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AIMS Microbiology

2025, Volume 11, Issue 1: 206-227. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025011
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Research article

Solid state fermentation: A strategy for wheat bran supplemented corn stover valorization with Pleurotus species

  • 1.
    Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
  • 2.
    Mushroom Biology & Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27407, USA
  • 3.
    Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State 110001, Nigeria
  • 4.
    Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  • Received: 11 December 2024 Revised: 10 March 2025 Accepted: 14 March 2025 Published: 17 March 2025

  • This study compared the potential of three white-rot fungi (Pleurotus spp.) to enhance the nutritional value of corn stover as a feed resource for ruminants. A mixture of shredded corn stover and wheat bran (ratio 9:1) was moisturized (65%), loaded into polypropylene bags, and sterilized at 121 °C for 1 h. Four replicate bags were each inoculated with P. ostreatus (isolates P1 and P3) and P. pulmonarius (isolate P2) and incubated at 25 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. After inoculation and incubation of the corn stover, the resultant substrates and rumen fluid obtained from three ruminally cannulated beef cows were investigated using an in vitro batch culture study, designed as a 3 × 5 factorial with six replicates. Results revealed a significant (p < 0.001) effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), with the highest DMD observed at 8 weeks for all Pleurotus isolates tested. The best (p < 0.001) performance was seen in corn stover treated with P2 at weeks 6 and 8. Additionally, P1 at 0 and 6 weeks had the lowest ash and highest (p < 0.001) organic matter (OM) concentrations, respectively, compared to P2 at 8 weeks, which had the highest ash and the lowest OM concentrations. The highest (p = 0.011) crude protein (CP) content was recorded in P1 at week 8, while P1 at week 0 had the lowest CP content. Compared to untreated corn stover, higher (p < 0.001) acid detergent fiber digestibility was recorded in corn stover treated with P2 at 8 weeks, while higher (p < 0.001) neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed in P3 at 2 weeks. Pleurotus strains and incubation periods affected microbial mass production (p < 0.001), with minimal effects on total and individual volatile fatty acids. However, P3 at 2 weeks increased (p = 0.035) acetate and decreased (p = 0.001) propionate proportions. The results indicate that different isolates affected corn stover differently, but in general, all isolates improved the nutritional value of corn stover. P. pulmonarius had the highest DMD and lowest fiber content among the isolates tested and improved energy and nutrient utilization.

    Citation: Michael Wuaku, Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen, Peter A. Dele, Chika C. Anotaenwere, Ahmed E. Kholif, Oludotun O. Adelusi, Joel O. Alabi, Deborah O. Okedoyin, DeAndrea Gray, Kelechi A. Ike, Olatunde A. Oderinwale, Jorge A. Villarreal-González, Nkese S. Udombang, Judith O. Enemudo, Nathan Holt, Brandon G. Essick, Felicia N. Anike, Lauren Mayo, Uchenna Y. Anele. Solid state fermentation: A strategy for wheat bran supplemented corn stover valorization with Pleurotus species[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2025, 11(1): 206-227. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025011

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  • This study compared the potential of three white-rot fungi (Pleurotus spp.) to enhance the nutritional value of corn stover as a feed resource for ruminants. A mixture of shredded corn stover and wheat bran (ratio 9:1) was moisturized (65%), loaded into polypropylene bags, and sterilized at 121 °C for 1 h. Four replicate bags were each inoculated with P. ostreatus (isolates P1 and P3) and P. pulmonarius (isolate P2) and incubated at 25 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. After inoculation and incubation of the corn stover, the resultant substrates and rumen fluid obtained from three ruminally cannulated beef cows were investigated using an in vitro batch culture study, designed as a 3 × 5 factorial with six replicates. Results revealed a significant (p < 0.001) effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), with the highest DMD observed at 8 weeks for all Pleurotus isolates tested. The best (p < 0.001) performance was seen in corn stover treated with P2 at weeks 6 and 8. Additionally, P1 at 0 and 6 weeks had the lowest ash and highest (p < 0.001) organic matter (OM) concentrations, respectively, compared to P2 at 8 weeks, which had the highest ash and the lowest OM concentrations. The highest (p = 0.011) crude protein (CP) content was recorded in P1 at week 8, while P1 at week 0 had the lowest CP content. Compared to untreated corn stover, higher (p < 0.001) acid detergent fiber digestibility was recorded in corn stover treated with P2 at 8 weeks, while higher (p < 0.001) neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed in P3 at 2 weeks. Pleurotus strains and incubation periods affected microbial mass production (p < 0.001), with minimal effects on total and individual volatile fatty acids. However, P3 at 2 weeks increased (p = 0.035) acetate and decreased (p = 0.001) propionate proportions. The results indicate that different isolates affected corn stover differently, but in general, all isolates improved the nutritional value of corn stover. P. pulmonarius had the highest DMD and lowest fiber content among the isolates tested and improved energy and nutrient utilization.




    Acknowledgments


    This work is supported by the Evans-Allen Program, project award no. NC.X 350-5-22-120-1, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    Author contributions


    Author Contributions: Conceptualization, U.Y.A. and O.S.I.; methodology, M.W., P.A.D. and U.Y.A.; formal analysis, M.W. and A.E.K.; investigation, M.W., C.C.A., D.G. P.A.D., J.O.A., D.O.O., O.O.A., K.A.I., O.S.I. and U.Y.A.; resources, M.W., A.E.K., and U.Y.A.; data curation, A.E.K. and U.Y.A.; writing-original draft preparation, M.W., A.E.K. and U.Y.A.; writing-review and editing, J.O.A., O.A.O., A.E.K., L.M.M, O.S.I. and U.Y.A.; supervision, U.Y.A.; project administration, U.Y.A. and O.S.I.; funding acquisition, L.M.M, O.S.I. and U.Y.A.

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