Cerebral artery fenestration is a rare vascular anomaly, but its existence has been increasingly documented. The association of cerebral infarction and fenestration is of great clinical interest, and the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to identify risk factors contributing to cerebral infarction by computational hemodynamics analysis.
Eight patients with image findings of fenestration structure were recruited in this research, in which four suffered fenestration-related cerebral infarction (A series) while the other four (B series) were set as control matched by the fenestration size. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from the MRA images and computational simulations with non-Newtonian flow model were performed to get interested hemodynamic characteristics.
The blood flow pattern was relatively separated along two channels of fenestration in series A compared with series B cases in Group 1-2, however, no significant difference was shown in Group 3-4. Quantitatively, planes were cut in the middle of fenestrations and the ratio of mass flow rate and area was calculated at systolic peak. Results showed that the side of the dominant blood supply was opposite between A and B series, and the dominant side was also opposite between small and large fenestrations. In infarction cases, the basilar top was distributed with larger areas of detrimental hemodynamic indicators and a larger concentrated high viscosity region.
The flow division condition throughout the fenestration structure has a key impact on further flow redistribution and flow pattern. The blood viscosity has the potential to be a useful tool in identifying the risk factors for cerebral infarction and more emphasis should be placed on the hemodynamic environment at superior cerebellar arteries.
Citation: Yuqian Mei, Debao Guan, Xinyu Tong, Qian Liu, Mingcheng Hu, Guangxin Chen, Caijuan Li. Association of cerebral infarction with vertebral arterial fenestration using non-Newtonian hemodynamic evaluation[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(7): 7076-7090. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022334
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Cerebral artery fenestration is a rare vascular anomaly, but its existence has been increasingly documented. The association of cerebral infarction and fenestration is of great clinical interest, and the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to identify risk factors contributing to cerebral infarction by computational hemodynamics analysis.
Eight patients with image findings of fenestration structure were recruited in this research, in which four suffered fenestration-related cerebral infarction (A series) while the other four (B series) were set as control matched by the fenestration size. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from the MRA images and computational simulations with non-Newtonian flow model were performed to get interested hemodynamic characteristics.
The blood flow pattern was relatively separated along two channels of fenestration in series A compared with series B cases in Group 1-2, however, no significant difference was shown in Group 3-4. Quantitatively, planes were cut in the middle of fenestrations and the ratio of mass flow rate and area was calculated at systolic peak. Results showed that the side of the dominant blood supply was opposite between A and B series, and the dominant side was also opposite between small and large fenestrations. In infarction cases, the basilar top was distributed with larger areas of detrimental hemodynamic indicators and a larger concentrated high viscosity region.
The flow division condition throughout the fenestration structure has a key impact on further flow redistribution and flow pattern. The blood viscosity has the potential to be a useful tool in identifying the risk factors for cerebral infarction and more emphasis should be placed on the hemodynamic environment at superior cerebellar arteries.
In most of the countries, the solar photovoltaic systems have reached to the grid parity. The higher capacity of solar photovoltaic power plants are connecting within the higher and medium voltage networks, and lower capacity photovoltaic units within the low voltage network (i.e., distributed network). There are many technical challenges for integrating the solar PV plants at higher voltage levels as well as lower voltage levels. The key challenging issues, for increasing further penetration of solar photovoltaic systems in the electrical power network, are technology developments for intelligent power conditioning devices, integration of hybrid energy storage for making solar photovoltaic system as dispatchable power source, mitigation of power quality issues, demand side management, technology development of solar photovoltaic based micro-grid, techno-economic operational strategies, etc.
The solar photovoltaic system engineering depends on many factors (e.g., techno-economic sizing, energy management, energy dispatch strategies, resources allocations etc.). Different geographical locations as well as climatic conditions also influence the operation and performance of the solar photovoltaic-based system. The incident solar radiation has significant impact on the solar photovoltaic system energy production. The solar photovoltaic system energy output is influenced by the geometrical configuration of photovoltaic array and the view factor to sky effect. In the recent years, there are many technical innovations, developments have happened for deployments of solar photovoltaic system grid integration with energy storage for participating either as an active generator or operating as a solar photovoltaic based micro-grid. Within the distributed energy network, solar photovoltaic systems can also be used as ‘building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV)’ to provide electrical energy locally and make the buildings as ‘zero energy buildings (ZEBs)’. In future, ZEBs are going to play a significant role in the upcoming smart distributed energy network development due to their contribution of on-site electrical generation through solar photovoltaic systems, energy storage, demand side management etc. In order to increase further PV penetration within the distribution network and develop innovative mitigation techniques, there is critical need of further field-oriented research in the above-mentioned topics.
This Special Issue of AIMS Energy Journal comprises peer-review articles on advancement of power dispatching techniques for solar photovoltaic system with energy storage, shading and diffused solar radiation effects on the performance of solar photovoltaic system, intelligent controllers for distributed energy resources allocations, material characterization for heterojunction solar cells. In addition, some articles cover the typical case studies of solar photovoltaic systems in the tropical region.
As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue ‘Solar Photovoltaic System Engineering’ of the AIMS Energy Journal, I express my sincere appreciation to the journal editorial team, authors and reviewers of the manuscripts, journal editorial supporting team, and all those who have contributed and supported in successful fruition and publication.
Professor Mohan Lal Kolhe
Professor in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy
Faculty of Engineering and Science,
University of Agder,
PO Box 422, NO 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
E-mail: Mohan.L.Kolhe@uia.no
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Figures(7) / Tables(3)
Yuqian Mei, Debao Guan, Xinyu Tong, Qian Liu, Mingcheng Hu, Guangxin Chen, Caijuan Li. Association of cerebral infarction with vertebral arterial fenestration using non-Newtonian hemodynamic evaluation[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2022, 19(7): 7076-7090. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2022334
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