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Novel analytical superposed nonlinear wave structures for the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation using improved modified extended tanh function method

  • Higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations, such as the eighth-order Kac-Wakimoto model, are useful for studying wave turbulence in fluids, where energy transfers across a range of wave numbers. This phenomenon is observed in oceanographic research involving sea surface and internal waves, where intricate multi-dimensional interactions play a crucial role. In this work, we use the improved modified extended tanh function method for the first time to extract the exact solutions of the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation, which describes the dynamics of fields and the structure of solutions in various physical and mathematical contexts. The proposed method is simple and quick to execute, and it offers more innovative solutions than other methods. As a consequence, through the donation of suitable assumptions for the parameters, some new solutions for dark and singular soliton, as well as Jacobi elliptic, exponential, hyperbolic, and singular periodic forms, are developed. Furthermore, to enhance understanding, graphical representations of certain solutions are included.

    Citation: Wafaa B. Rabie, Hamdy M. Ahmed, Taher A. Nofal, E. M. Mohamed. Novel analytical superposed nonlinear wave structures for the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation using improved modified extended tanh function method[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(12): 33386-33400. doi: 10.3934/math.20241593

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  • Higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations, such as the eighth-order Kac-Wakimoto model, are useful for studying wave turbulence in fluids, where energy transfers across a range of wave numbers. This phenomenon is observed in oceanographic research involving sea surface and internal waves, where intricate multi-dimensional interactions play a crucial role. In this work, we use the improved modified extended tanh function method for the first time to extract the exact solutions of the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation, which describes the dynamics of fields and the structure of solutions in various physical and mathematical contexts. The proposed method is simple and quick to execute, and it offers more innovative solutions than other methods. As a consequence, through the donation of suitable assumptions for the parameters, some new solutions for dark and singular soliton, as well as Jacobi elliptic, exponential, hyperbolic, and singular periodic forms, are developed. Furthermore, to enhance understanding, graphical representations of certain solutions are included.



    Fractional calculus generalizes the integer-order integration and differentiation concepts to an arbitrary(real or complex) order. Fractional calculus is the most well known and valuable branch of mathematics which gives a good framework for biological and physical phenomena, mathematical modeling of engineering, etc. To get a couple of developments about the theory of fractional differential equations, one can allude to the monographs of Hilfer [31], Kilbas et al [36], Miller and Ross [39], Oldham [40], Pudlubny [41], Sabatier et al [42], Tarasov [48] and the references therein.

    At the present day, there are many results on the existence of solutions for fractional differential equations. For more details, the readers are referred to the previous studies [14,16,25,29,37] and the references therein. But here, we focus on which that uses the topological degree. This method is a powerful tool for the existence of solutions to BVPs of many mathematical models that arise in applied nonlinear analysis. Very recently F. Isaia [32] proved a new fixed theorem that was obtained via coincidence degree theory for condensing maps. To see more applications about the usefulness of coincidence degree theory approach for condensing maps in the study for the existence of solutions of certain integral equations, the reader can be referred to [7,8,12,32,34,43,44,45,46,47,50]. However, it has been observed that most of the work on the topic involves either RiemannLiouville or Caputo-type fractional derivative. Besides these derivatives, Hadamard fractional derivative is another kind of fractional derivatives that was introduced by Hadamard in 1892 [30]. This fractional derivative differs from the other ones in the sense that the kernel of the integral (in the definition of Hadamard derivative) contains the logarithmic function of arbitrary exponent. Good overviews and applications of where the Hadamard derivative and the Hadamard integral arise can be found in the papers by Butzer et al [19,20,21]. Other important results dealing with Hadamard fractional calculus and Hadamard differential equations can be found in [10,15,17,28,35,38,49], as well as in the monograph by Kilbas et al [36]. In recent years, Jarad et al [33] modified the Hadamard fractional derivative into a more suitable one having physical interpretable initial conditions similar to the singles in the Caputo setting and called it Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative. Details and properties of the modified derivative can be found in [33]. To the best of our knowledge, few results can be found in the literature concerning boundary value problems for Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations [1,9,11,18]. On the other hand, it is well known that the nonlocal condition is more appropriate than the local condition (initial and /or boundary) to describe correctly certain features of applied mathematics and physics such as blood flow problems, chemical engineering, thermo-elasticity, population dynamics and so on [2,4,5,6,13,22,23,24].

    No contributions exist, as far as we know, concerning the Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations via topological degree theory. As a result, the goal of this paper is to enrich this academic area. Our proposed method is essentially based on the result given by F. Isaia [32] to study the existence of solutions for a class of fractional differential equations via topological degree theory. More specifically, we pose the following Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equation of the form

    {CHDα1u(t)=f(t,u(t)),tJ:=[1,T],a1u(1)+b1CHDγ1u(1)=λ1HIσ11u(η1),1<η1<T,σ1>0,a2u(T)+b2CHDγ1u(T)=λ2HIσ21u(η2),1<η1<T,σ2>0, (1.1)

    where CHDμ1 is the Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative order μ{α,γ} such that 1<α2,0<γ1,HIθ1 is the Hadamard fractional integral of order θ>0,θ{σ1,σ2} and f:J×RR is a given continuous function, ai,bi,λi,i=1,2 are suitably chosen real constants such that

    Δ=(a1λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))(a2logT+b2(logT)1γΓ(2γ)λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))+λ1(logη1)σ1+1Γ(σ1+2)(a2logTλ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))0. (1.2)

    The remaining part of this manuscript is distinguished as follows: Section 2, in which we describe some basic notations of fractional derivatives and integrals, definitions of differential calculus, and important results that will be used in subsequent parts of the paper. In Section 3, based on the coincidence degree theory for condensing maps, we establish a theorem on the existence of solutions for problem (1.1) next by using the Banach contraction principle fixed point theorem, we give a uniqueness results for problem (1.1). Additionally, Section 4 provides a couple of examples to illustrate the applicability of the results developed. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 5.

    We start this section by introducing some necessary definitions and basic results required for further developments.

    Consider the space of real and continuous functions U=C([1,T],R) with topological norm u=sup{|u(t)|,tJ} for uU. MU represents the class of all bounded mappings in U.

    We state here the results given below from [3,26].

    Definition 2.1. The mapping κ:MU[0,) for Kuratowski measure of non-compactness is defined as:

    κ(B)=inf{ε>0:Bcan be covered by finitely many sets with diameterε}.

    Properties 2.1. The Kuratowski measure of noncompactness satisfies some properties.

    (1) ABκ(A)κ(B),

    (2) κ(A)=0 if and only if A is relatively compact,

    (3) κ(A)=κ(¯A)=κ(conv(A)), where ¯A and conv(A) represent the closure and the convex hull of A respectively,

    (4) κ(A+B)κ(A)+κ(B),

    (5) κ(λA)=|λ|κ(A),λR.

    Definition 2.2. Let T:AU be a continuous bounded map and AU. The operator T is said to be κ-Lipschitz if we can find a constant 0 satisfying the following condition,

    κ(T(B))κ(B),for everyBA.

    Moreover, T is called strict κ-contraction if <1.

    Definition 2.3. The function T is called κ-condensing if

    κ(T(B))<κ(B),

    for every bounded and nonprecompact subset B of A.

    In other words,

    κ(T(B))κ(B),impliesκ(B)=0.

    Further we have T:AU is Lipschitz if we can find >0 such that

    T(u)T(v)uv,for allu,vA,

    if <1, T is said to be strict contraction.

    For the following results, we refer to [32].

    Proposition 2.4. If T,S:AU are κ-Lipschitz mapping with constants 1 and 2 respectively, then T+S:AU are κ-Lipschitz with constants 1+2.

    Proposition 2.5. If T:AU is compact, then T is κ-Lipschitz with constant =0.

    Proposition 2.6. If T:AU is Lipschitz with constant , then T is κ-Lipschitz with the same constant .

    Isaia [32] present the following results using topological degree theory.

    Theorem 2.7. Let K:AU be κ-condensing and

    Θ={uU:there existξ[0,1]such thatx=ξKu}.

    If Θ is a bounded set in U, so there exists r>0 such that ΘBr(0), then the degree

    deg(IξK,Br(0),0)=1,for allξ[0,1].

    Consequently, K has at least one fixed point and the set of the fixed points of K lies in Br(0).

    Now, we give some results and properties from the theory of of fractional calculus. We begin by defining Hadamard fractional integrals and derivatives. In what follows,

    Definition 2.8. ([36]) The Hadamard fractional integral of order α>0, for a function uL1(J), is defined as

    (HIα1u)(t)=1Γ(α)t1(logts)α1u(s)dss,α>0,

    where Γ() is the (Euler's) Gamma function

    Γ(α)=+0ettα1dt,α>0.

    Set

    δ=tddt,α>0,n=[α]+1,

    where [α] denotes the integer part of α. Define the space

    ACnδ[1,T]:={u:[1,T]R:δn1u(t)AC([1,T])}.

    Definition 2.9. ([36]) The Hadamard fractional derivative of order α>0 applied to the function uACnδ[1,T] is defined as

    (HDα1u)(t)=δn(HInα1u)(t).

    Definition 2.10. ([33,36]) The Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative of order α>0 applied to the function uACnδ[1,T] is defined as

    (CHDα1u)(t)=(HInα1δnu)(t).

    Lemmas of the following type are rather standard in the study of fractional differential equations.

    Lemma 2.11 ([33,36]). Let α>0,r>0,n=[α]+1, and a>0, then the following relations hold

    HIα1(logta)r1=Γ(r)Γ(α+r)(logta)α+r1,

    CHDα1(logta)r1={Γ(r)Γ(rα)(logta)rα1,(r>n),0,r{0,,n1}.

    Lemma 2.12 ([27,36]). Let α>β>0, and uACnδ[1,T]. Then we have:

    HIα1HIβ1u(t)=HIα+β1u(t),

    CHDα1HIα1u(t)=u(t),

    CHDβ1HIα1u(t)=HIαβ1u(t).

    Lemma 2.13 ([33,36]). Let α0, and n=[α]+1. If uACnδ[1,T], then the Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equation

    (CHDα1u)(t)=0,

    has a solution:

    u(t)=n1j=0cj(log(t))j,

    and the following formula holds:

    HIα1(CHDα1u(t))=u(t)+n1j=0cj(log(t))j,

    where cjR,j=0,1,2,,n1.

    Before starting and proving our main result we introduce the following auxiliary lemma.

    Lemma 3.1. For a given hC(J,R), the unique solution of the linear fractional boundary value problem

    {CHDα1u(t)=h(t),tJ:=[1,T],a1u(1)+b1CHDγ1u(1)=λ1HIσ11u(η1),1<η1<T,σ1>0,a2u(T)+b2CHDγ1u(T)=λ2HIσ21u(η2),1<η1<T,σ2>0, (3.1)

    is given by

    u(t)=HIα1h(t)+μ1(t)HIσ1+α1h(η1)+μ2(t)(λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIαγ1h(T))), (3.2)

    where

    μ1(t)=λ1(Δ1Δ2t),μ2(t)=λ1Δ3+Δ4t,Δ1=1Δ(a2logT+b2(logT)1γΓ(2γ)λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2));Δ2=1Δ(a2logTλ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))Δ3=λ1(logη1)σ1+1ΔΓ(σ1+2);Δ4=1Δ(a1λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1)), (3.3)

    and Δ is given by (1.2).

    Proof. By applying Lemma 2.13, we may reduce (3.1) to an equivalent integral equation

    u(t)=HIα1h(t)+k0+k1log(t),k0,k1R. (3.4)

    Applying the boundary conditions (3.1) in (3.4) we may obtain

    HIσi1x(ηi)=HIσi+α1h(ηi)+k0(logηi)σiΓ(σi+1)+k1(logηi)σi+1Γ(σi+2),i=1,2.CHDγ1x(T)=HIαγ1h(T)+k1Γ(2)Γ(2γ)(logT)1γ.

    After collecting the similar terms in one part, we have the following equations:

    (a1λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))k0λ1(logη1)σ1+1Γ(σ1+2)k1=λ1HIσ1+α1h(η1). (3.5)
    (a2logTλ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))k0+(a2logT+b2(logT)1γΓ(2γ)λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))k1=λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIαγ1h(T)). (3.6)

    Therefore, we get

    k0=λ1Δ(a2logT+b2(logT)1γΓ(2γ)λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))HIα+σ11h(η1)+λ1(logη1)σ1+1ΔΓ(σ1+2)(λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIαγ1h(T))),k1=λ1Δ(a1λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))(λ2Iσ2+α0+h(η2)(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIαγ1h(1))),λ1Δ(a2logTλ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))Iσ1+α0+h(η1).

    Substituting the value of k0,k1 in (3.4) we get (3.2), which completes the proof.

    We use the following assumptions in the proofs of our main results.

    (H1) There exist constant L>0 such that

    f(t,u)f(t,v)Luv, for eachtJand for eachu,vU. (3.7)

    (H2) The functions f satisfy the following growth conditions for constants M,N>0,p[0,1).

    f(t,u)Mup+Nfor eachtJand eachuU. (3.8)

    In the following, we set an abbreviated notation for the Hadamard fractional integral of order α>0, for a function with two variables as

    HIα1fu(t)=1Γ(α)t1(logts)α1f(s,u(s))dss.

    Moreover, for computational convenience we put

    ω=~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)αγΓ(αγ+1)], (3.9)

    where ~μ1=|λ1|(|Δ1|+|Δ2|T),~μ2=|λ1Δ3|+|Δ4|T,

    ˉω=|λ1||Δ2|(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+|Δ4|[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)αγΓ(αγ+1)]. (3.10)

    In view of Lemma 3.1, we consider two operators T,S:UU as follows:

    Tu(t)=HIα1fu(t),tJ,

    and

    Su(t)=μ1(t)HIσ1+α1fu(η1)+μ2(t)(λ2HIσ2+α1fu(η2)(a2HIα1fu(T)+b2HIαγ1fu(T))),tJ.

    Then the integral equation (3.2) in Lemma 3.1 can be written as an operator equation

    Ku(t)=Tu(t)+Su(t), tJ,

    The continuity of f show that the operator K is well define and fixed points of the operator equation are solutions of the integral equations (3.2) in Lemma 3.1.

    Lemma 3.2. T is Lipschitz with constant f=L(logT)αΓ(α+1). Moreover, T satisfies the growth condition given below

    Tu(logT)αΓ(α+1)(Mup+N),

    for every uU.

    Proof. To show that the operator T is Lipschitz with constant f. Let u,vU, then we have

    |Tu(t)Tv(t)|=|HIα1fu(t)HIα1fv(t)|HIα1|fufv|(t)HIα1(1)(T)Luv=L(logT)αΓ(α+1)uv,

    for all tJ. Taking supremum over t, we obtain

    TuTvL(logT)αΓ(α+1)uv.

    Hence, T:UU is a Lipschitzian on U with Lipschitz constant f=L(logT)αΓ(α+1). By Proposition 2.6, T is κ–Lipschitz with constant f. Moreover, for growth condition, we have

    |Tu(t)|HIα1|fu|(t)(Mup+N)HIα1(1)(T)=(logT)αΓ(α+1)(Mup+N).

    Hence it follows that

    Tu(logT)αΓ(α+1)(Mup+N).

    Lemma 3.3. S is continuous and satisfies the growth condition given as below,

    Su(Mup+N)ω,for everyuU,

    where ω is given by (3.9).

    Proof. To prove that S is continuous. Let {un},uU with limn+unu0. It is trivial to see that {un} is a bounded subset of U. As a result, there exists a constant r>0 such that unr for all n1. Taking limit, we see ur. It is easy to see that f(s,un(s))f(s,u(s)),asn+. due to the continuity of f. On the other hand taking (H2) into consideration we get the following inequality:

    (logts)α1sf(s,un(s))f(s,u(s))2(logts)α1s(Mrp+N).

    We notice that since the function s2(logts)α1s(Mrp+N) is Lebesgue integrable over [1,t], the functions

    s2(Mrp+N)s(logηis)σi+α1,i=1,2,s2(Mrp+N)s(logTs)α1,s2(Mrp+N)s(logTs)αγ1,

    are also. This fact together with the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem implies that

    HIσ1+α1|funfu|(η1)0asn+,HIσ2+α1|funfu|(η2)0asn+,HIα1|funfu|(T)0asn+,HIαγ1|funfu|(T)0asn+.

    It follows that SunSu0asn+. Which implies the continuity of the operator S.

    For the growth condition, using the assumption (H2) we have

    |Su(t)|~μ1HIσ1+α1|fu|(η1)+~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1|fu|(η2)+|a2|HIα1|fu|(T)+|b2|HIαγ1|fu|(T))(Mup+N)~μ1HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+(Mup+N)~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIαγ1(1)(T))(Mup+N)(~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)αγΓ(αγ+1)]).

    Therefore,

    Su(Mup+N)ω, (3.11)

    where ω is given by (3.9). This completes the proof of Lemma 3.3.

    Lemma 3.4. The operator S:UU is compact. Consequently, S is κ-Lipschitz with zero constant.

    Proof. In order to show that S is compact. Let us take a bounded set ΩBr. We are required to show that S(Ω) is relatively compact in U. For arbitrary uΩBr, then with the help of the estimates (3.11) we can obtain

    Su(Mrp+N)ω,

    where ω is given by (3.9), which shows that S(Ω) is uniformly bounded. Furthermore, for arbitrary uU and tJ. From the definition of S using the notations given by (3.3) and (H2), we can obtain

    |(Su)(t)||μ1(t)|HIσ1+α1|fu|(η1)+|μ2(t)|(|λ2|HIσ2+α1|fu|(η2)+|a2|HIα1|fu|(T)+|b2|HIαγ1|fu|(T))(Mup+N)(|λ1||Δ2|HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+|Δ4|(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIαγ1(1)(T)))(Mup+N)(|λ1||Δ2|(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)|Δ4|[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)αγΓ(αγ+1)])=ˉω(Mup+N),

    where ˉω is given by (3.10). Now, for equi-continuity of S take t1,t2J with t1<t2, and let uΩ. Thus, we get

    |Su(t2)Su(t1)|t2t1|(Su)(s)|dsˉω(Mrp+N)(t2t1).

    From the last estimate, we deduce that (Sx)(t2)(Sx)(t1)0 when t2t1. Therefore, S is equicontinuous. Thus, by Ascoli–Arzelà theorem, the operator S is compact and hence by Proposition 2.5. S is κ–Lipschitz with zero constant.

    Theorem 3.5. Suppose that (H1)–(H2) are satisfied, then the BVP (1.1) has at least one solution uC(J,R) provided that f<1 and the set of the solutions is bounded in C(J,R).

    Proof. Let T,S,K are the operators defined in the start of this section. These operators are continuous and bounded. Moreover, by Lemma 3.2, T is κ–Lipschitz with constant f and by Lemma 3.4, S is κ–Lipschitz with constant 0. Thus, K is κ–Lipschitz with constant f. Hence K is strict κ–contraction with constant f. Since f<1, so K is κ-condensing.

    Now consider the following set

    Θ={uU:there existξ[0,1]such thatx=ξKu}.

    We will show that the set Θ is bounded. For uΘ, we have u=ξKu=ξ(T(u)+S(u)), which implies that

    uξ(Tu+Su)[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω](Mup+N),

    where ω is given by (3.9). From the above inequalities, we conclude that Θ is bounded in C(J,R). If it is not bounded, then dividing the above inequality by a:=u and letting a, we arrive at

    1[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]limaMap+Na=0,

    which is a contradiction. Thus the set Θ is bounded and the operator K has at least one fixed point which represent the solution of BVP (1.1).

    Remark 3.6. If the growth condition (H2) is formulated for p=1, then the conclusions of Theorem 3.5 remain valid provided that

    [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]M<1.

    To end this section, we give an existence and uniqueness result.

    Theorem 3.7. Under assumption (H1) the BVP (1.1) has a unique solution if

    [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L<1. (3.12)

    Proof. Let u,vC(J,R) and tJ, then we have

    |Ku(t)Kv(t)|HIα1|fufv|(t)+|μ1(t)|HIσ1+α1|fufv|(η1)+|μ2(t)|λ2HIσ2+α1|fufv|(η2)+|a2μ2(t)|HIα1|fufv|(T)+|b2μ2(t)|HIαγ1|fufv|(T)Luv[HIα1(1)(T)+~μ1HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIαγ1(1)(T))]Luv((logT)αΓ(α+1)+~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)αγΓ(αγ+1)])=[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]Luv.

    In view of the given condition [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L<1, it follows that the mapping K is a contraction. Hence, by the Banach fixed point theorem, K has a unique fixed point which is a unique solution of problem (1.1). This completes the proof.

    In this section, in order to illustrate our results, we consider two examples.

    Example 4.1. Let us consider problem (1.1) with specific data:

    α=32,γ=12=1,T=ea1=b1=a2=b2=1;λ1=λ2=0,σ1=12,σ2=32,η1=54,η2=32. (4.1)

    Using the given values of the parameters in (3.3) and (3.9), by the Matlab program, we find that

    (logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω=3.5284. (4.2)

    In order to illustrate Theorem 3.5, we take

    f(t,u(t))=1e(t1)+9(|u(t)|1+|u(t)|)+log(t), (4.3)

    in (1.1) and note that

    |f(t,u)f(t,v)|=1e(t1)+9(||u|1+|u||v|1+|v||)1e(t1)+9(|uv|(1+|u|)(1+|v|))110|uv|.

    Hence the condition (H1) holds with L=110. Further from the above given data it is easy to calculate

    f=L(logT)αΓ(α+1)=0.0752

    On the other hand, for any tJ,uR we have

    |f(t,u)|110|u|+1.

    Hence condition (H2) holds with M=110,p=N=1. In view of Theorem 3.5,

    Θ={uU:there existξ[0,1]such thatx=ξKu},

    is the solution set; then

    uξ(Tu+Su)[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω](Mu+N).

    From which, we have

    u[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]N1[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]M=5.4522,

    by Theorem 3.5 the BVP (1.1) with the data (4.1) and (4.3) has at least a solution u in C(J×R,R). Furthermore [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L=0.3528<1. Hence by Theorem 3.7 the boundary value problem (1.1) with the data (4.1) and (4.3) has a unique solution.

    Example 4.2. Consider the following boundary value problem of a fractional differential equation:

    {CHD741u(t)=12(t+1)2(u(t)+1+u2(t)),tJ:=[1,2],u(1)=HI321u(32),u(2)=HI521u(74), (4.4)

    Note that, this problem is a particular case of BVP (1.1), where

    α=74,T=2a1=a2=λ1=λ2=1,a2=b2=0σ1=32,σ2=52,η1=32,η2=74,

    and f:J×RR given by

    f(t,u)=12(t+1)2(u+1+u2),fortJ,uR.

    It is clear that the function f is continuous. On the other hand, for any tJ,u,vR we have

    |f(t,u)f(t,v)|=1(t+1)2|12(uv+1+u21+v2)|=1(t+1)2|12(uv)(1+u+v1+u2+1+v2)|14|uv|.

    Hence condition (H1) holds with L=14. We shall check that condition (3.12) is satisfied. Indeed using the Matlab program, we can find

    [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L=0.3417<1,

    Hence by Theorem 3.7 the boundary value problem (4.4) has a unique solution.

    We have presented the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlinear boundary value problem of fractional differential equations involving the Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative. The proof of the existence results is based on a fixed point theorem due to Isaia [32], which was obtained via coincidence degree theory for condensing maps, while the uniqueness of the solution is proved by applying the Banach contraction principle. Moreover, two examples are presented for the illustration of the obtained theory. Our results are not only new in the given configuration but also correspond to some new situations associated with the specific values of the parameters involved in the given problem.

    The authors are grateful to the handling editor and reviewers for their careful reviews and useful comments.

    The authors declare no conflict of interest.



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