Solving problems involving numerical integration (I): Incorporating different techniques

William Guo; William Guo

doi:10.3934/steme.2023009

STEM Education

2023, Volume 3, Issue 2: 130-147. doi: 10.3934/steme.2023009

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Classroom note

Solving problems involving numerical integration (I): Incorporating different techniques

William Guo ^,

School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia

Academic Editor: Dianshun Hu

Received: 10 May 2023 Revised: 26 June 2023 Accepted: 30 June 2023 Published: 05 July 2023

Numerical integration plays an important role in solving various engineering and scientific problems and is often learnt in applied calculus commonly through the trapezium and Simpson's methods (or rules). A common misconception for some students is that Simpson's method is the default choice for numerical integration due to its higher accuracy in approximation over the trapezium method by overlooking the requirement for using Simpson's method. As learning progressed to other numerical methods scheduled later in advanced mathematics, such as interpolations and computational modelling using computing tools like MATLAB, there is a lack of articulation among these numerical methods for students to solve problems solvable only by combining two or more approaches. This classroom note shares a few teaching and learning practices the author experienced in lectures, tutorials, and formal assessments on comparing or combining different numerical methods for numerical integration for engineering students in applied calculus and advanced mathematics over the past decade at Central Queensland University (CQU), a regional university in Australia. Each case represents a common concern raised or a mistake made by some students in different times. These efforts helped not only correct the misconception on the use of Simpson's method by some students, but also develop students' strategic thinking in problem solving, particularly involving decision-making for choosing the best possible method to produce a more appropriate solution to a problem that does not have an analytical solution.

Keywords:

Citation: William Guo. Solving problems involving numerical integration (I): Incorporating different techniques[J]. STEM Education, 2023, 3(2): 130-147. doi: 10.3934/steme.2023009

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Abstract

1. Introduction

The ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs) are widely used to represent physical phenomena in mathematical language in science and technology. The mathematical form of the physical phenomena easily explains the whole scenario of the phenomena and makes them openly understandable and investigated straightforwardly. Initially, these phenomena were not only modeled accurately by using integer-order differential equations but later on fractional differential equations have over come the deficiencies and comparatively provide the best and adequate modelling of the given problems. Fractional order ODEs and PDEs describe some phenomena more accurately than non-fractional order ODES and PDEs and have numerous applications in applied sciences. It is shown that the fractional-order ODEs and PDEs are non-local and imply that the next state of a system depends on its current state and its previous states. Therefore, the fractional-order derivatives and integration have numerous applications such as the nonlinear oscillation of earth quack is molded with fractional-order derivatives ^[1], chaos theory ^[2], fractional diabetes model ^[3], fractional order Covid-19 Model ^[4], optics ^[5], fractional model of cancer chemotherapy ^[6], effect of fractional order on ferromagnetic fluid ^[7], the fractional-order fluid dynamic traffic model ^[2], signal processing phenomena ^[9], electrodynamics ^[10], fractional model for the dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus ^[11], fractional model for tuberculosis ^[12], fractional-order pine wilt disease model ^[13], and some others references therein ^{[14,15,16,17,18]}.

The Korteweg-De Vries (KdV) equation is a mathematical model of waves on shallow water surfaces. It is particularly notable as the prototypical example of an exactly solvable model that is, a non-linear partial differential equation whose solutions can be exactly and precisely specified. KdV can be solved by means of the inverse scattering transform. The mathematical theory behind the KdV equation is a topic of active research. The KdV equation was first introduced by Boussinesq (1877) and rediscovered by Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries (1895) ^[19].

Among these applications, we have considered Fokker-Planck equations of fractional order of the general from

$\begin{equation} \psi_t^{\delta}(\vartheta, \tau) = L\left(\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+N \psi_{\vartheta \vartheta}(\vartheta, \tau), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(1.1)

with initial source

$\psi (\vartheta, 0) = \hbar(\vartheta).$

The Fokker-Planck equation (1.1) was introduced by Fokker and Planck to describe the brownian motion of partiles ^[20]. The Fokker-Plank equation represents the change in probability of a random function in time and space, which explain solute transport. Many phenomena, such as wave propagation, continuous random walk, charge carrier transport in amorphous semiconductors, anomalous diffusion, the motion of ribosomes along mRNA and pattern formation, polymeric networks are modelled by PDEs of both time and space fractional order ^[21].

Gorge Adomian was the first who proposed Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) 1980. The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the equation, without simply linearizing the system. ADM is a type of method that uses a decomposition technique to generate approximation and even accurate solutions for non-linear systems with valid initial data. ADM have been used effectively for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE's) and fractional partial differential equations (FPDE's). In recent years, more and more researchers have applied this method to solving non-linear systems ^[24]. ADM is preferred over other techniques because of its simple implementation for wide range of nonlinear systems, including ordinary and partial differential equations with fractional derivatives. Moreover, ADM can easily handle the solutions of nonlinear fractional problems which is not the case with other techniques. It can be extended easily for higher dimensions problems.

The targeted solutions of fractional order ODEs and PDEs are also the main research focus of the mathematicians. There are many techniques that have been used for the solutions of fractional order Fokker-Planck equations such as Generalized finite differences method (GFDM) ^[22], radial basis functions finite difference (RBF-FD) ^[23], adomian decomposition method ^[25], homotopy perturbation transform method ^[26], iterative Laplace transform method ^[27], residual power method ^[28], finite element method ^[29], fractional variational iteration method ^[30], fractional reduced differential transform method ^[31].

In this article, we have implemented new approximate analytical method (NAAM) for the solution these type Fokker-Planck equations of fractional order. The NAAM is a analytical procedure which provide series form solution. The NAAM technique is easy and straight forward approach. The obtained results are fastly convergent towards the exact solution of each problem. The graphical analysis of NAAM solutions are demonstrated which has good agreement with exact solution of the problems.The remaining paper is systematized as Section 2, shows Preliminary concepts. In Section 3, signifies Procedure of NAAM. Section 4, we explained the implementation of NAAM on Fokker-Planck equations. Section 5, we summarized the obtained results.

2. Preliminaries and basic concepts

In this section, the related definitions and preliminary concepts of fractional calculus and the procedure of the NAAM are presented.

2.1. Riemann-Liouuille integral operator ^[32]

The Riemann-Liouuille fractional partial integral denoted by $I_{\tau}^{\delta},$ where, $\delta\in N, \delta \geq0$ , which is define as under

$\begin{equation} I_{\tau}^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \frac{1}{\Gamma(\delta)}\int_{0}^{\tau}\psi(\vartheta, \tau)d\tau, \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \\ \psi(\vartheta, \tau), \ \ \vartheta = 0, \tau > 0, \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(2.1)

where, $\Gamma$ is represent gamma function.

2.2. Some properties of Riemann-Liouuille fractional partial integral

Let $\delta, \beta \in R, \setminus N, \ \ \delta, \gamma > 0, \rho > -1,$ then for the function $\psi(\vartheta, \tau)$ the operator $I_{\tau}^{\delta}$ has the following properties.

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} I_{\tau}^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau) I_t^{\gamma}\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{\delta+\gamma}\psi(\vartheta, \tau), \\ I_{\tau}^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau) I_{\tau}^{\gamma}\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{\gamma}\psi(\vartheta, \tau)I_{\tau}^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau), \\ I_{\tau}^{\delta}\tau^{\rho} = \frac{\Gamma(\rho+1)}{\Gamma(\delta+\rho+1)}\tau^{\delta+\rho}. \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(2.2)

2.3. Caputo operator of fractional partial derivative ^[36]

$\begin{equation} D_{\tau}^\delta \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \frac{ \partial^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau)}{\partial {\tau}^{\delta}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} I^{n-\delta}[\frac{ \partial^{\delta}{\psi(\vartheta, \tau)}}{\partial {\tau}^{\delta}}], \ \ n-1 < \delta < n, \ \ n\in N, \\ \frac{ \partial^{\delta}\psi(\vartheta, \tau)}{\partial {\tau}^{\delta}}, \ \ \ n = \delta. \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(2.3)

2.4. Theorem ^[36]

Let $\vartheta, \tau \in R, \ \tau > 0,$ and $m-1 < \rho < m\in N,$ then

$\begin{equation} \begin{split} &I_{\tau}^{\delta} D_{\tau}^\delta \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, \tau)-\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{m-1}\frac{\tau^k}{k!}\frac{\partial^k \psi(\vartheta, 0^{+}) }{\partial \tau^k}, \\ &D_{\tau}^\vartheta I_{\tau}^{\vartheta} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, \tau). \end{split} \end{equation}$

(2.4)

2.5. Theorem

If there exists a constant $0 < \gamma < 1 such that:$

$\begin{equation} ||u_{n+1}(\vartheta, \tau)||\leq\gamma||u_{n}(\vartheta, \tau)||, \ \ n\in N, \ \ \vartheta\in \mathrm{I}\subset\mathbb{R}, \ \ 0\leq t < R, \end{equation}$

(2.5)

then the sequence of approximate solution converges to the exact solution.

Proof. See ^[35].

3. NAAM procedure for the solution of problems^[37]

Here, we have analyzed the analytical procedure for the solution of fractional order Fokker-Planck equations by introducing approximate analytical method.

Consider a general form of Fokker-Planck equation as

(3.1)

with initial source

$\psi (\vartheta, 0) = \hbar(\vartheta),$

where $L, N$ are linear and non-linear operator respectively.

Before computational procedure, we have defined some mandatory procedural results below.

3.1. Lemma ^[37]

For $L\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum_{0}^{\infty}\gamma^k L\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau),$ the linear term $L\psi (\vartheta, \tau)$ satisfy the following property

$\begin{equation} L\psi (\vartheta, \tau) = \left(L\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\gamma^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\left(\gamma^k L \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau)\right). \end{equation}$

(3.2)

3.2. Theorem ^[37]

The nonlinear operator $N\psi(\vartheta, \tau),$ for the parameter $\lambda,$ we define $\psi_{\lambda}(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau),$ compensate the following property

$\begin{equation} N\left( \psi_\lambda\right) = N\left(\sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{1}{n!}\frac{d^n}{d\lambda^n}\left[N\left(\sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right]_{\lambda = 0}\right]\lambda^n. \end{equation}$

(3.3)

3.3. Definition ^[1]

The polynomial $\chi_n = \chi_n(\psi_0, \psi_1, \cdots, \psi_n),$ can be calculated as

$\begin{equation} \chi_n(\psi_0, \psi_1, \cdots, \psi_n) = \frac{1}{n!}\frac{d^n}{d\lambda^n}\left[\aleph\left(\sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right]_{\lambda = 0} \end{equation}$

(3.4)

3.4. Definition ^[31]

For $\chi_n = \chi_n(\psi_0, \psi_1, \cdots, \psi_n),$ the non-linear term $N\left(\psi_\lambda\right),$ with using definition (3.4), is represented as

$\begin{equation} N\left( \psi_\lambda\right) = \sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k \chi_k \end{equation}$

(3.5)

3.5. The existence and uniqueness of NAAM ^[37]

The following result briefly explain the exitance of NAAM.

Theorem

Let $N\left(\psi_\lambda\right), \psi(\vartheta, \tau)$ are define for $\epsilon-1 < \delta < \epsilon$ , in (3.1). The Fokker-Planck model (3.1), the unique solution is given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, 0)+\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{\infty}\left[L_{\tau}^{-\delta}(\psi_{(k-1)})+\chi_{(k-1)t}^{-\delta}\right], \end{equation}$

(3.6)

where, $L_{\tau}^{-\delta}(\psi_{(k-1)})$ and $\chi_{(k-1)\tau}^{-\delta}$ represent the fractional partial integral of order $\delta$ for $L(\psi_{k-1})$ and $\chi_{(k-1)}$ with respect to $\tau$ .

Proof. The solution of Fokker-Planck equation $\psi(\vartheta, \tau),$ is obtained by substituting the following expansion

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(3.7)

To numerate the Eq (3.1), we can investigate as

$\begin{equation} \psi_{\tau\lambda} ^{\delta}(\vartheta, \tau) = \lambda[L (\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau))+N \psi_{\vartheta \vartheta}(\vartheta, \tau)], \ \ \lambda \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(3.8)

along with initial sources

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \hbar (\vartheta). \end{equation}$

(3.9)

Additionally, the solution of Eq (3.6) is estimated as

$\begin{equation} \psi_{\lambda}(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{0}^{\infty}\lambda^k\psi_{\lambda}(\vartheta, \tau), \end{equation}$

(3.10)

using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (3.8), we have

$\begin{equation} \psi_{\lambda} (\vartheta, \tau) = \psi (\vartheta, 0)+\lambda[L (\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau))+N \psi_{\vartheta \vartheta}(\vartheta, \tau)], \end{equation}$

(3.11)

assuming Eq (3.9), the initial source, Eq (3.11), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_{\lambda} (\vartheta, \tau) = \hbar (\vartheta)+\lambda[L (\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau))+N \psi_{\vartheta \vartheta}(\vartheta, \tau)]. \end{equation}$

(3.12)

By substituting, Eq (3.10), in Eq (3.12), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} \psi_{\lambda}(\vartheta, \tau) = \hbar (\vartheta)+ \lambda I_{t}^{\delta }\left[L\left(\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} (\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau))\right)+N\left( \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} \psi_{\vartheta \vartheta}(\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(3.13)

with the help of Theorem (3.4), and Lemma (3.1), the Eq (3.13) become as

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} \psi_{\lambda}(\vartheta, \tau) = \hbar (\vartheta)+ \lambda I_{t}^{\delta }\left[L\left(\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} (\psi_{\vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau)+\psi_{\vartheta \vartheta} (\vartheta, \tau))\right)\right]+\lambda I_{t}^{\delta }\left[N\left( \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\lambda^{k} \chi_n \right)\right], \end{equation}$

(3.14)

the iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (3.14), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \hbar(\vartheta), \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = L_{\tau}^{-\delta}\psi_0+\chi_{\tau 0}^{-\delta}, \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = L_{\tau}^{-\delta}\psi_{(k-1)}+\chi_{\tau(k-1)}^{-\delta}, \ \ k = 2, 3, \cdots \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(3.15)

4. NAAM implementation and results discussion ^[37]

In this section, we have tested the validity and applicability of NAAM by solving some Fokker-Planck equations.

Problem 4.1. Consider a Fokker-Planck equation of time fractional order in the form ^[36]:

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = 0, \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.1)

with initial source

$\psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta^2,$

for special value $\delta = 1,$ the exact form solution is

$\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \exp^{\frac{\tau}{2}}.$

To investigate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (21), we compare it with the Eq (6), we get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.2)

the genral NAAM solution of Eq (4.1), is assume as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.3)

For investigating the approximate solution of Eq (4.2), we process as

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \lambda\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \ \ \ \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.4)

where the initial condition is given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta^2. \end{equation}$

(4.5)

The assume solution of Eq (4.4), is in the form

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.6)

Using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (3.8), we have

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, 0)+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.7)

assuming the initial condition (3.5), Eq (4.6), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.8)

by substituting Eq (3.10), in Eq (4.8), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi_k (\vartheta, \tau)\right))- \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi_k (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.9)

the iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (4.9), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2, \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{\vartheta}{6} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{12} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right]. \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(4.10)

Consequently, we get

$\begin{equation} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2, \end{equation}$

(4.11)

$\begin{equation} \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^\delta}{2 \Gamma(\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.12)

$\begin{equation} \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2\delta}}{8 \Gamma(2\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.13)

$\begin{equation} \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3\delta}}{8 \Gamma(3\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.14)

$\vdots.$

The NAAM solution is

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau)+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.15)

subsisting Eqs (4.11)–(4.14), in Eq (4.15), we get

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \vartheta^2 \frac{t^\delta}{2 \Gamma(\delta+1)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2\delta}}{8 \Gamma(2\delta+1)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3\delta}}{8 \Gamma(3\delta+1)}+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.16)

Specifically for $\delta = 1,$ the solution converted to

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \vartheta^2 \frac{t}{2 \Gamma(2)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2}}{8 \Gamma(3)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3}}{8 \Gamma(4)}+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.17)

which converge to exact solution as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \exp^{\frac{\tau}{2}}. \end{equation}$

(4.18)

Problem 4.2.

Consider a Fokker-Planck equation of time fractional order in the form ^[36];

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = 0, \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.19)

with initial source

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.20)

for special value $\delta = 1,$ the exact form solution is

$\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta \exp^{\tau}.$

To investigate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (4.19), we compare it with the Eq (3.1), we get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.21)

the general NAAM solution of Eq (4.19), is assume as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.22)

For investigating the approximate solution of Eq (4.20), we process as

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \lambda\left[-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \ \ \ \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.23)

where the initial condition is given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta. \end{equation}$

(4.24)

The assume solution of Eq (4.23), is in the form

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.25)

Using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (4.23), we have

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, 0)+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.26)

assuming the initial condition (4.20), Eq (4.26), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.27)

by substituting Eq (4.25), in Eq (4.27), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right))+ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.28)

the iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (4.28), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta, \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = I_t^{\delta}\left[-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = I_t^{\delta}\left[-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\vartheta \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}^2}{2} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right]. \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(4.29)

Consequently, we get

$\begin{equation} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.30)

$\begin{equation} \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta \frac{t^\delta}{\Gamma(\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.31)

$\begin{equation} \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta \frac{t^{2\delta}}{ \Gamma(2\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.32)

$\begin{equation} \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta \frac{t^{3\delta}}{ \Gamma(3\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.33)

$\vdots$

The NAAM solution is

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau)+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.34)

subsisting Eqs (4.30)–(4.33), in Eq (4.34), we get

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \vartheta \frac{t^\delta}{ \Gamma(\delta+1)}+\vartheta \frac{t^{2\delta}}{ \Gamma(2\delta+1)}+\vartheta \frac{t^{3\delta}}{\Gamma(3\delta+1)}+\cdots. \end{equation}$

(4.35)

Specifically for $\delta = 1,$ the solution converted to

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \vartheta \frac{t}{ \Gamma(2)}+\vartheta \frac{t^{2}}{ \Gamma(3)}+\vartheta \frac{t^{3}}{ \Gamma(4)}+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.36)

which converge to exact solution as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta \exp^{\tau}. \end{equation}$

(4.37)

Problem 4.3.

Consider a Fokker-Planck equation of time fractional order in the form ^[36];

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{4}{\vartheta} \psi^2 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left( \psi^2 (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = 0, \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.38)

where initial condition, given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta^2. \end{equation}$

(4.39)

For special value $\delta = 1,$ the exact form solution is

$\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \exp^{\tau}.$

To investigate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (4.38), we compare it with the Eq (3.1), we get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.40)

where, the non-linear term $N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2}\left(\psi^2 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)- \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{4}{\vartheta} \psi^2 (\vartheta, \tau)\right).$

The general NAAM solution of Eq (4.38), is assume as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.41)

For investigating the approximate solution of Eq (4.40), we process as

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \lambda\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \ \ \ \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.42)

The assume solution of Eq (4.42), is in the form

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.43)

Using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (4.42), we have

(4.44)

assuming the initial condition 4.39, Eq (4.44), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.45)

by substituting Eq (4.43), in Eq (4.45), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right))+ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right))\right], \end{equation}$

(4.46)

the nonlinear operator $N \left(\psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)$ is evaluated by using definition (3.4).

The iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (4.46), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2, \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = L_{\tau}^{\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\chi_{\tau 0}^{-\delta}, \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = L_{\tau}^{-\delta}\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta}\left(\frac{{\vartheta}}{3} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right)+\chi_{\tau(k-1)}^{-\delta}, \ \ k = 2, 3, \cdots. \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(4.47)

Consequently, we get

$\begin{equation} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2, \end{equation}$

(4.48)

$\begin{equation} \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^\delta}{\Gamma(\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.49)

$\begin{equation} \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2\delta}}{ \Gamma(2\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.50)

$\begin{equation} \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3\delta}}{ \Gamma(3\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.51)

$\vdots.$

The NAAM solution is

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau)+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.52)

subsisting Eqs (4.48)–(4.51), in Eq (4.52), we get

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \vartheta^{2} \frac{t^\delta}{ \Gamma(\delta+1)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2\delta}}{ \Gamma(2\delta+1)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3\delta}}{\Gamma(3\delta+1)}+\cdots. \end{equation}$

(4.53)

Specifically for $\delta = 1,$ the solution converted to

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \vartheta^{2} \frac{t}{ \Gamma(2)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{2}}{ \Gamma(3)}+\vartheta^2 \frac{t^{3}}{ \Gamma(4)}+\cdots \end{equation}$

(4.54)

which converge to exact solution as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2 \exp^{\tau}. \end{equation}$

(4.55)

Problem 4.4.

Consider a Fokker-Planck equation of time fractional order in the form ^[36];

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau) = 0, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.56)

with initial source

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.57)

for special value $\delta = 1,$ the exact form solution is

$\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta +\tau.$

To investigate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (4.56), we compare it with the Eq (3.1), we get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.58)

the general NAAM solution of Eq (4.58), is assume as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.59)

For investigating the approximate solution of Eq (4.59), we process as

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \lambda\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \ \ \ \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.60)

where initial condition, given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta. \end{equation}$

(4.61)

The assume solution of Eq (4.60), is in the form

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.62)

Using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (4.60), we have

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, 0)+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.63)

assuming the initial condition (4.57), Eq (4.63), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.64)

by substituting Eq (4.62), in Eq (4.64), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta^2+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau))+ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k (\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau))\right], \end{equation}$

(4.65)

the iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (4.65), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta, \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{-\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{-\delta}\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \ \ k = 2, 3, \cdots \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(4.66)

Consequently, we get

$\begin{equation} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.67)

$\begin{equation} \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = \frac{t^\delta}{\Gamma(\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.68)

$\begin{equation} \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau) = 0, \end{equation}$

(4.69)

$\begin{equation} \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau) = 0, \end{equation}$

(4.70)

$\vdots.$

The NAAM solution is

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau)+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.71)

subsisting Eqs (4.67)–(4.70), in Eq (4.71), we get

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \frac{t^\delta}{ \Gamma(\delta+1)}+0+0+\cdots. \end{equation}$

(4.72)

Specifically for $\delta = 1,$ the solution converted to

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta+ \frac{\tau}{ \Gamma(2)}, \end{equation}$

(4.73)

which converge to exact solution as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \vartheta +\tau. \end{equation}$

(4.74)

Problem 4.5.

Consider a Fokker-Planck equation of time fractional order in the form ^[36];

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right)-(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)-(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau) = 0, \ \ \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.75)

with initial source

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = 1+\vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.76)

for special value $\delta = 1,$ the exact form solution is

$\psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \exp^\tau(1+\vartheta).$

To investigate the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation (4.75), we compare it with the Eq (3.1), we get

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = (1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau), \ \ \vartheta, \tau > 0, \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.77)

the general NAAM solution of Eq (4.75), is assume as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty}\psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.78)

For investigating the approximate solution of Eq (4.77), we process as

$\begin{equation} \frac{\partial^\delta}{\partial \tau^{\delta}}\left( \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right) = \lambda\left[(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \ \ \ \ \delta \in (0, 1], \end{equation}$

(4.79)

where initial condition, given as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, 0) = \vartheta+1. \end{equation}$

(4.80)

The assume solution of Eq (4.79), is in the form

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau). \end{equation}$

(4.81)

Using the Caupto-Riemann property on Eq (4.79), we have

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi(\vartheta, 0)+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.82)

assuming the initial condition, Eq (4.82), become as

$\begin{equation} \psi_\lambda(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+\vartheta+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \end{equation}$

(4.83)

by substituting Eq (4.81), in Eq (4.83), we get

$\begin{equation} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+\vartheta+ \lambda I_t^{\delta}\left[ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k ((1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi (\vartheta, \tau))+ \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{\infty} \lambda^k ((e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi (\vartheta, \tau))\right], \end{equation}$

(4.84)

the iterative scheme is obtained by comparing the identical power of $\lambda$ in Eq (4.84), as

$\begin{equation} \left\{ \begin{array}{c c} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+\vartheta, \\ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{-\delta}\left[(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi_0 (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \\ \psi_k(\vartheta, \tau) = I_{\tau}^{-\delta}\left[(1-\vartheta)\frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)+(e^{\tau} \vartheta^2)\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \vartheta^2} \psi_{k-1} (\vartheta, \tau)\right], \ \ k = 2, 3, \cdots \end{array} \right. \end{equation}$

(4.85)

Consequently, we get

$\begin{equation} \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+\vartheta, \end{equation}$

(4.86)

$\begin{equation} \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau) = (1+\vartheta)\frac{\tau^\delta}{\Gamma(\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.87)

$\begin{equation} \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau) = (1+\vartheta)\frac{\tau^{2\delta}}{\Gamma(2\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.88)

$\begin{equation} \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau) = (1+\vartheta)\frac{\tau^{3\delta}}{\Gamma(3\delta+1)}, \end{equation}$

(4.89)

$\vdots.$

The NAAM solution is

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \psi_0(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_1(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_2(\vartheta, \tau)+ \psi_3(\vartheta, \tau)+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.90)

subsisting Eqs (4.86)–(4.89), in Eq (4.90), we get

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+\vartheta+ (1+\vartheta) \frac{t^\delta}{ \Gamma(\delta+1)}+(1+\vartheta)\frac{\tau^{2\delta}}{\Gamma(2\delta+1)}+(1+\vartheta)\frac{\tau^{3\delta}}{\Gamma(3\delta+1)}+\cdots. \end{equation}$

(4.91)

Specifically for $\delta = 1,$ the solution converted to

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = 1+ \vartheta+ (1+ \vartheta) \frac{\tau}{ \Gamma(2)}+(1+ \vartheta) \frac{\tau^2}{ \Gamma(3)}+(1+ \vartheta) \frac{\tau^3}{ \Gamma(4)}+\cdots, \end{equation}$

(4.92)

which converge to exact solution as

$\begin{equation} \psi(\vartheta, \tau) = \exp^\tau(1+\vartheta). \end{equation}$

(4.93)

Figures 1 and 2 show the comparison of exact and NAAM solutions while Figures 3 and 4 represent the 2D and 3D solutions graphs respectively of Problem 4.1 at different fractional orders. Figures 5 and 6 show the comparison of exact and NAAM solutions while Figures 7 and 8 represent the 2D and 3D solutions graphs respectively of Problem 4.2 at different fractional orders. Figures 9 and 10 show the comparison of exact and NAAM solutions while Figures 11 and 12 represent the 2D and 3D solutions graphs respectively of Problem 4.3 at different fractional orders. Figures 13 and 14 show the comparison of exact and NAAM solutions while Figures 15 and 16 represent the 2D and 3D solutions graphs respectively of Problem 4.4 at different fractional orders. Figures 17 and 18 show the comparison of exact and NAAM solutions while Figures 19 and 20 represent the 2D and 3D solutions graphs respectively of Problem 4.5 at different fractional orders. Table 1, display the solutions comparison of NAAM with HPM, ADM and exact solutions of Problem 4.2. Table 2, display the solutions comparison of NAAM with HPM, ADM and exact solutions of Problem 4.3. Table 3, display the solutions comparison of NAAM with HPM, ADM and exact solutions of Problem 4.4. Table 4, display the solutions comparison of NAAM with HPM, ADM and exact solutions of Problem 4.5.

Figure 1. Exact solution graph of Problem 4.1.

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Figure 2. NAAM solution graph of Problem 4.1.

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Figure 3. 3D fractional order solution graphs of Problem 4.1.

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Figure 4. 2D fractional order solution graph of Problem 4.1.

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Figure 5. Exact solution graph of Problem 4.2.

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Figure 6. NAAM solution graph of Problem 4.2.

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Figure 7. 3D Fractional order solution graphs of Problem 4.2.

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Figure 8. 2D Fractional order solution graph of Problem 4.2.

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Figure 9. Exact solution graph of Problem 4.3.

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Figure 10. NAAM solution graph of Problem 4.3.

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Figure 11. 3D fractional order solution graphs of Problem 4.3.

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Figure 12. 2D fractional order solution graph of Problem 4.3.

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Figure 13. Exact solution graph of Problem 4.4.

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Figure 14. NAAM solution graph of Problem 4.4.

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Figure 15. 3D Fractional order solution graphs of Problem 4.4.

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Figure 16. 2D Fractional order solution graph of Problem 4.4.

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Figure 17. Exact solution graph of Problem: 4.5.

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Figure 18. NAAM solution graph of Problem 4.5.

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Figure 19. 3D Fractional order solution graphs of Problem 4.5.

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Figure 20. 2D Fractional order solution graph of Problem 4.5.

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Table 1. Comparison study for solution of Problem 4.2.

${\tau}$	$\vartheta$	NAAM	HPM ^[33]	ADM ^[34]	Exact
0.2	0.25	0.305333	0.305333	0.305333	0.305351
0.2	0.50	0.610667	0.610667	0.610667	0.610701
0.2	0.75	0.916000	0.916000	0.916000	0.916052
0.2	1.00	1.221333	1.221333	1.221333	1.221403
0.4	0.25	0.372667	0.372667	0.372667	0.372956
0.4	0.50	0.745333	0.745333	0.745333	0.745912
0.4	0.75	1.118000	1.118000	1.118000	1.118869
0.4	1.00	1.490667	1.490667	1.490667	1.491825
0.6	0.25	0.454000	0.454000	0.454000	0.455530
0.6	0.50	0.908000	0.908000	0.908000	0.911059
0.6	0.75	1.362000	1.362000	1.362000	1.366589
0.6	1.00	1.816000	1.816000	1.816000	1.822119

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Table 2. Comparison study for solution of Problem 4.3.

${\tau}$	$\vartheta$	NAAM	HPM ^[33]	ADM ^[34]	Exact
0.2	0.25	0.076333	0.076333	0.076333	0.076338
	0.50	0.305333	0.305333	0.305333	0.305351
	0.75	0.687000	0.687000	0.687000	0.687039
	1.00	1.221333	1.221333	1.221333	1.221403
0.4	0.25	0.093167	0.093167	0.093167	0.093239
	0.50	0.372667	0.372667	0.372667	0.372956
	0.75	0.838500	0.838500	0.838500	0.839151
	1.00	1.490667	1.490667	1.490667	1.491825
0.6	0.25	0.113500	0.113500	0.11350	0 0.113882
	0.50	0.454000	0.454000	0.454000	0.455530
	0.75	1.021500	1.021500	1.021500	1.024942
	1.00	1.816000	1.816000	1.816000	1.822119

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5. Conclusions

In these research notes, we have applied an analytical procedure known as the new approximate analytical method (NAAM). The NAAM provides power series solutions in the form of convergent series with fractional derivatives. It is more powerful than other analytical methods due to its less computational work. It provides the fractional order solution directly using the Caputo-Riemann property. We have tested some Fokker-Planck equations in linear and non-linear cases. The series form solution and graphical representation reflect the applicability and validity. The main advantage of NAAM is that it significantly minimises the numerical computations required to find an analytical solution with fractional order. The fractional order solutions are also found and verified by 3D and 2D representation. Overall, the NAAM provides series form solution with fractional order, which have good agreement with the exact solutions of the problems.

Acknowledgements

Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/401), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This research was funded by National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF), and King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok with Contract no. KMUTNB-FF-65-24.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

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[3]	Guo, W., A practical strategy to improve performance of Newton's method in solving nonlinear equations. STEM Education, 2022, 2(4): 345‒358. https://doi.org/10.3934/steme.2022021 doi: 10.3934/steme.2022021
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STEM Education

Solving problems involving numerical integration (I): Incorporating different techniques

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries and basic concepts

2.1. Riemann-Liouuille integral operator ^[32]

2.2. Some properties of Riemann-Liouuille fractional partial integral

2.3. Caputo operator of fractional partial derivative ^[36]

2.4. Theorem ^[36]

2.5. Theorem

3. NAAM procedure for the solution of problems^[37]

3.1. Lemma ^[37]

3.2. Theorem ^[37]

3.3. Definition ^[1]

3.4. Definition ^[31]

3.5. The existence and uniqueness of NAAM ^[37]

4. NAAM implementation and results discussion ^[37]

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Conflict of interest

References

This article has been cited by:

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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STEM Education

Solving problems involving numerical integration (I): Incorporating different techniques

Related Papers:

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries and basic concepts

2.1. Riemann-Liouuille integral operator [32]

2.2. Some properties of Riemann-Liouuille fractional partial integral

2.3. Caputo operator of fractional partial derivative [36]

2.4. Theorem [36]

2.5. Theorem

3. NAAM procedure for the solution of problems[37]

3.1. Lemma [37]

3.2. Theorem [37]

3.3. Definition [1]

3.4. Definition [31]

3.5. The existence and uniqueness of NAAM [37]

4. NAAM implementation and results discussion [37]

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Conflict of interest

References

This article has been cited by:

Reader Comments

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Content

Catalog

2.1. Riemann-Liouuille integral operator ^[32]

2.3. Caputo operator of fractional partial derivative ^[36]

2.4. Theorem ^[36]

3. NAAM procedure for the solution of problems^[37]

3.1. Lemma ^[37]

3.2. Theorem ^[37]

3.3. Definition ^[1]

3.4. Definition ^[31]

3.5. The existence and uniqueness of NAAM ^[37]

4. NAAM implementation and results discussion ^[37]