New depths: exploring the current landscape of colorectal cancer

Derek A. Corica; Dylan M. Schaap; Trenton G. Mayberry; Braydon C. Cowan; Mark R. Wakefield; Yujiang Fang; Derek A. Corica; Dylan M. Schaap; Trenton G. Mayberry; Braydon C. Cowan; Mark R. Wakefield; Yujiang Fang

doi:10.3934/medsci.2025008

AIMS Medical Science

2025, Volume 12, Issue 1: 105-123. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2025008

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Review

New depths: exploring the current landscape of colorectal cancer

1.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, IA, 50266, USA
2.
Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
3.
Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
These two authors contributed equally and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Received: 30 August 2024 Revised: 12 March 2025 Accepted: 17 March 2025 Published: 21 March 2025

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a cancer of the large intestine and rectum, has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates, with incidences expected to nearly double in the next 25 years. The development of CRC may be caused by a collection of mutations via the chromosomal instability pathway, which results in approximately 70% of sporadic CRC cases, or the microsatellite instability pathway. At the same time, there are various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that increase one's chances of developing a CRC causing mutation via these pathways. There are three widely used treatments for CRC: surgical resection, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Surgical resection remains the standard for CRC that has not metastasized with various options available such as open surgery, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery. In recent years, there has also been a plethora of new research into chemotherapies and immunotherapies as important treatments for metastatic or complicated CRC cases. In this review, we highlight the pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatments for CRC, while also providing a short summary of the diagnosis. Such a study will be helpful for clinicians to better manage patients with CRC.
- colorectal cancer,
- treatment,
- pathogenesis
Citation: Derek A. Corica, Dylan M. Schaap, Trenton G. Mayberry, Braydon C. Cowan, Mark R. Wakefield, Yujiang Fang. New depths: exploring the current landscape of colorectal cancer[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2025, 12(1): 105-123. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2025008

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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a cancer of the large intestine and rectum, has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates, with incidences expected to nearly double in the next 25 years. The development of CRC may be caused by a collection of mutations via the chromosomal instability pathway, which results in approximately 70% of sporadic CRC cases, or the microsatellite instability pathway. At the same time, there are various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that increase one's chances of developing a CRC causing mutation via these pathways. There are three widely used treatments for CRC: surgical resection, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Surgical resection remains the standard for CRC that has not metastasized with various options available such as open surgery, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery. In recent years, there has also been a plethora of new research into chemotherapies and immunotherapies as important treatments for metastatic or complicated CRC cases. In this review, we highlight the pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatments for CRC, while also providing a short summary of the diagnosis. Such a study will be helpful for clinicians to better manage patients with CRC.

Abbreviations

CRC

Colorectal cancer

CIP

Chromosomal instability pathway

MSI

Microsatellite instability pathway

LAS

Laparoscopic-assisted surgery

RAS

Robot assisted surgery

Immunotherapy

irAEs

Immune-related adverse events

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from Des Moines University for Dr. Yujiang Fang (IOER 112-3119).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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