mathias Schäffner . Local boundedness for p-Laplacian with degenerate coefficients. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(5): 1-20. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023081 |
[3] | Lucio Boccardo . A "nonlinear duality" approach to W1,10 solutions in elliptic systems related to the Keller-Segel model. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(5): 1-11. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023085 |
[4] | Prashanta Garain, Kaj Nyström . On regularity and existence of weak solutions to nonlinear Kolmogorov-Fokker-Planck type equations with rough coefficients. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(2): 1-37. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023043 |
[5] | David Cruz-Uribe, Michael Penrod, Scott Rodney . Poincaré inequalities and Neumann problems for the variable exponent setting. Mathematics in Engineering, 2022, 4(5): 1-22. doi: 10.3934/mine.2022036 |
[6] | Edgard A. Pimentel, Miguel Walker . Potential estimates for fully nonlinear elliptic equations with bounded ingredients. Mathematics in Engineering, 2023, 5(3): 1-16. doi: 10.3934/mine.2023063 |
[7] | François Murat, Alessio Porretta . The ergodic limit for weak solutions of elliptic equations with Neumann boundary condition. Mathematics in Engineering, 2021, 3(4): 1-20. doi: 10.3934/mine.2021031 |
[8] | Huyuan Chen, Laurent Véron . Weak solutions of semilinear elliptic equations with Leray-Hardy potentials and measure data. Mathematics in Engineering, 2019, 1(3): 391-418. doi: 10.3934/mine.2019.3.391 |
[9] | Lucas C. F. Ferreira . On the uniqueness of mild solutions for the parabolic-elliptic Keller-Segel system in the critical Lp-space. Mathematics in Engineering, 2022, 4(6): 1-14. doi: 10.3934/mine.2022048 |
[10] | Boumediene Abdellaoui, Pablo Ochoa, Ireneo Peral . A note on quasilinear equations with fractional diffusion. Mathematics in Engineering, 2021, 3(2): 1-28. doi: 10.3934/mine.2021018 |
The fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation generalizes the classical KdV equation by incorporating truncation effects within bounded domains, offering a flexible framework for modeling complex phenomena. This paper develops a high-order, fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method with generalized alternating numerical fluxes to solve the fractional KdV equation, enhancing applicability beyond the limitations of purely alternating fluxes. An efficient finite difference scheme approximates the fractional derivatives, followed by the LDG method for solving the equation. The scheme is proven unconditionally stable and convergent. Numerical experiments confirm the method's accuracy, efficiency, and robustness, highlighting its potential for broader applications in fractional differential equations.
We consider the general second order elliptic equation in divergence form
n∑i=1∂∂xiai(x,u(x),Du(x))=b(x,u(x),Du(x)),x∈Ω, | (1.1) |
where Ω is an open set of Rn, n≥2, the vector field (ai(x,u,ξ))i=1,…,n and the right hand side b(x,u,ξ) are Carathéodory applications defined in Ω×R×Rn. We study the elliptic equations (1.1) under some general growth conditions on the gradient variable ξ=Du, named p,q− conditions, which we are going to state in the next Section 3.2. Under these assumptions we will obtain the local boundedness of the weak solutions, as stated in Theorem 3.2.
A strong motivation to study the local boundedness of solutions to (1.1) relies on the recent research in [53], where the local Lipschitz continuity of the weak solutions of the Eq (1.1) has been obtained under general growth conditions, precisely some p,q−growth assumptions, with the explicit dependence of the differential equation on u, other than on its gradient Du and on the x variable. In [53] the Sobolev class of functions where to start in order to get more regularity of the weak solutions was pointed out, precisely u∈W1,qloc(Ω)∩L∞loc(Ω). That is, in particular the local boundedness u∈L∞loc(Ω) of weak solutions is a starting assumption for more interior regularity; i.e., for obtaining u∈W1,∞loc(Ω) and more. When we refer to the classical cases this is a well known aspect which appears in the mathematical literature on a-priori regularity: in fact, for instance, under the so-called natural growth conditions, i.e., when q=p, then the a-priori boundedness of u often is a natural assumption to obtain the boundedness of its gradient Du too; see for instance the classical reference book by Ladyzhenskaya-Ural'tseva [45,Chapter 4,Section 3] and the C1,α−regularity result by Tolksdorf [60].
The aim of this paper is to derive the local boundedness of solutions to (1.1); i.e., to deduce the local boundedness of u only from the growth assumptions on the vector field (ai(x,u,ξ))i=1,…,n and the right hand side b(x,u,ξ) in (1.1). The precise conditions and the related results are stated in Section 3.
We start with a relevant aspect to remark in our context, which is different from what happens in minimization problems and it is peculiar for equations: although under p,q−growth conditions (with p<q) the Eq (1.1) is elliptic and coercive in W1,ploc(Ω), it is not possible a-priori to look for weak solutions only in the Sobolev class W1,ploc(Ω), but it is necessary to emphasize that the notion of weak solution is consistent if a-priori we assume u∈W1,qloc(Ω). This is detailed in Section 2.
Going into more detail, in this article we study the local boundedness of weak solutions to the p−elliptic equation (1.1) with q−growth, 1<p≤q<p+1, as in (3.2), (3.3) and (3.7)–(3.10). Starting from the integrability condition u∈W1,qloc(Ω) on the weak solution, under the bound on the ratio qp
qp<1+1n−1 |
we obtain u∈L∞loc(Ω). The proof is based on the powerful De Giorgi technique [29], by showing first a Caccioppoli-type inequality and then applying an iteration procedure. The result is obtained via a Sobolev embedding theorem on spheres, a procedure introduced by Bella and Schäffner in [3], that allows a dimensional gain in the gap between p and q. This idea has been later used by the same authors in [4], by Schäffner [58] and, particularly close to the topic of our paper, by Hirsch and Schäffner [43] and De Rosa and Grimaldi [30], where the local boundedness of scalar minimizers of a class of convex energy integrals with p,q−growth was obtained with the bound qp<1+qn−1.
Some references about the local boundedness of solutions to elliptic equations and systems, with general and p,q−growth conditions, start by Kolodīĭ [44] in 1970 in the specific case of some anisotropic elliptic equations. The local boundedness of solution to classes of anisotropic elliptic equations or systems have been investigated by the authors [18,19,20,21,22,23,24] and by Di Benedetto, Gianazza and Vespri [31]. Other results on the boundedness of solutions of PDEs or of minimizers of integral functionals can be found in Boccardo, Marcellini and Sbordone [7], Fusco and Sbordone [37,38], Stroffolini [59], Cianchi [14], Pucci and Servadei [57], Cupini, Leonetti and Mascolo [17], Carozza, Gao, Giova and Leonetti [12], Granucci and Randolfi [42], Biagi, Cupini and Mascolo [5].
Interior L∞−gradient bound, i.e., the local Lipschitz continuity, of weak solutions to nonlinear elliptic equations and systems under non standard growth conditions have been obtained since 1989 in [46,47,48,49,50]. See also the following recent references for other Lipschitz regularity results: Colombo and Mingione [16], Baroni, Colombo and Mingione [1], Eleuteri, Marcellini and Mascolo [34,35], Di Marco and Marcellini [32], Beck and Mingione [2], Bousquet and Brasco [9], De Filippis and Mingione [26,27], Caselli, Eleuteri and Passarelli di Napoli [13], Gentile [39], the authors and Passarelli di Napoli [25], Eleuteri, Marcellini, Mascolo and Perrotta [36]; see also [53]. For other related results see also Byun and Oh [10] and Mingione and Palatucci [55]. The local boundedness of the solution u can be used to achieve further regularity properties, as the Hölder continuity of u or of its gradient Du; we limit here to cite Bildhauer and Fuchs [6], Düzgun, Marcellini and Vespri [33], Di Benedetto, Gianazza and Vespri [31], Byun and Oh [11] as examples of this approach. For recent boundary regularity results in the context considered in this manuscript we mention Cianchi and Maz'ya [15], Bögelein, Duzaar, Marcellini and Scheven [8], De Filippis and Piccinini [28]. A well known reference about the regularity theory is the article [54] by Giuseppe Mingione. We also refer to [51,52,53] and to De Filippis and Mingione [27], Mingione and Rădulescu [56], who have outlined the recent trends and advances in the regularity theory for variational problems with non-standard growths and non-uniform ellipticity.
In order to investigate the consistency of the notion of weak solution, we anticipate the ellipticity and growth conditions of Section 3, in particular the growth in (3.3), (3.4),
{|ai(x,u,ξ)|≤Λ{|ξ|q−1+|u|γ1+b1(x)},∀i=1,…,n,|b(x,u,ξ)|≤Λ{|ξ|r+|u|γ2+b2(x)}. | (2.1) |
As well known the integral form of the equation, for a smooth test function φ with compact support in Ω, is
∫Ωn∑i=1ai(x,u,Du)φxidx+∫Ωb(x,u,Du)φdx=0. |
Let us discuss the summability conditions for the pairings above to be well defined. Since each ai in the gradient variable ξ grows at most as |ξ|q−1, more generally we can consider test functions φ∈W1,q0(Ω). In fact, starting with the first addendum and applying the Young inequality with conjugate exponents qq−1 and q, we obtain the L1 local summability
|ai(x,u,Du)φxi|≤Λ{|Du|q−1+|u|γ1+b1(x)}|φxi|≤Λq−1q{|Du|q−1+|u|γ1+b1(x)}qq−1+Λq|φxi|q∈L1loc(Ω) |
if u∈W1,qloc(Ω) and if qq−1γ1≤q∗, where q∗ is the Sobolev conjugate exponent of q, and b1∈Lqq−1loc(Ω). On γ1 equivalently we require (if q<n) γ1≤q∗q−1q=nqn−qq−1q=n(q−1)n−q, which essentially corresponds to our assumption (3.8) below (the difference being the strict sign "<" for compactness reasons). We also observe that the summability condition b1∈Lqq−1loc(Ω) is satisfied if b1∈Ls1loc(Ω), with s1>nq−1, as in (3.10).
Similar computations apply to |b(x,u,ξ)φ|, again if q<n and with conjugate exponents q∗q∗−1 and q∗,
|b(x,u,Du)φ|≤Λ{|Du|r+|u|γ2+b2(x)}|φ|≤Λq∗−1q∗{|Du|r+|u|γ2+b2(x)}q∗q∗−1+Λq∗|φ|q∗∈L1loc(Ω) |
and we obtain b2∈Lq∗q∗−1loc(Ω) (compare with (3.10), where b2∈Ls2loc(Ω) with s2>np, since q∗q∗−1≤p∗p∗−1≤p∗p∗−p=np) and the conditions for r and γ2 expressed by rq∗q∗−1≤q and γ2q∗q∗−1≤q∗; i.e., for the first one,
r≤qq∗−1q∗=qnqn−q−1nqn−q=q+qn−1, |
which correspond to the more strict assumption (3.9), with r<p+pn−1, with the sign "<" and where q is replaced by p. Finally for γ2 we obtain γ2≤q∗−1, which again corresponds to our assumption (3.8) with the strict sign.
Therefore our assumptions for Theorem 3.2 are more strict than that ones considered in this section and they are consistent with a correct definition of weak solution to the elliptic equation (1.1).
Let ai:Ω×R×Rn→R, i=1,...,n, and b:Ω×R×Rn→R be Carathéodory functions, Ω be an open set in Rn, n≥2. Consider the nonlinear partial differential equation
n∑i=1∂∂xiai(x,u,Du)=b(x,u,Du). | (3.1) |
For the sake of simplicity we use the following notation: a(x,u,ξ)=(ai(x,u,ξ))i=1,...,n, for all i=1,…,n.
We assume the following properties:
● p−ellipticity condition at infinity:
there exist an exponent p>1 and a positive constant λ such that
⟨a(x,u,ξ),ξ⟩≥λ|ξ|p, | (3.2) |
for a.e. x∈Ω, for every u∈R and for all ξ∈Rn such that |ξ|≥1.
● q−growth condition:
there exist exponents q≥p, γ1≥0, s1>1, a positive constant Λ and a positive function b1∈Ls1loc(Ω) such that, for a.e. x∈Ω, for every u∈R and for all ξ∈Rn,
|a(x,u,ξ)|≤Λ{|ξ|q−1+|u|γ1+b1(x)}; | (3.3) |
● growth conditions for the right hand side b(x,u,ξ):
there exist further exponents r≥0, γ2≥0, s2>1 and a positive function b2∈Ls2loc(Ω) such that
|b(x,u,ξ)|≤Λ{|ξ|r+|u|γ2+b2(x)}, | (3.4) |
for a.e. x∈Ω, for every u∈R and for all ξ∈Rn.
Without loss of generality we can assume Λ≥1 and b1,b2≥1 a.e. in Ω. We recall the definition of weak solution to (3.1).
Definition 3.1. A function u∈W1,qloc(Ω) is a weak solution to (3.1) if
∫Ω{n∑i=1ai(x,u,Du)φxi+b(x,u,Du)φ}dx=0 | (3.5) |
for all φ∈W1,q(Ω), suppφ⋐Ω.
Our aim is to study the local boundedness of weak solutions to (3.1). Since this regularity property is trivially satisfied for functions in W1,qloc(Ω) with q>n, from now on we only consider the case q≤n; more precisely
1<p<n,p≤q≤n, | (3.6) |
since if q>n then weak solutions are Hölder continuous as an application of the Sobolev-Morrey embedding theorem, see Remark 3.3.
Other assumptions on the exponents are
{q<1+pqp<1+1n−1 | (3.7) |
0≤γ1<n(q−1)n−p,0≤γ2<n(p−1)+pn−p, | (3.8) |
0≤r<p+pn−1, | (3.9) |
s1>nq−1,s2>np. | (3.10) |
Under the conditions described above the following local boundedness result holds.
Theorem 3.2 (Boundedness result). Let u∈W1,qloc(Ω), 1<q≤n, be a weak solution to the elliptic equation (3.1). If (3.2)–(3.4) and (3.6)–(3.10) hold true, then u is locally bounded. Precisely, for every open set Ω′⋐Ω there exist constants R0,c>0 depending on the data n,p,q,r,γ1,γ2,s1,s2 and on the norm ‖u‖W1,q(Ω′) such that ‖u‖L∞(BR/2(x0))≤c for every R≤R0, with BR0(x0)⊆Ω′.
Remark 3.3. We already observed that if q>n then the weak solutions to (3.1) are locally Hölder continuous. Let us now discuss why in (3.6) we do not consider the case p=q=n. If p=q (≤n), the same computations in the proof of Theorem 3.2 work with the set of assumptions (3.8)–(3.10). They can be written, coherently with the previous ones, as
0≤γ1<p∗p−1p,0≤γ2<p∗−1 | (3.11) |
0≤r<p−pp∗, | (3.12) |
s1>p∗p(p∗−p)(p−1),s2>p∗p∗−p. | (3.13) |
Here p∗ denotes the Sobolev exponent appearing in the Sobolev embedding theorem for functions in W1,p(Ω) with Ω bounded open set in Rn; i.e.,
p∗:={npn−p if p<nany real number >n, if p=n. | (3.14) |
Following the computations in [40,Theorem 2.1] and [41,Chapter 6] it can be proved that the weak solutions to (3.1) are quasi-minima of the functional
F(u):=∫Ω(|Du|p+|u|τ+bpp−11+bp∗p∗−12)dx, | (3.15) |
with τ:=max{γ1pp−1,γ2p∗p∗−1}. It is known that if
τ<p∗andbpp−11+bp∗p∗−12∈L1+δ with δ>0 | (3.16) |
then the gradient of quasi-minima of the functional (3.15) satisfies a higher integrability property; i.e., they belong to W1,p+ϵ, for some ϵ>0.
Under our assumptions, (3.16) is satisfied; indeed, taking into account that we are considering p=q, by (3.10)
s1>np−1≥pp−1 |
and, by (3.13)
s2>p∗p∗−p≥p∗p∗−1. |
Analogously, by (3.11),
γ1pp−1<p∗,γ2p∗p∗−1<(p∗−1)p∗p∗−1=p∗. |
In particular, if p=q=n the quasi-minima of (3.15) are in W1,n+ϵloc(Ω) for some ϵ>0, therefore the weak solutions to (3.1) are Hölder continuous. We refer to [41] Chapter 6 for more details.
If p≥1 and d∈N, d≥2, we define
(pd)∗:={dpd−p if p<dany real number >d, if p=d. |
The Sobolev exponent appearing in the Sobolev embedding theorem for functions in W1,p(Ω), p≥1, with Ω bounded open set in Rn, is (pn)∗ and will be denoted, as usual, p∗.
Let t∈R, t>0. We define t∗ as follows:
1t∗:=min{1t+1n−1,1}. |
We have, if n≥3,
t∗={t(n−1)t+n−1if t>n−1n−21if 1≤t≤n−1n−2, |
and, if n=2, t∗=1 for every t.
We notice that, if n≥3,
((t∗)n−1)∗={tif t>n−1n−2n−1n−2if 1≤t≤n−1n−2 |
and, if n=2, for every t, ((t∗)n−1)∗ stands for any real number greater than 1.
Remark 4.1. Let us consider the exponents p,q satisfying (3.6) and (3.7) in Section 3. We notice that
1(pp−q+1)∗={1pp−q+1+1n−1if q>1+pn−11if q≤1+pn−1. | (4.1) |
Due to assumption (3.7), if n=2, then (pp−q+1)∗=1.
Moreover, if we denote t:=(pp−q+1)∗ then, if n≥3,
(tn−1)∗={pp−q+1if q>1+pn−1n−1n−2if q≤1+pn−1, | (4.2) |
if instead n=2 than (tn−1)∗ is any real number greater than 1.
Let p,q satisfy (3.6) and (3.7). It is easy to prove that
pp−q+1<q∗. | (4.3) |
In the following it will be useful to introduce the following notation:
ν:=1(pp−q+1)∗−1p, |
or, more explicitly,
ν={p−1pif q≤1+pn−11−qp+1n−1if q>1+pn−1. | (4.4) |
Remark 4.2. Assume 1<p≤q. Then easy computations give
ν>0⇔q<pnn−1,ν=0⇔q=pnn−1. | (4.5) |
To get the sharp bound for q, we use a result proved in [43], see also [3,4,30,58]. Here we denote Sσ(x0) the boundary of the ball Bσ(x0) in Rn.
Lemma 4.3. Let n∈N, n≥2. Consider Bσ(x0) ball in Rn and u∈L1(Bσ(x0)) and s>1. For any 0<ρ<σ<+∞, define
I(ρ,σ,u):=inf{∫Bσ(x0)|u||Dη|sdx:η∈C10(Bσ(x0)), 0≤η≤1, η=1 in Bρ(x0)}. |
Then for every δ∈]0,1],
I(ρ,σ,v)≤(σ−ρ)s−1+1δ(∫σρ(∫Sr(x0)|v|dHn−1)δdr)1δ. |
The following result is the Sobolev inequality on spheres.
Lemma 4.4. Let n∈N, n≥3, and γ∈[1,n−1[. Then there exists c depending on n and γ such that for every u∈W1,p(S1(x0),dHn−1)
(∫S1(x0)|u|(γn−1)∗dHn−1)1(γn−1)∗≤c(∫S1(x0)(|Du|γ+|u|γ)dHn−1)1γ. |
Lemma 4.5. Let n=2. Then there exists c such that for every u∈W1,1(S1(x0),dH1) and every r>1,
(∫S1(x0)|u|rdH1)1r≤c(∫S1(x0)(|Du|+|u|)dH1). |
Proof. By the one-dimensional Sobolev inequality
‖u‖L∞(S1(x0))≤c‖u‖W1,1(S1(x0)). |
Then, for every r>1,
(∫S1(x0)|u|rdHn−1)1r≤c‖u‖L∞(S1(x0))≤c‖u‖W1,1(S1(x0)). |
We conclude this section, by stating a classical result; see, e.g., [41]. that will be useful to prove Theorem 3.2.
Lemma 4.6. Let α>0 and (Jh) a sequence of real positive numbers, such that
Jh+1≤AλhJ1+αh, |
with A>0 and λ>1.
If J0≤A−1αλ−1α2, then Jh≤λ−hαJ0 and limh→∞Jh=0.
Under the assumptions in Section 3 we have the following Caccioppoli-type inequality.
Given a measurable function u:Ω→R, with Ω open set in Rn, and fixed x0∈Rn, k∈R and τ>0, we denote the super-level set of u as follows:
Ak,τ(x0):={x∈Bτ(x0):u(x)>k}; |
usually dropping the dependence on x0. We denote |Ak,τ| its Lebesgue measure.
Proposition 5.1 (Caccioppoli's inequality). Let u∈W1,qloc(Ω) be a weak solution to (3.1). If (3.6)–(3.10) hold true, then there exists a constant c>0, such that for any BR0(x0)⋐Ω, 0<ρ<R≤R0
∫Bρ|D(u−k)+|pdx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|pp−q+1ν+c‖(u−k)+‖pγ1q−1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−pγ1p∗(q−1)+c‖(u−k)+‖pp−rW1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1p∗p−rp+c‖(u−k)+‖γ2+1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2+1p∗+c‖(u−k)+‖γ2W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2p∗+ckγ2‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1p∗+c(kpγ1q−1+kγ2)|Ak,R|+c‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1s2−1p∗+c|Ak,R|1−ps1(q−1) | (5.1) |
with ν as in (4.4) and c is a constant depending on n,p,q,r,R0, the Ls1-norm of b1 and the Ls2-norm of b2 in BR0.
Proof. Without loss of generality we assume that the functions b1,b2 in (3.3) are a.e. greater than or equal to 1 in Ω. We split the proof into steps.
Step 1. Consider BR0(x0)⋐Ω, 0<R02≤ρ<R≤R0≤1.
We set
A(ρ,R):={η∈C∞0(BR(x0)):η=1in Bρ(x0), 0≤η≤1}. | (5.2) |
For every η∈A(ρ,R) and fixed k>1 we define the test function φk as follows
φk(x):=(u(x)−k)+[η(x)]μfor a.e. x∈BR0(x0), |
with
μ:=pp−q+1 | (5.3) |
that is greater than 1 because q>1.
Notice that φk∈W1,q0(BR0(x0)), suppφk⋐BR(x0).
Step 2. Let us consider the super-level sets:
Ak,R:={x∈BR(x0):u(x)>k}. |
In this step we prove that
∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx≤c{∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+(u−k)pp−r+(u−k)γ2+1+(u−k)γ2)dx+c∫Ak,R(kγ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)+kpγ1q−1+kγ2+bpq−11)dx} | (5.4) |
for some constant c independent of u and η.
Using φk as a test function in (3.5) we get
I1:=∫Ak,R⟨a(x,u,Du),Du⟩ημdx=−μ∫Ak,R⟨a(x,u,Du),Dη⟩ημ−1(u−k)dx−∫Ak,Rb(x,u,Du)(u−k)ημdx=:I2+I3. | (5.5) |
Now, we separately consider and estimate Ii, i=1,2,3.
ESTIMATE OF I3
Using (3.4) we obtain
I3≤Λ∫Ak,Rημ{|Du|r(u−k)+|u|γ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)}dx. |
We estimate the right-hand side using the Young inequality, with exponents pr and pp−r, and (3.2). There exists c, depending on λ, Λ, n, p, r, such that
Λ|Du|r(u−k)≤λ4|Du|p+c(u−k)pp−r≤14⟨a(x,u,Du),Du⟩+c(u−k)pp−ra.e. in {|Du|≥1}. | (5.6) |
and, recalling that b2≥1,
Λ|Du|r(u−k)≤Λ(u−k)≤Λb2(u−k)a.e. in {|Du|<1}. |
Therefore,
I3≤14∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}⟨a(x,u,Du),Du⟩ημdx+c∫Ak,Rημ{(u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)}dx. | (5.7) |
Collecting (5.5)–(5.7) we get
34∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}⟨a(x,u,Du),Du⟩ημdx≤I2−∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≤1}⟨a(x,u,Du),Du⟩ημdx+c∫Ak,Rημ{(u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)}dx. |
Using (3.2) and (3.3) we get
3λ4∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx≤I2+2Λ∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≤1}(|u|γ2+b1)ημdx+c∫Ak,Rημ{(u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)}dx. | (5.8) |
ESTIMATE OF I2. For a.e. x∈Ak,R∩{η≠0} we have
μ|⟨a(x,u,Du),Dη⟩|(u−k)ημ−1≤μΛ{|Du|q−1+|u|γ1+b1}|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1. | (5.9) |
For a.e. x∈{|Du|≥1}∩Ak,R∩{η≠0}, by q<p+1 and the Young inequality with exponents pq−1 and pp−q+1, and noting that μ−1=μq−1p, we get
μΛ|Du|q−1|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1≤λ4|Du|pημ+c(λ,Λ)μpp−q+1|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1. | (5.10) |
On the other hand we have
μΛ|Du|q−1|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1≤μΛ|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1 | (5.11) |
a.e. in {|Du|<1}∩Ak,R∩{η≠0}.
Therefore,
I2≤λ4∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx+c(λ,Λ)μpp−q+1∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1dx+c∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1{|u|γ1+b1}(u−k)dx. |
By (5.8) and the inequality above, we get
λ2∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx≤c(λ,Λ,p,q)∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1(|u|γ1+b1)(u−k)dx+c∫Ak,Rημ((u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+|u|γ2+b2(u−k)+b1)dx. |
Taking into account that b1≥1
∫Ak,R|Du|pημdx=∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx+∫Ak,R∩{|Du|<1}|Du|pημdx≤∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx+∫Ak,Rb1ημdx, |
therefore
∫Ak,R(|Du|p−b1)ημdx≤∫Ak,R∩{|Du|≥1}|Du|pημdx |
and we obtain
∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx≤c∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1(|u|γ1+b1)(u−k)dx+c∫Ak,Rημ((u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+|u|γ2+b2(u−k)+b1)dx. | (5.12) |
We have
∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1|u|γ1(u−k)dx≤c(γ1)∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1(u−k)γ1+1dx |
+c(γ1)∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1kγ1(u−k)dx. |
By Hölder inequality with exponents pq−1 and pp−q+1, we get
∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1(u−k)γ1+1dx=∫Ak,R|Dη|(u−k)ημ−1(u−k)γ1dx |
≤c∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+c∫Ak,Rηp(μ−1)q−1(u−k)pγ1q−1dx. |
Analogously,
∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1kγ1(u−k)dx≤c∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx |
+c∫Ak,Rηp(μ−1)q−1kpγ1q−1dx |
and
∫Ak,R|Dη|ημ−1b1(u−k)dx≤c∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx |
+c∫Ak,Rηp(μ−1)q−1bpq−11dx, |
obtaining
∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx≤c{∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+kpγ1q−1+bpq−11)dx+c∫Ak,R((u−k)pp−r+|u|γ2(u−k)+|u|γ2+b2(u−k)+b1)dx.}. |
Therefore,
∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx≤c{∫Ak,R|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1dx+∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+(u−k)pp−r+(u−k)γ2+1+(u−k)γ2)dx+c∫Ak,R(kγ2(u−k)+kγ2+b2(u−k)+b1+kpγ1q−1+bpq−11)dx.}. |
Since b1≥1 and q<p+1, then
b1+bpq−11≤2bpq−11, |
and we get (5.4).
Step 3. In this step we prove that
∫Bρ|D(u−k)+|pdx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(BR(x0))|Ak,R|pp−q+1ν+c∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+(u−k)pp−r+(u−k)γ2+1+(u−k)γ2)dx+c∫Ak,R(kγ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)+kpγ1q−1+kγ2+bpq−11)dx. | (5.13) |
We obtain this estimate starting by (5.4).
Consider τ∈(ρ,R) and define the function
S1(0)∋y↦w(y):=(u−k)+(x0+τy) |
where
S1(0):={y∈Rn:|y|=1}. |
This function w is in W1,(pp−q+1)∗(S1,dHn−1), with
1(pp−q+1)∗=min{1pp−q+1+1n−1,1}. | (5.14) |
Let us consider the case
q>1+pn−1. |
By (4.1) in Remark 4.1, we get
1(pp−q+1)∗=1pp−q+1+1n−1. | (5.15) |
By (4.2) and the Sobolev embedding theorem, see Lemma 4.4, we get
(∫S1|w|pp−q+1dHn−1)p−q+1p≤c(n,p,q)(∫S1(|Dw|(pp−q+1)∗+|w|(pp−q+1)∗)dHn−1)1/(pp−q+1)∗. | (5.16) |
When
q≤1+pn−1, |
we distinguish among two cases: n≥3 and n=2. If n≥3, by using Hölder's inequality, we get
(∫S1|w|pp−q+1dHn−1)p−q+1p≤c(n,p,q)(∫S1|w|n−1n−2dHn−1)n−2n−1, |
by (4.2) and the Sobolev embedding theorem, see Lemma 4.4, we obtain the inequality (5.16).
If n=2, then (pp−q+1)∗=1, then we obtain the inequality (5.16) by applying Lemma 4.5 with r=pp−q+1.
Let A(ρ,R) be as in (5.2). We apply Lemma 4.3, with
BR(x0)∋y↦v(y):=(u−k)pp−q+1+(y), |
that is a function in L1(BR(x0)). Using (5.16) and recalling that R02≤ρ<R≤R0, reasoning as in [30], we get
infA(ρ,R)∫BR(x0)|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1+dx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××(∫Rρ∫Sτ(0)(|D(u−k)+(x0+y)|(pp−q+1)∗+|(u−k)+(x0+y)|(pp−q+1)∗)dHn−1(y)dτ)pp−q+1/(pp−q+1)∗. | (5.17) |
By coarea formula, inequality (5.17) implies
infA(ρ,R)∫BR(x0)|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1+dx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,(pp−q+1)∗(BR(x0)∖Bρ(x0)) |
and, taking into account (3.7), Remark 4.1 and (4.5)
(pp−q+1)∗<p⇔1(pp−q+1)∗>1p⇔ν>0⇔qp<1+1n−1, |
by Hölder's inequality we get
infA(ρ,R)∫BR(x0)|Dη|pp−q+1(u−k)pp−q+1+dx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(BR(x0))|Ak,R|pp−q+1ν | (5.18) |
By (5.4) we get
∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(BR(x0))|Ak,R|pp−q+1ν+c∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+(u−k)pp−r+(u−k)γ2+1+(u−k)γ2)dx+c∫Ak,R(kγ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)+kpγ1q−1+kγ2+bpq−11)dx. |
Since
∫Bρ|D(u−k)+|pdx=∫Ak,ρ|D(u−k)+|pdx=∫Ak,ρ|Du|pdx |
we get (5.13).
Step 4. In this step we estimate the integrals at the right hand side of (5.13).
Consider
J1:=∫Ak,R((u−k)pγ1q−1+(u−k)pp−r+(u−k)γ2+1+(u−k)γ2)dx. |
ESTIMATE OF J1.
By assumptions (3.8) and (3.9),
max{pγ1q−1,γ2+1,pp−r}<p∗. |
Therefore, by using Hölder inequality with exponent p∗(q−1)pγ1 we get
∫Ak,R(u−k)pγ1q−1dx≤(∫Ak,R(u−k)p∗dx)pγ1p∗(q−1)|Ak,R|1−pγ1p∗(q−1); |
Hölder inequality with exponent p∗p−rp implies
∫Ak,R(u−k)pp−rdx≤(∫Ak,R(u−k)p∗dx)1p∗p−rp|Ak,R|1−1p∗p−rp. |
Moreover, by using Hölder inequality with exponent p∗γ2+1 we get
∫Ak,R(u−k)γ2+1dx≤(∫Ak,R(u−k)p∗dx)γ2+1p∗|Ak,R|1−γ2+1p∗; |
by using Hölder inequality with exponent p∗γ2 we get
∫Ak,R(u−k)γ2dx≤(∫Ak,R(u−k)p∗dx)γ2p∗|Ak,R|1−γ2p∗. |
Therefore, by using the Sobolev embedding theorem
J1≤‖(u−k)+‖pγ1q−1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−pγ1p∗(q−1)+‖(u−k)+‖pp−rW1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1p∗p−rp+‖(u−k)+‖γ2+1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2+1p∗+‖(u−k)+‖γ2W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2p∗. |
Let us consider now the following integral in (5.13):
J2:=∫Ak,R(kγ2(u−k)+b2(u−k)+kpγ1q−1+kγ2+bpq−11)dx. |
Trivially,
∫Ak,Rkγ2(u−k)dx≤kγ2‖(u−k)+‖1p∗Lp∗(Ak,R)|Ak,R|1−1p∗≤kγ2‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(Ak,R)|Ak,R|1−1p∗. |
By assumption b2∈Ls2, s2>np=p∗p∗−p. Since p∗p∗−p>p∗p∗−1, then s2s2−1<p∗. Therefore, by Hölder inequality
∫Ak,Rb2(u−k)dx≤‖b2‖Ls2(Ak,R)‖(u−k)+‖Ls2s2−1≤‖b2‖Ls2(BR)‖(u−k)+‖Lp∗(Ak,R)|Ak,R|1−1s2−1p∗, |
which implies
∫Ak,Rb2(u−k)dx≤‖b2‖Ls2(BR)‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1s2−1p∗. |
Now, b1∈Ls1 with s1>pq−1; by using Hölder inequality with exponent s1(q−1)p we get
∫Ak,Rbpq−11dx≤(∫Ak,Rbs11dx)ps1(q−1)|Ak,R|1−ps1(q−1). |
We obtain
J2≤kγ2‖(u−k)+‖W1,p((BR))|Ak,R|1−1p∗+(kpγ1q−1+kγ2)|Ak,R|+‖b2‖Ls2(BR)‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1s2−1p∗+‖b1‖pq−1Ls1(BR)|Ak,R|1−ps1(q−1). |
Step 5. By Steps 3, 4 we get
∫Br|D(u−k)+|pdx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(R−ρ)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−k)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|pp−q+1ν+c‖(u−k)+‖pγ1q−1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−pγ1p∗(q−1)+c‖(u−k)+‖pp−rW1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1p∗p−rp+c‖(u−k)+‖γ2+1W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2+1p∗+c‖(u−k)+‖γ2W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−γ2p∗+ckγ2‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1p∗+c(kpγ1q−1+kγ2)|Ak,R|+c‖b2‖Ls2(BR)‖(u−k)+‖W1,p(BR)|Ak,R|1−1s2−1p∗+c‖b1‖pq−1Ls1(BR)|Ak,R|1−ps1(q−1) |
and the inequality (5.1) follows.
Let u∈W1,qloc(Ω), 1<q≤n, be weak solution to (3.1). Consider Ω′⋐Ω an open set.
I case q>p. Let BR0(x0)⊆Ω′.
For every k≥0
∫BR0(x0)(u−k)p+dx+∫BR0(x0)|D(u−k)+|pdx≤∫BR0(x0)(|u|−k)p+χ{x∈BR0(x0):|u|>k}(x)dx+∫BR0(x0)|Du|pχ{x∈BR0(x0):|u|>k}(x)dx≤∫BR0(x0)(|u|p+|Du|p)χ{x∈BR0(x0):|u|>k}(x)dx≤(∫BR0(x0)(|u|q+|Du|q)dx)p/q|{x∈BR0(x0):|u|>k}|1−p/q≤‖u‖pW1,q(BR0(x0))|BR0(x0)|1−p/q. | (6.1) |
In particular, chosen R0 such that
|BR0(x0)|≤‖u‖−pqq−pW1,q(Ω′) |
we get
‖(u−k)‖W1,p(BR0(x0))<1∀k≥0. | (6.2) |
II case q=p. By a well known result by Giaquinta and Giusti [40], the gradient of the weak solution satisfies a higher integrability property: its gradient is in Lp+ε(BR0(x0)), for some ε>0 sufficiently small. Moreover, u∈Lp∗(BR0(x0)); because p=q, we can repeat the above argument with q replaced by p+ε so obtaining (6.1). R0>0 depends on the norm ‖u‖W1,p+ε(BR0(x0)). Again, by the Giaquinta and Giusti result, the norm ‖u‖W1,p+ε(BR0(x0)) can be estimated in terms of the ‖u‖W1,p(Ω′) for BR0(x0)⊆Ω′⋐Ω.
Finally, we can summarize: in both cases, either if q>p or if q=p, we can choose R0 such that (6.2) holds with R0>0 depending on the norm ‖u‖W1,q(Ω′). We also assume R0<1 such that |BR0|<1, 0<R≤R0.
Define the decreasing sequences
ρh:=R2+R2h+1=R2(1+12h). |
Fixed a positive constant d≥2, to be chosen later, define the increasing sequence of positive real numbers (kh)
kh:=d(1−12h+1),h∈N. |
Define the decreasing sequence (Jh),
Jh:=‖(u−kh)+‖pW1,p(Bρh(x0)). |
Notice that
ρ0=R,limρ→+∞R2(1+12h)=R2, |
k0:=d2,limh→+∞kh=d. |
Moreover, by (6.2),
Jh≤J0=‖(u−d2)+‖pW1,p(BR(x0))<1. |
Let us introduce the following notation:
τ:=max{pp∗p−q+1ν+(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗),p∗}, | (6.3) |
θ:=min{pp∗p−q+1ν,p∗−pγ1q−1,p∗−pp−r,p∗−γ2−1,p∗−p,p∗(1−1s2)−1,p∗(1−ps1(q−1))} | (6.4) |
and
σ:=min{1p−q+1+p∗p−q+1ν,p∗p−p∗s1(q−1),p∗p(1−1s2)}, | (6.5) |
where ν is defined in (4.4).
Proposition 6.1 (Estimate of Jh+1). Let u∈W1,qloc(Ω) be a weak solution to (3.1). Assume (3.2)–(3.4) with the exponents satisfying the inequalities listed in Section 3.1. Then for every h∈N
Jh+1≤c(2τ)hdθJσh, | (6.6) |
where c is a constant depending on n,p,q,r,R0, the Ls1-norm of b1 and the Ls2-norm of b2 in BR0.
We precede the proof with the following remark.
Remark 6.2. We remark that, by assumptions (3.6)–(3.10), then τ,θ>0 and σ>1. As far as these inequalities are concerned, we remark that
p∗>p; |
ν>0(see (4.5)); |
1p−q+1+p∗p−q+1ν>1⇔p∗ν>p−q |
that is satisfied, because p≤q
p∗>pp−r⇔r<p−pp∗⇔r<p+pn−1; |
p∗>pγ1q−1⇔γ1<p∗q−1p⇔γ1<n(q−1)n−p; |
γ2<p∗−1; |
p∗p−p∗s1(q−1)>1⇔ps1(q−1)<1−pp∗⇔s1>nq−1 |
that is the first assumption in (3.10); this assumption also implies
s1>pq−1>0 |
that is equivalent to
1−ps1(q−1)>pp∗>0. |
By the second assumption in (3.10),
s2>np⇔s2>p∗p∗−p⇔p∗p(1−1s2)>1. |
Proof of Proposition 6.1. By (5.1), used with k=kh+1, ρ=ρh+1, R=ρh, we have
∫Bρh+1|D(u−kh+1)+|pdx≤C(n,p,q,R0)(ρh−ρh+1)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)××‖(u−kh+1)+‖pp−q+1W1,p(Bρh)|Akh+1,ρh|pp−q+1ν+c‖(u−kh+1)+‖pγ1q−1W1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−pγ1p∗(q−1)+c‖(u−kh+1)+‖pp−rW1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−1p∗p−rp+c‖(u−kh+1)+‖γ2+1W1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−γ2+1p∗+c‖(u−kh+1)+‖γ2W1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−γ2p∗+ckγ2h+1‖(u−kh+1)+‖W1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−1p∗+c(kpγ1q−1h+1+kγ2h+1)|Akh+1,R|+c‖(u−kh+1)+‖W1,p(Bρh+1)|Akh+1,R|1−1s2−1p∗+c|Akh+1,R|1−ps1(q−1). | (6.7) |
Let us write the estimate above as
∫Bρh+1|D(u−kh+1)+|pdx≤c(ρh−ρh+1)−(pp−q+1−1+pp−q+1(pp−q+1)∗)H1+c(H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7+H8+H9). | (6.8) |
To estimate the sum at the right-hand side it is useful to remark that, for all h,
kh+1−kh=d2h+2 | (6.9) |
and
kh+1−kh<u−khin Akh+1,ρh. |
Since
|Akh+1,ρh|≤∫Akh+1,ρh(u−khkh+1−kh)p∗dx≤‖(u−k)+‖p∗Lp∗(Bρh)1(kh+1−kh)p∗, |
by the Sobolev inequality we get
|Akh+1,ρh|≤c(n,p)Jp∗ph(kh+1−kh)p∗, |
that, together with (6.9), gives
\begin{equation} | A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_h}|\le c(n, p) J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*}. \end{equation} | (6.10) |
Moreover,
\begin{align} \|(u-k_{h+1})_+\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{\rho_h}(x_0))} & = \int_{A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_h}}(u-k_{h+1})^p\, dx +\int_{A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_h}}|D(u-k_{h+1})|^p\, dx \\ & \le \int_{A_{k_{h}, \rho_h}}(u-k_{h})^p\, dx +\int_{A_{k_{h}, \rho_h}}|D(u-k_{h})|^p\, dx \\ & \le J_{h}. \end{align} | (6.11) |
Inequalities (6.10) and (6.11) imply that
\|(u-k_{h+1})_+\|_{W^{1, p}(B_{\rho_h}(x_0))}|A_{k_{h+1}, R}|^{-\frac{1}{p^*}}\le c(n, p)J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p}}\frac{J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}\left(-\frac{1}{p^*}\right)}}{(k_{h+1}-k_h)^{p^*\left(-\frac{1}{p^*}\right)}} |
therefore, by (6.9),
\begin{equation} \|(u-k_{h+1})_+\|_{W^{1, p}(B_{\rho_h}(x_0))}|A_{k_{h+1}, R}|^{-\frac{1}{p^*}}\le c(n, p)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{-1}. \end{equation} | (6.12) |
This estimate, together with (6.10), implies:
\begin{equation} H_2\le c(n, p, q, \gamma_1)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}|A_{k_{h+1}, R}|\le c(n, p, q, \gamma_1) \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}, \end{equation} | (6.13) |
and, analogously,
\begin{equation} H_3\le c(n, p, r)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p}{p-r}}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}, \end{equation} | (6.14) |
\begin{equation} H_4\le c(n, p, \gamma_2)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2-1}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}, \end{equation} | (6.15) |
\begin{equation} H_5\le c(n, p, \gamma_2)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}, \end{equation} | (6.16) |
\begin{equation} H_8\le c(n, p)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{-1}|A_{k_{h+1}, R}|^{1-\frac{1}{s_2}} \le c(n, p, s_2) \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)-1} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)}, \end{equation} | (6.17) |
\begin{equation} H_9\le c(n, p, q, s_1) \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{p}{s_1(q-1)}\right)}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}-\frac{p^*}{s_1(q-1)}}. \end{equation} | (6.18) |
Moreover, taking into account that
k_{h+1} = d\left( 1-\frac{1}{2^{h+2}}\right)\le d, |
\begin{equation} H_6\le c(n, p) d^{\gamma_2}\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-1}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}} = c(n, p)\frac{2^{h(p^*-1)}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2-1}}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}} \end{equation} | (6.19) |
\begin{equation} H_7\le c\left( \frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}} + \frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2}} \right) J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}. \end{equation} | (6.20) |
Let us now estimate H_1 .
Inequalities (6.10) and (6.11) imply
\begin{align*} \nonumber & H_1: = \|(u-k_{h+1})_+\|_{W^{1, p}(B_{\rho_h}(x_0))}^{\frac{p}{p-q+1}} |A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_h}|^{\frac{p}{p-q+1}\nu} \\ \nonumber &\le c(n, p, q)J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p-q+1}} \left( \frac{J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}}{(k_{h+1}-k_h)^{p^*}}\right)^{\frac{p}{p-q+1}\nu} \end{align*} |
that gives
H_1\le c(n, p, q) \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu} J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p-q+1}+\frac{p^*}{p-q+1}\nu}. |
Taking into account that for every h
\frac{1}{4} \frac{R_0}{2^{h+1}}\le \rho_h-\rho_{h+1} = \frac{R}{2^{h+2}}\le \frac{1}{4} \frac{R_0}{2^{h}}, |
we conclude that
\begin{align} & \left(\rho_h-\rho_{h+1}\right)^{-\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}-1+\frac{\frac{p}{p-q+1}}{\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}\right)_{*}}\right)}H_1\\ & \le c(n, p, q, R_0) \frac{(2^h)^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu+\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}-1+\frac{\frac{p}{p-q+1}} {\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}\right)_{*}}\right)}}{d^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu}}J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p-q+1}+\frac{p^*}{p-q+1}\nu}. \end{align} | (6.21) |
Collecting (6.13)–(6.21), by (6.8) we get
\begin{align} & \int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}|D(u-k_{h+1})_+|^p\, dx\le c\frac{(2^h)^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu+\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}-1+\frac{\frac{p}{p-q+1}} {\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}\right)_{*}}\right)}}{d^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu}}J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p-q+1}+\frac{p^*}{p-q+1}\nu} \\ &+c\left\{\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}+ \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p}{p-r}} +\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2-1} +\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2}\right.\\ &\left. +\frac{2^{h(p^*-1)}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2-1}} +\frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}}+\frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2}} \right\} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}} \\ & +c\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)-1} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)} +c\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{p}{s_1(q-1)}\right)}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}-\frac{p^*}{s_1(q-1)}}. \end{align} | (6.22) |
Let us now add to both sides of (6.22) the integral \int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}|(u-k_{h+1})_+|^p\, dx .
By Hölder inequality
\int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h+1})_+)^p\, dx \le \left(\int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h+1})_+)^{p^*}\, dx\right)^{\frac{p}{p^*}}|A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_{h+1}}|^{1-\frac{p}{p^*}}. |
Since
\int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h+1})_+)^{p^*}\, dx\le \int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h})_+)^{p^*}\, dx\le \int_{B_{\rho_{h}}}((u-k_{h})_+)^{p^*}\, dx, |
the Sobolev embedding theorem gives
\begin{equation} \int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h+1})_+)^p\, dx\le c\|(u-k_{h})_+\|_{W^{1, p}(B_{\rho_{h}})}^{p}|A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_{h+1}}|^{1-\frac{p}{p^*}}. \end{equation} | (6.23) |
Taking into account (6.10), we obtain
|A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_{h+1}}|^{1-\frac{p}{p^*}}\le |A_{k_{h+1}, \rho_{h}}|^{1-\frac{p}{p^*}}\le c(n, p)\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-p} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}-1}; |
therefore, the inequality (6.23) implies
\begin{equation} \int_{B_{\rho_{h+1}}}((u-k_{h+1})_+)^p\, dx\le c(n, p) \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-p} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}}. \end{equation} | (6.24) |
Inequalities (6.22) and (6.24) give
\begin{align} & J_{h+1}\le c\frac{(2^h)^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu+\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}-1+\frac{\frac{p}{p-q+1}} {\left(\frac{p}{p-q+1}\right)_{*}}\right)}}{d^{\frac{pp^*}{p-q+1}\nu}}J_{h}^{\frac{1}{p-q+1}+\frac{p^*}{p-q+1}\nu} \\ &+c\left\{\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}+ \left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\frac{p}{p-r}} +\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2-1} +\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-\gamma_2}\right.\\ & \left.+\frac{2^{h(p^*-1)}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2-1}} +\frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\frac{p\gamma_1}{q-1}}} +\frac{2^{hp^*}}{d^{p^*-\gamma_2}} +\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*-p} \right\} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}} \\ & +c\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)-1} J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}\left(1-\frac{1}{s_2}\right)} +c\left(\frac{2^{h}}{d}\right)^{p^*\left(1-\frac{p}{s_1(q-1)}\right)}J_{h}^{\frac{p^*}{p}-\frac{p^*}{s_1(q-1)}}. \end{align} | (6.25) |
where c is a constant depending on n, p, q, r, R_0 , the L^{s_1} -norm of b_1 and the L^{s_2} -norm of b_2 in B_{R_0} .
By taking in account the notation in (6.3)–(6.5), we get, by (6.25), the inequality (6.6).
We are now ready to prove our regularity result.
Proof of Theorem 3.2. By Proposition 6.1, for every h\in \mathbb{N} ,
J_{h+1}\le c\frac{(2^h)^{\tau}}{d^{\theta}}J_h^{\sigma}, |
where c is a constant depending on n, p, q, R_0 , the L^{s_1} -norm of b_1 and the L^{s_2} -norm of b_2 in B_{R_0} and for every d\ge 2 . Thus, the following inequality holds:
J_{h+1}\le A\lambda^hJ_h^{1+\alpha}, |
with
A = \frac {c}{d^{\theta}}, \ \ \lambda = 2^{\tau}, \ \ \alpha = \sigma-1, |
where \theta , \tau and \sigma are defined in (6.4), (6.3), (6.5). We recall that \theta, \tau > 0, \sigma-1 > 0 , see Remark 6.2.
To apply Lemma 4.6, we need
\begin{equation} \|\big(u-\frac{d}{2})_+\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{R}(x_0))} = J_0 \leq A^{-\frac{1}{\alpha}}\lambda^{-\frac{1}{\alpha^2}} = c^{-\frac{1}{\sigma-1}}2^{-\frac{\tau}{(\sigma-1)^2}}d^{\frac{\theta}{\sigma-1}}. \end{equation} | (6.26) |
Since
\|\big(u-\frac{d}{2})_+\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{R}(x_0))} \leq \|u\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{R}(x_0))}, |
if we choose d\ge 2 satisfying
\begin{equation} d^{\frac{\theta}{\sigma-1}} = 2+c^{\frac{1}{\sigma-1}}2^{\frac{\tau}{(\sigma-1)^2}}\|u\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{R}(x_0))}, \end{equation} | (6.27) |
we get 0 = \lim_{h\to +\infty}J_h = \|\big(u-d)_+\|^p_{W^{1, p}(B_{\frac{R}{2}})} and we conclude that
u(x)\le d\qquad \text{a.e. in } B_{\frac{R}{2}}(x_0) . |
To prove that u is locally bounded from below, we proceed as follows. The function -u is a weak solution to
\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\frac{\partial }{\partial x_{i}} \overline{a}^i(x, u, Du) = \overline{b}( x, u, Du). |
where
\overline{a}(x, u, \xi): = a(x, -u, -\xi)\qquad \text{and } \qquad \overline{b} (x, u, \xi): = b(x, -u, -\xi). |
Notice that, by (3.2)–(3.4) the following properties hold:
● p- ellipticity condition at infinity:
for a.e. x\in \Omega and for every u\in \mathbb{R} ,
\langle \overline{a}(x, u, \xi), -\xi\rangle \ge \lambda|\xi|^{p} \qquad \forall \xi\in \mathbb{R}^n, |\xi| > 1, |
● q- growth condition:
for a.e. x\in \Omega and every u\in \mathbb{R} and \xi\in \mathbb{R}^{n}
\left|\overline{a}(x, u, \xi)\right| \le \Lambda\left\{ |\xi|^{q-1}+|u|^{\gamma_1} +b_1(x)\right\}, |
● growth condition for the right hand side b\left(x, u, \xi \right) :
|\overline{b}(x, u, \xi)|\le \Lambda \left\{|\xi|^{r}+|u|^{\gamma_2} +b_2(x)\right\}. |
To prove the analogue of Proposition 5.1 we now consider the test function \varphi_{k}(x): = (k-u(x))_+[\eta (x)]^{\mu} where \eta is a cut-off function. Let us consider the sub-level sets:
B_{k, R}: = \{x \in B_R(x_0)\, :\, u(x) < k \}, \qquad k\in \mathbb{R}. |
Then we obtain, in place of (5.5),
\begin{align*} \nonumber \int_{B_{k, R}} \langle \overline{a}(x, u, Du), -Du\rangle \, \eta^{\mu}\, dx & = -\mu \int_{B_{k, R}} \langle \overline{a}(x, u, Du), D\eta\rangle \eta^{\mu-1}(k-u)\, dx \\&+ \int_{B_{k, R}} \overline{f}(x, u, Du) (k-u)\eta^{\mu}\, dx. \end{align*} |
The proof goes on with no significant changes with respect the previous case, arriving to the conclusion that there exists d' such that we obtain that B_{\frac{R}{2}}\subseteq \{u\ge d'\} , and
u(x)\ge d'\qquad \text{a.e. in } B_{\frac{R}{2}}(x_0) . |
Collecting the estimates from below and from above for u , we conclude.
The authors are members of the Gruppo Nazionale per l'Analisi Matematica, la Probabilità e le loro Applicazioni (GNAMPA) of the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (INdAM).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
[1] | A. A. Kilbas, H. M. Srivastava, J. J. Trujillo, Theory and applications of fractional differential equations, Elsevier, 2006. |
[2] | C. P. Li, F. H. Zeng, Numerical methods for fractional calculus, CRC Press, 2015. |
[3] |
M. Abbas, C. Ciobanescu, M. Asghar, A. Omame, Solution approximation of fractional boundary value problems and convergence analysis using AA-iterative scheme, AIMS Math., 9 (2024), 13129–13158. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2024641 doi: 10.3934/math.2024641
![]() |
[4] | I. Podlubny, Fractional differential equations, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 1999. |
[5] |
M. Caputo, F. Mainardi, A new dissipation model based on memory mechanism, Pure Appl. Geophys., 91 (1971), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879562 doi: 10.1007/BF00879562
![]() |
[6] | J. H. He, Some applications of nonlinear fractional differential equations and their applications, Bull. Sci. Technol., 15 (1999), 86–90. |
[7] | Y. Q. Chen, I. Podlubny, Distributed-order dynamic systems: Stability, simulation, applications and perspectives, London: Springer, 2012. |
[8] |
X. Yang, L. Wu, H. Zhang, A space-time spectral order sinc-collocation method for the fourth-order nonlocal heat model arising in viscoelasticity, Appl. Math. Comput., 457 (2023), 128192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2023.128192 doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2023.128192
![]() |
[9] |
H. G. Sun, W. Chen, H. Wei, Y. Q. Chen, A comparative study of constant-order and variable-order fractional models in characterizing memory property of systems, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., 193 (2011), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2011-01390-6 doi: 10.1140/epjst/e2011-01390-6
![]() |
[10] |
Q. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Huang, Y. Wang, Two-grid methods for nonlinear time fractional diffusion equations by L1-Galerkin FEM, Math. Comput. Simulat., 185 (2021), 436–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2020.12.033 doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2020.12.033
![]() |
[11] |
X. Zheng, H. Wang, Optimal-order error estimates of finite element approximations to variable-order time-fractional diffusion equations without regularity assumptions of the true solutions, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 41 (2021), 1522–1545. https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/draa013 doi: 10.1093/imanum/draa013
![]() |
[12] |
L. B. Feng, P. Zhuang, F. Liu, I. Turner, Stability and convergence of a new finite volume method for a two-sided space-fractional diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Comput., 257 (2015), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2014.12.060 doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2014.12.060
![]() |
[13] |
F. Liu, P. Zhuang, I. Turner, K. Burrage, V. Anh, A new fractional finite volume method for solving the fractional diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Model., 38 (2014), 3871–3878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.10.007 doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2013.10.007
![]() |
[14] |
X. D. Zhang, Y. L. Feng, Z. Y. Luo, J. Liu, A spatial sixth-order numerical scheme for solving fractional partial differential equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 159 (2025), 109265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2024.109265 doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2024.109265
![]() |
[15] |
J. Y. Cao, C. J. Xu, A high order schema for the numerical solution of the fractional ordinary differential equations, J. Comput. Phys., 238 (2013), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2012.12.013 doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2012.12.013
![]() |
[16] |
H. F. Ding, C. P. Li, High-order compact difference schemes for the modified anomalous sub-diffusion equation, Numer. Meth. Part. D. E., 32 (2016), 213–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/num.21992 doi: 10.1002/num.21992
![]() |
[17] |
M. Dehghan, M. Abbaszadeh, W. H. Deng, Fourth-order numerical method for the space-time tempered fractional diffusion-wave equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 73 (2017), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2017.04.011 doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2017.04.011
![]() |
[18] |
X. M. Gu, H. W. Sun, Y. L. Zhao, X. C. Zheng, An implicit difference scheme for time-fractional diffusion equations with a time-invariant type variable order, Appl. Math. Lett., 120 (2021), 107270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2021.107270 doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2021.107270
![]() |
[19] |
C. P. Li, H. F. Ding, Higher order finite difference method for the reaction and anomalous-diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Model., 38 (2014), 3802–3821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.12.002 doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2013.12.002
![]() |
[20] |
R. Lin, F. Liu, V. Anh, I. Turner, Stability and convergence of a new explicit finite-difference approximation for the variable-order nonlinear fractional diffusion equation, Appl. Math. Comput., 212 (2009), 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2009.02.047 doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2009.02.047
![]() |
[21] |
J. C. Ren, Z. Z. Sun, Efficient numerical solution of the multi-term time fractional diffusion-wave equation, East Asian J. Appl. Math., 5 (2015), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.4208/eajam.080714.031114a doi: 10.4208/eajam.080714.031114a
![]() |
[22] |
H. X. Rui, J. Huang, Uniformly stable explicitly solvable finite difference method for fractional diffusion equations, East Asian J. Appl. Math., 5 (2015), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.4208/eajam.030614.051114a doi: 10.4208/eajam.030614.051114a
![]() |
[23] |
V. R. Hosseini, E. Shivanian, W. Chen, Local integration of 2-D fractional telegraph equation via local radial point interpolant approximation, Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 130 (2015), 33. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2015-15033-5 doi: 10.1140/epjp/i2015-15033-5
![]() |
[24] |
X. J. Li, C. J. Xu, A space-time spectral method for the time fractional diffusion equation, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 47 (2009), 2108–2131. https://doi.org/10.1137/080718942 doi: 10.1137/080718942
![]() |
[25] |
C. Li, F. Zeng, F. Liu, Spectral approximations to the fractional integral and derivative, Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal., 15 (2012), 383–406. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13540-012-0028-x doi: 10.2478/s13540-012-0028-x
![]() |
[26] |
Y. Lin, C. Xu, Finite difference/spectral approximations for the time-fractional diffusion equation, J. Comput. Phys., 225 (2007), 1533–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.001
![]() |
[27] |
F. Y. Song, C. J. Xu, Spectral direction splitting methods for two-dimensional space fractional diffusion equations, J. Comput. Phys., 299 (2015), 196–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.07.011 doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2015.07.011
![]() |
[28] |
M. Ahmadinia, Z. Safari, M. Abbasi, Local discontinuous Galerkin method for time variable order fractional differential equations with sub-diffusion and super-diffusion, Appl. Numer. Math., 157 (2020), 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2020.07.015 doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2020.07.015
![]() |
[29] |
M. Ahmadinia, Z. Safari, Analysis of local discontinuous Galerkin method for time-space fractional sine-Gordon equations, Appl. Numer. Math., 148 (2020), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2019.08.003 doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2019.08.003
![]() |
[30] |
Y. Chen, L. Wang, L. Yi, Exponential convergence of hp-discontinuous Galerkin method for nonlinear Caputo fractional differential equations, J. Sci. Comput., 92 (2022), 99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-022-01947-z doi: 10.1007/s10915-022-01947-z
![]() |
[31] |
Y. Du, Y. Liu, H. Li, Z. Fang, S. He, Local discontinuous Galerkin method for a nonlinear time-fractional fourth-order partial differential equation, J. Comput. Phys., 344 (2017), 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.04.078 doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2017.04.078
![]() |
[32] |
L. Guo, Z.B. Wang, Fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin methods for some time-fractional fourth-order problems, Int. J. Comput. Math., 93 (2016), 1665–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2015.1070840 doi: 10.1080/00207160.2015.1070840
![]() |
[33] |
Y. Liu, M. Zhang, H. Li, J. Li, High-order local discontinuous Galerkin method combined with WSGD-approximation for a fractional sub-diffusion equation, Comput. Math. Appl., 73 (2017), 1298–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2016.08.015 doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2016.08.015
![]() |
[34] |
L. Wei, Y. F. Yang, Optimal order finite difference/local discontinuous Galerkin method for variable-order time-fractional diffusion equation, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 383 (2021), 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2020.113129 doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2020.113129
![]() |
[35] |
W. Li, L. Wei, Analysis of local discontinuous Galerkin method for the variable-order subdiffusion equation with the Caputo-Hadamard derivative, Taiwanese J. Math., 28 (2024), 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.11650/tjm/240801 doi: 10.11650/tjm/240801
![]() |
[36] |
Y. Yang, Y. P. Chen, Y. Q. Huang, H. Wei, Spectral collocation method for the time-fractional diffusion-wave equation and convergence analysis, Comput. Math. Appl., 73 (2017), 1218–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2016.08.017 doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2016.08.017
![]() |
[37] |
N. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Li, Local discontinuous Galerkin method for a nonlocal viscous water wave model, Appl. Numer. Math., 192 (2023), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2023.07.007 doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2023.07.007
![]() |
[38] |
L. Wei, W. Li, Local discontinuous Galerkin approximations to variable-order time-fractional diffusion model based on the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative, Math. Comput. Simul., 188 (2021), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2021.04.001 doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2021.04.001
![]() |
[39] |
R. Du, A. A. Alikhanov, Z. Sun, Temporal second order difference schemes for the multi-dimensional variable-order time fractional sub-diffusion equations, Comput. Math. Appl., 79 (2020), 2952–2972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2020.01.003 doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2020.01.003
![]() |
[40] |
C. P. Li, Z. Wang, The local discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for Caputo-type partial differential equations: Numerical analysis, Appl. Numer. Math., 140 (2019), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2019.01.007 doi: 10.1016/j.apnum.2019.01.007
![]() |
[41] |
Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Jiang, Z. Zhang, Numerical solution to a linearized time fractional KdV equation on unbounded domains, Math. Comp., 87 (2018), 693–719. https://doi.org/10.1090/mcom/3229 doi: 10.1090/mcom/3229
![]() |
[42] |
M. Caputo, M. Fabrizio, A new definition of fractional derivative without singular kernel, Progr. Fract. Differ. Appl., 1 (2015), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.12785/pfda/010201 doi: 10.12785/pfda/010201
![]() |
[43] |
M. Zhang, Y. Liu, H. Li, High-order local discontinuous Galerkin method for a fractal mobile/immobile transport equation with the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative, Numer. Meth. Part. D. E., 35 (2019), 1588–1612. https://doi.org/10.1002/num.22366 doi: 10.1002/num.22366
![]() |
[44] |
B. Cockburn, C. W. Shu, TVB Runge-Kutta local projection discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for conservation laws Ⅱ: general framework, Math. Comput., 52 (1989), 411–435. https://doi.org/10.2307/2008474 doi: 10.2307/2008474
![]() |
[45] | Y. Cheng, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, Local analysis of the local discontinuous Galerkin method with the generalized alternating numerical flux for two-dimensional singularly perturbed problem, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Model., 15 (2018), 785–810. |
1. | Emilia Anna Alfano, Luisa Fattorusso, Lubomira Softova, Boundedness of the solutions of a kind of nonlinear parabolic systems, 2023, 360, 00220396, 51, 10.1016/j.jde.2023.02.042 | |
2. | Rakesh Arora, Alessio Fiscella, Tuhina Mukherjee, Patrick Winkert, Existence of ground state solutions for a Choquard double phase problem, 2023, 73, 14681218, 103914, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2023.103914 | |
3. | Michał Borowski, Iwona Chlebicka, Błażej Miasojedow, Boundedness of Wolff-type potentials and applications to PDEs, 2024, 76, 14681218, 104025, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2023.104025 | |
4. | Tianxiang Gou, Vicenţiu D. Rădulescu, Non‐autonomous double phase eigenvalue problems with indefinite weight and lack of compactness, 2024, 56, 0024-6093, 734, 10.1112/blms.12961 | |
5. | Antonio Giuseppe Grimaldi, Elvira Mascolo, Antonia Passarelli di Napoli, Regularity for minimizers of scalar integral functionals with (p, q)-growth conditions, 2024, 31, 1021-9722, 10.1007/s00030-024-00999-4 | |
6. | Hongya Gao, Aiping Zhang, Siyu Gao, An extension of De Giorgi class and applications, 2024, 286, 00221236, 110301, 10.1016/j.jfa.2023.110301 | |
7. | Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou, Zijia Peng, Singular double phase problems with convection, 2025, 81, 14681218, 104213, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2024.104213 | |
8. | Filomena Feo, Antonia Passarelli di Napoli, Maria Rosaria Posteraro, Local Boundedness for Minimizers of Anisotropic Functionals with Monomial Weights, 2024, 201, 0022-3239, 1313, 10.1007/s10957-024-02432-3 | |
9. | Weiqiang Zhang, Jiabin Zuo, Vicenţiu D. Rădulescu, Concentration of solutions for non-autonomous double-phase problems with lack of compactness, 2024, 75, 0044-2275, 10.1007/s00033-024-02290-z | |
10. | Ángel Crespo-Blanco, Leszek Gasiński, Patrick Winkert, Least energy sign-changing solution for degenerate Kirchhoff double phase problems, 2024, 411, 00220396, 51, 10.1016/j.jde.2024.07.034 | |
11. | Zhenhai Liu, Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou, Positive solutions for parametric equations with unbalanced growth and indefinite perturbation, 2024, 22, 0219-5305, 1447, 10.1142/S0219530524500222 | |
12. | Giovanni Cupini, Paolo Marcellini, Elvira Mascolo, Regularity for Nonuniformly Elliptic Equations with p,\!q-Growth and Explicit x,\!u-Dependence, 2024, 248, 0003-9527, 10.1007/s00205-024-01982-0 | |
13. | Yasi Lu, Yongjian Liu, Xiezhen Huang, Calogero Vetro, A new kind of double phase elliptic inclusions with logarithmic perturbation terms II: Applications, 2024, 131, 10075704, 107860, 10.1016/j.cnsns.2024.107860 | |
14. | Eleonora Amoroso, Ángel Crespo-Blanco, Patrizia Pucci, Patrick Winkert, Superlinear elliptic equations with unbalanced growth and nonlinear boundary condition, 2024, 197, 00074497, 103534, 10.1016/j.bulsci.2024.103534 | |
15. | Andrea Cianchi, Mathias Schäffner, Local boundedness of minimizers under unbalanced Orlicz growth conditions, 2024, 401, 00220396, 58, 10.1016/j.jde.2024.04.016 | |
16. | Giovanni Cupini, Paolo Marcellini, Elvira Mascolo, The Leray-Lions existence theorem under general growth conditions, 2025, 416, 00220396, 1405, 10.1016/j.jde.2024.10.025 | |
17. | Michela Eleuteri, Stefania Perrotta, Giulia Treu, Local Lipschitz continuity for energy integrals with slow growth and lower order terms, 2025, 82, 14681218, 104224, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2024.104224 | |
18. | Ala Eddine Bahrouni, Anouar Bahrouni, Patrick Winkert, Double phase problems with variable exponents depending on the solution and the gradient in the whole space RN, 2025, 85, 14681218, 104334, 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2025.104334 | |
19. | Giovanni Cupini, Paolo Marcellini, Global boundedness of weak solutions to a class of nonuniformly elliptic equations, 2025, 0025-5831, 10.1007/s00208-025-03126-5 | |
20. | Rakesh Arora, Ángel Crespo-Blanco, Patrick Winkert, On logarithmic double phase problems, 2025, 433, 00220396, 113247, 10.1016/j.jde.2025.113247 | |
21. | Andrea Gentile, Teresa Isernia, Antonia Passarelli di Napoli, On a class of obstacle problems with (p, q)-growth and explicit u-dependence, 2025, 1864-8258, 10.1515/acv-2024-0111 | |
22. | Pasquale Ambrosio, Giovanni Cupini, Elvira Mascolo, Regularity of vectorial minimizers for non-uniformly elliptic anisotropic integrals, 2025, 261, 0362546X, 113897, 10.1016/j.na.2025.113897 |