Higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations, such as the eighth-order Kac-Wakimoto model, are useful for studying wave turbulence in fluids, where energy transfers across a range of wave numbers. This phenomenon is observed in oceanographic research involving sea surface and internal waves, where intricate multi-dimensional interactions play a crucial role. In this work, we use the improved modified extended tanh function method for the first time to extract the exact solutions of the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation, which describes the dynamics of fields and the structure of solutions in various physical and mathematical contexts. The proposed method is simple and quick to execute, and it offers more innovative solutions than other methods. As a consequence, through the donation of suitable assumptions for the parameters, some new solutions for dark and singular soliton, as well as Jacobi elliptic, exponential, hyperbolic, and singular periodic forms, are developed. Furthermore, to enhance understanding, graphical representations of certain solutions are included.
Citation: Wafaa B. Rabie, Hamdy M. Ahmed, Taher A. Nofal, E. M. Mohamed. Novel analytical superposed nonlinear wave structures for the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation using improved modified extended tanh function method[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(12): 33386-33400. doi: 10.3934/math.20241593
[1] | Subramanian Muthaiah, Dumitru Baleanu, Nandha Gopal Thangaraj . Existence and Hyers-Ulam type stability results for nonlinear coupled system of Caputo-Hadamard type fractional differential equations. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(1): 168-194. doi: 10.3934/math.2021012 |
[2] | Cuiying Li, Rui Wu, Ranzhuo Ma . Existence of solutions for Caputo fractional iterative equations under several boundary value conditions. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 317-339. doi: 10.3934/math.2023015 |
[3] | Samy A. Harisa, Chokkalingam Ravichandran, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Nashat Faried, Ahmed Morsy . New exploration of operators of fractional neutral integro-differential equations in Banach spaces through the application of the topological degree concept. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(9): 15741-15758. doi: 10.3934/math.2022862 |
[4] | Abdulwasea Alkhazzan, Wadhah Al-Sadi, Varaporn Wattanakejorn, Hasib Khan, Thanin Sitthiwirattham, Sina Etemad, Shahram Rezapour . A new study on the existence and stability to a system of coupled higher-order nonlinear BVP of hybrid FDEs under the p-Laplacian operator. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(8): 14187-14207. doi: 10.3934/math.2022782 |
[5] | Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Suliman Alsaeed, Kalimuthu Kaliraj, Chokkalingam Ravichandran, Wedad Albalawi, Abdel-Haleem Abdel-Aty . Existence criteria for fractional differential equations using the topological degree method. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(9): 21914-21928. doi: 10.3934/math.20231117 |
[6] | Ahmed Alsaedi, Fawziah M. Alotaibi, Bashir Ahmad . Analysis of nonlinear coupled Caputo fractional differential equations with boundary conditions in terms of sum and difference of the governing functions. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(5): 8314-8329. doi: 10.3934/math.2022463 |
[7] | Mengyu Wang, Xinmin Qu, Huiqin Lu . Ground state sign-changing solutions for fractional Laplacian equations with critical nonlinearity. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(5): 5028-5039. doi: 10.3934/math.2021297 |
[8] | Mohammad Esmael Samei, Lotfollah Karimi, Mohammed K. A. Kaabar . To investigate a class of multi-singular pointwise defined fractional q–integro-differential equation with applications. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(5): 7781-7816. doi: 10.3934/math.2022437 |
[9] | Hui Huang, Kaihong Zhao, Xiuduo Liu . On solvability of BVP for a coupled Hadamard fractional systems involving fractional derivative impulses. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(10): 19221-19236. doi: 10.3934/math.20221055 |
[10] | Rui Wu, Yi Cheng, Ravi P. Agarwal . Rotational periodic solutions for fractional iterative systems. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(10): 11233-11245. doi: 10.3934/math.2021651 |
Higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations, such as the eighth-order Kac-Wakimoto model, are useful for studying wave turbulence in fluids, where energy transfers across a range of wave numbers. This phenomenon is observed in oceanographic research involving sea surface and internal waves, where intricate multi-dimensional interactions play a crucial role. In this work, we use the improved modified extended tanh function method for the first time to extract the exact solutions of the eighth-order (3+1)-dimensional Kac-Wakimoto equation, which describes the dynamics of fields and the structure of solutions in various physical and mathematical contexts. The proposed method is simple and quick to execute, and it offers more innovative solutions than other methods. As a consequence, through the donation of suitable assumptions for the parameters, some new solutions for dark and singular soliton, as well as Jacobi elliptic, exponential, hyperbolic, and singular periodic forms, are developed. Furthermore, to enhance understanding, graphical representations of certain solutions are included.
Fractional calculus generalizes the integer-order integration and differentiation concepts to an arbitrary(real or complex) order. Fractional calculus is the most well known and valuable branch of mathematics which gives a good framework for biological and physical phenomena, mathematical modeling of engineering, etc. To get a couple of developments about the theory of fractional differential equations, one can allude to the monographs of Hilfer [31], Kilbas et al [36], Miller and Ross [39], Oldham [40], Pudlubny [41], Sabatier et al [42], Tarasov [48] and the references therein.
At the present day, there are many results on the existence of solutions for fractional differential equations. For more details, the readers are referred to the previous studies [14,16,25,29,37] and the references therein. But here, we focus on which that uses the topological degree. This method is a powerful tool for the existence of solutions to BVPs of many mathematical models that arise in applied nonlinear analysis. Very recently F. Isaia [32] proved a new fixed theorem that was obtained via coincidence degree theory for condensing maps. To see more applications about the usefulness of coincidence degree theory approach for condensing maps in the study for the existence of solutions of certain integral equations, the reader can be referred to [7,8,12,32,34,43,44,45,46,47,50]. However, it has been observed that most of the work on the topic involves either RiemannLiouville or Caputo-type fractional derivative. Besides these derivatives, Hadamard fractional derivative is another kind of fractional derivatives that was introduced by Hadamard in 1892 [30]. This fractional derivative differs from the other ones in the sense that the kernel of the integral (in the definition of Hadamard derivative) contains the logarithmic function of arbitrary exponent. Good overviews and applications of where the Hadamard derivative and the Hadamard integral arise can be found in the papers by Butzer et al [19,20,21]. Other important results dealing with Hadamard fractional calculus and Hadamard differential equations can be found in [10,15,17,28,35,38,49], as well as in the monograph by Kilbas et al [36]. In recent years, Jarad et al [33] modified the Hadamard fractional derivative into a more suitable one having physical interpretable initial conditions similar to the singles in the Caputo setting and called it Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative. Details and properties of the modified derivative can be found in [33]. To the best of our knowledge, few results can be found in the literature concerning boundary value problems for Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations [1,9,11,18]. On the other hand, it is well known that the nonlocal condition is more appropriate than the local condition (initial and /or boundary) to describe correctly certain features of applied mathematics and physics such as blood flow problems, chemical engineering, thermo-elasticity, population dynamics and so on [2,4,5,6,13,22,23,24].
No contributions exist, as far as we know, concerning the Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equations via topological degree theory. As a result, the goal of this paper is to enrich this academic area. Our proposed method is essentially based on the result given by F. Isaia [32] to study the existence of solutions for a class of fractional differential equations via topological degree theory. More specifically, we pose the following Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equation of the form
{CHDα1u(t)=f(t,u(t)),t∈J:=[1,T],a1u(1)+b1CHDγ1u(1)=λ1HIσ11u(η1),1<η1<T,σ1>0,a2u(T)+b2CHDγ1u(T)=λ2HIσ21u(η2),1<η1<T,σ2>0, | (1.1) |
where CHDμ1 is the Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative order μ∈{α,γ} such that 1<α≤2,0<γ≤1,HIθ1 is the Hadamard fractional integral of order θ>0,θ∈{σ1,σ2} and f:J×R⟶R is a given continuous function, ai,bi,λi,i=1,2 are suitably chosen real constants such that
Δ=(a1−λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))(a2logT+b2(logT)1−γΓ(2−γ)−λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))+λ1(logη1)σ1+1Γ(σ1+2)(a2logT−λ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))≠0. | (1.2) |
The remaining part of this manuscript is distinguished as follows: Section 2, in which we describe some basic notations of fractional derivatives and integrals, definitions of differential calculus, and important results that will be used in subsequent parts of the paper. In Section 3, based on the coincidence degree theory for condensing maps, we establish a theorem on the existence of solutions for problem (1.1) next by using the Banach contraction principle fixed point theorem, we give a uniqueness results for problem (1.1). Additionally, Section 4 provides a couple of examples to illustrate the applicability of the results developed. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 5.
We start this section by introducing some necessary definitions and basic results required for further developments.
Consider the space of real and continuous functions U=C([1,T],R) with topological norm ‖u‖∞=sup{|u(t)|,t∈J} for u∈U. MU represents the class of all bounded mappings in U.
We state here the results given below from [3,26].
Definition 2.1. The mapping κ:MU→[0,∞) for Kuratowski measure of non-compactness is defined as:
κ(B)=inf{ε>0:Bcan be covered by finitely many sets with diameter≤ε}. |
Properties 2.1. The Kuratowski measure of noncompactness satisfies some properties.
(1) A⊂B⇒κ(A)≤κ(B),
(2) κ(A)=0 if and only if A is relatively compact,
(3) κ(A)=κ(¯A)=κ(conv(A)), where ¯A and conv(A) represent the closure and the convex hull of A respectively,
(4) κ(A+B)≤κ(A)+κ(B),
(5) κ(λA)=|λ|κ(A),λ∈R.
Definition 2.2. Let T:A⟶U be a continuous bounded map and A⊂U. The operator T is said to be κ-Lipschitz if we can find a constant ℓ≥0 satisfying the following condition,
κ(T(B))≤ℓκ(B),for everyB⊂A. |
Moreover, T is called strict κ-contraction if ℓ<1.
Definition 2.3. The function T is called κ-condensing if
κ(T(B))<κ(B), |
for every bounded and nonprecompact subset B of A.
In other words,
κ(T(B))≥κ(B),impliesκ(B)=0. |
Further we have T:A⟶U is Lipschitz if we can find ℓ>0 such that
‖T(u)−T(v)‖≤ℓ‖u−v‖,for allu,v∈A, |
if ℓ<1, T is said to be strict contraction.
For the following results, we refer to [32].
Proposition 2.4. If T,S:A⟶U are κ-Lipschitz mapping with constants ℓ1 and ℓ2 respectively, then T+S:A⟶U are κ-Lipschitz with constants ℓ1+ℓ2.
Proposition 2.5. If T:A⟶U is compact, then T is κ-Lipschitz with constant ℓ=0.
Proposition 2.6. If T:A⟶U is Lipschitz with constant ℓ, then T is κ-Lipschitz with the same constant ℓ.
Isaia [32] present the following results using topological degree theory.
Theorem 2.7. Let K:A⟶U be κ-condensing and
Θ={u∈U:there existξ∈[0,1]such thatx=ξKu}. |
If Θ is a bounded set in U, so there exists r>0 such that Θ⊂Br(0), then the degree
deg(I−ξK,Br(0),0)=1,for allξ∈[0,1]. |
Consequently, K has at least one fixed point and the set of the fixed points of K lies in Br(0).
Now, we give some results and properties from the theory of of fractional calculus. We begin by defining Hadamard fractional integrals and derivatives. In what follows,
Definition 2.8. ([36]) The Hadamard fractional integral of order α>0, for a function u∈L1(J), is defined as
(HIα1u)(t)=1Γ(α)∫t1(logts)α−1u(s)dss,α>0, |
where Γ(⋅) is the (Euler's) Gamma function
Γ(α)=∫+∞0e−ttα−1dt,α>0. |
Set
δ=tddt,α>0,n=[α]+1, |
where [α] denotes the integer part of α. Define the space
ACnδ[1,T]:={u:[1,T]⟶R:δn−1u(t)∈AC([1,T])}. |
Definition 2.9. ([36]) The Hadamard fractional derivative of order α>0 applied to the function u∈ACnδ[1,T] is defined as
(HDα1u)(t)=δn(HIn−α1u)(t). |
Definition 2.10. ([33,36]) The Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative of order α>0 applied to the function u∈ACnδ[1,T] is defined as
(CHDα1u)(t)=(HIn−α1δnu)(t). |
Lemmas of the following type are rather standard in the study of fractional differential equations.
Lemma 2.11 ([33,36]). Let α>0,r>0,n=[α]+1, and a>0, then the following relations hold
● HIα1(logta)r−1=Γ(r)Γ(α+r)(logta)α+r−1,
●
CHDα1(logta)r−1={Γ(r)Γ(r−α)(logta)r−α−1,(r>n),0,r∈{0,…,n−1}. |
Lemma 2.12 ([27,36]). Let α>β>0, and u∈ACnδ[1,T]. Then we have:
● HIα1HIβ1u(t)=HIα+β1u(t),
● CHDα1HIα1u(t)=u(t),
● CHDβ1HIα1u(t)=HIα−β1u(t).
Lemma 2.13 ([33,36]). Let α≥0, and n=[α]+1. If u∈ACnδ[1,T], then the Caputo–Hadamard fractional differential equation
(CHDα1u)(t)=0, |
has a solution:
u(t)=n−1∑j=0cj(log(t))j, |
and the following formula holds:
HIα1(CHDα1u(t))=u(t)+n−1∑j=0cj(log(t))j, |
where cj∈R,j=0,1,2,…,n−1.
Before starting and proving our main result we introduce the following auxiliary lemma.
Lemma 3.1. For a given h∈C(J,R), the unique solution of the linear fractional boundary value problem
{CHDα1u(t)=h(t),t∈J:=[1,T],a1u(1)+b1CHDγ1u(1)=λ1HIσ11u(η1),1<η1<T,σ1>0,a2u(T)+b2CHDγ1u(T)=λ2HIσ21u(η2),1<η1<T,σ2>0, | (3.1) |
is given by
u(t)=HIα1h(t)+μ1(t)HIσ1+α1h(η1)+μ2(t)(λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)−(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIα−γ1h(T))), | (3.2) |
where
μ1(t)=λ1(Δ1−Δ2t),μ2(t)=λ1Δ3+Δ4t,Δ1=1Δ(a2logT+b2(logT)1−γΓ(2−γ)−λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2));Δ2=1Δ(a2logT−λ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))Δ3=λ1(logη1)σ1+1ΔΓ(σ1+2);Δ4=1Δ(a1−λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1)), | (3.3) |
and Δ is given by (1.2).
Proof. By applying Lemma 2.13, we may reduce (3.1) to an equivalent integral equation
u(t)=HIα1h(t)+k0+k1log(t),k0,k1∈R. | (3.4) |
Applying the boundary conditions (3.1) in (3.4) we may obtain
HIσi1x(ηi)=HIσi+α1h(ηi)+k0(logηi)σiΓ(σi+1)+k1(logηi)σi+1Γ(σi+2),i=1,2.CHDγ1x(T)=HIα−γ1h(T)+k1Γ(2)Γ(2−γ)(logT)1−γ. |
After collecting the similar terms in one part, we have the following equations:
(a1−λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))k0−λ1(logη1)σ1+1Γ(σ1+2)k1=λ1HIσ1+α1h(η1). | (3.5) |
(a2logT−λ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))k0+(a2logT+b2(logT)1−γΓ(2−γ)−λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))k1=λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)−(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIα−γ1h(T)). | (3.6) |
Therefore, we get
k0=λ1Δ(a2logT+b2(logT)1−γΓ(2−γ)−λ2(logη2)σ2+1Γ(σ2+2))HIα+σ11h(η1)+λ1(logη1)σ1+1ΔΓ(σ1+2)(λ2HIσ2+α1h(η2)−(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIα−γ1h(T))),k1=λ1Δ(a1−λ1(logη1)σ1Γ(σ1+1))(λ2Iσ2+α0+h(η2)−(a2HIα1h(T)+b2HIα−γ1h(1))),−λ1Δ(a2logT−λ2(logη2)σ2Γ(σ2+1))Iσ1+α0+h(η1). |
Substituting the value of k0,k1 in (3.4) we get (3.2), which completes the proof.
We use the following assumptions in the proofs of our main results.
(H1) There exist constant L>0 such that
‖f(t,u)−f(t,v)‖≤L‖u−v‖, for eacht∈Jand for eachu,v∈U. | (3.7) |
(H2) The functions f satisfy the following growth conditions for constants M,N>0,p∈[0,1).
‖f(t,u)‖≤M‖u‖p+Nfor eacht∈Jand eachu∈U. | (3.8) |
In the following, we set an abbreviated notation for the Hadamard fractional integral of order α>0, for a function with two variables as
HIα1fu(t)=1Γ(α)∫t1(logts)α−1f(s,u(s))dss. |
Moreover, for computational convenience we put
ω=~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)α−γΓ(α−γ+1)], | (3.9) |
where ~μ1=|λ1|(|Δ1|+|Δ2|T),~μ2=|λ1Δ3|+|Δ4|T,
ˉω=|λ1||Δ2|(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+|Δ4|[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)α−γΓ(α−γ+1)]. | (3.10) |
In view of Lemma 3.1, we consider two operators T,S:U⟶U as follows:
Tu(t)=HIα1fu(t),t∈J, |
and
Su(t)=μ1(t)HIσ1+α1fu(η1)+μ2(t)(λ2HIσ2+α1fu(η2)−(a2HIα1fu(T)+b2HIα−γ1fu(T))),t∈J. |
Then the integral equation (3.2) in Lemma 3.1 can be written as an operator equation
Ku(t)=Tu(t)+Su(t), t∈J, |
The continuity of f show that the operator K is well define and fixed points of the operator equation are solutions of the integral equations (3.2) in Lemma 3.1.
Lemma 3.2. T is Lipschitz with constant ℓf=L(logT)αΓ(α+1). Moreover, T satisfies the growth condition given below
‖Tu‖≤(logT)αΓ(α+1)(M‖u‖p+N), |
for every u∈U.
Proof. To show that the operator T is Lipschitz with constant ℓf. Let u,v∈U, then we have
|Tu(t)−Tv(t)|=|HIα1fu(t)−HIα1fv(t)|≤HIα1|fu−fv|(t)≤HIα1(1)(T)L‖u−v‖=L(logT)αΓ(α+1)‖u−v‖, |
for all t∈J. Taking supremum over t, we obtain
‖Tu−Tv‖≤L(logT)αΓ(α+1)‖u−v‖. |
Hence, T:U⟶U is a Lipschitzian on U with Lipschitz constant ℓf=L(logT)αΓ(α+1). By Proposition 2.6, T is κ–Lipschitz with constant ℓf. Moreover, for growth condition, we have
|Tu(t)|≤HIα1|fu|(t)≤(M‖u‖p+N)HIα1(1)(T)=(logT)αΓ(α+1)(M‖u‖p+N). |
Hence it follows that
‖Tu‖≤(logT)αΓ(α+1)(M‖u‖p+N). |
Lemma 3.3. S is continuous and satisfies the growth condition given as below,
‖Su‖≤(M‖u‖p+N)ω,for everyu∈U, |
where ω is given by (3.9).
Proof. To prove that S is continuous. Let {un},u∈U with limn→+∞‖un−u‖→0. It is trivial to see that {un} is a bounded subset of U. As a result, there exists a constant r>0 such that ‖un‖≤r for all n≥1. Taking limit, we see ‖u‖≤r. It is easy to see that f(s,un(s))→f(s,u(s)),asn→+∞. due to the continuity of f. On the other hand taking (H2) into consideration we get the following inequality:
(logts)α−1s‖f(s,un(s))−f(s,u(s))‖≤2(logts)α−1s(Mrp+N). |
We notice that since the function s↦2(logts)α−1s(Mrp+N) is Lebesgue integrable over [1,t], the functions
s↦2(Mrp+N)s(logηis)σi+α−1,i=1,2,s↦2(Mrp+N)s(logTs)α−1,s↦2(Mrp+N)s(logTs)α−γ−1, |
are also. This fact together with the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem implies that
HIσ1+α1|fun−fu|(η1)→0asn→+∞,HIσ2+α1|fun−fu|(η2)→0asn→+∞,HIα1|fun−fu|(T)→0asn→+∞,HIα−γ1|fun−fu|(T)→0asn→+∞. |
It follows that ‖Sun−Su‖→0asn→+∞. Which implies the continuity of the operator S.
For the growth condition, using the assumption (H2) we have
|Su(t)|≤~μ1HIσ1+α1|fu|(η1)+~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1|fu|(η2)+|a2|HIα1|fu|(T)+|b2|HIα−γ1|fu|(T))≤(M‖u‖p+N)~μ1HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+(M‖u‖p+N)~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIα−γ1(1)(T))≤(M‖u‖p+N)(~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)α−γΓ(α−γ+1)]). |
Therefore,
‖Su‖≤(M‖u‖p+N)ω, | (3.11) |
where ω is given by (3.9). This completes the proof of Lemma 3.3.
Lemma 3.4. The operator S:U⟶U is compact. Consequently, S is κ-Lipschitz with zero constant.
Proof. In order to show that S is compact. Let us take a bounded set Ω⊂Br. We are required to show that S(Ω) is relatively compact in U. For arbitrary u∈Ω⊂Br, then with the help of the estimates (3.11) we can obtain
‖Su‖≤(Mrp+N)ω, |
where ω is given by (3.9), which shows that S(Ω) is uniformly bounded. Furthermore, for arbitrary u∈U and t∈J. From the definition of S using the notations given by (3.3) and (H2), we can obtain
|(Su)′(t)|≤|μ′1(t)|HIσ1+α1|fu|(η1)+|μ′2(t)|(|λ2|HIσ2+α1|fu|(η2)+|a2|HIα1|fu|(T)+|b2|HIα−γ1|fu|(T))≤(M‖u‖p+N)(|λ1||Δ2|HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+|Δ4|(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIα−γ1(1)(T)))≤(M‖u‖p+N)(|λ1||Δ2|(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)|Δ4|[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)α−γΓ(α−γ+1)])=ˉω(M‖u‖p+N), |
where ˉω is given by (3.10). Now, for equi-continuity of S take t1,t2∈J with t1<t2, and let u∈Ω. Thus, we get
|Su(t2)−Su(t1)|≤∫t2t1|(Su)′(s)|ds≤ˉω(Mrp+N)(t2−t1). |
From the last estimate, we deduce that ‖(Sx)(t2)−(Sx)(t1)‖→0 when t2→t1. Therefore, S is equicontinuous. Thus, by Ascoli–Arzelà theorem, the operator S is compact and hence by Proposition 2.5. S is κ–Lipschitz with zero constant.
Theorem 3.5. Suppose that (H1)–(H2) are satisfied, then the BVP (1.1) has at least one solution u∈C(J,R) provided that ℓf<1 and the set of the solutions is bounded in C(J,R).
Proof. Let T,S,K are the operators defined in the start of this section. These operators are continuous and bounded. Moreover, by Lemma 3.2, T is κ–Lipschitz with constant ℓf and by Lemma 3.4, S is κ–Lipschitz with constant 0. Thus, K is κ–Lipschitz with constant ℓf. Hence K is strict κ–contraction with constant ℓf. Since ℓf<1, so K is κ-condensing.
Now consider the following set
Θ={u∈U:there existξ∈[0,1]such thatx=ξKu}. |
We will show that the set Θ is bounded. For u∈Θ, we have u=ξKu=ξ(T(u)+S(u)), which implies that
‖u‖≤ξ(‖Tu‖+‖Su‖)≤[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω](M‖u‖p+N), |
where ω is given by (3.9). From the above inequalities, we conclude that Θ is bounded in C(J,R). If it is not bounded, then dividing the above inequality by a:=‖u‖ and letting a→∞, we arrive at
1≤[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]lima→∞Map+Na=0, |
which is a contradiction. Thus the set Θ is bounded and the operator K has at least one fixed point which represent the solution of BVP (1.1).
Remark 3.6. If the growth condition (H2) is formulated for p=1, then the conclusions of Theorem 3.5 remain valid provided that
[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]M<1. |
To end this section, we give an existence and uniqueness result.
Theorem 3.7. Under assumption (H1) the BVP (1.1) has a unique solution if
[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L<1. | (3.12) |
Proof. Let u,v∈C(J,R) and t∈J, then we have
|Ku(t)−Kv(t)|≤HIα1|fu−fv|(t)+|μ1(t)|HIσ1+α1|fu−fv|(η1)+|μ2(t)|λ2HIσ2+α1|fu−fv|(η2)+|a2μ2(t)|HIα1|fu−fv|(T)+|b2μ2(t)|HIα−γ1|fu−fv|(T)≤L‖u−v‖[HIα1(1)(T)+~μ1HIσ1+α1(1)(η1)+~μ2(|λ2|HIσ2+α1(1)(η2)+|a2|HIα1(1)(T)+|b2|HIα−γ1(1)(T))]≤L‖u−v‖((logT)αΓ(α+1)+~μ1(logη1)σ1+αΓ(σ1+α+1)+~μ2[|λ2|(logη2)σ2+αΓ(σ2+α+1)+|a2|(logT)αΓ(α+1)+|b2|(logT)α−γΓ(α−γ+1)])=[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L‖u−v‖. |
In view of the given condition [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L<1, it follows that the mapping K is a contraction. Hence, by the Banach fixed point theorem, K has a unique fixed point which is a unique solution of problem (1.1). This completes the proof.
In this section, in order to illustrate our results, we consider two examples.
Example 4.1. Let us consider problem (1.1) with specific data:
α=32,γ=12=1,T=ea1=b1=a2=b2=1;λ1=λ2=0,σ1=12,σ2=32,η1=54,η2=32. | (4.1) |
Using the given values of the parameters in (3.3) and (3.9), by the Matlab program, we find that
(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω=3.5284. | (4.2) |
In order to illustrate Theorem 3.5, we take
f(t,u(t))=1e(t−1)+9(|u(t)|1+|u(t)|)+log(t), | (4.3) |
in (1.1) and note that
|f(t,u)−f(t,v)|=1e(t−1)+9(||u|1+|u|−|v|1+|v||)≤1e(t−1)+9(|u−v|(1+|u|)(1+|v|))≤110|u−v|. |
Hence the condition (H1) holds with L=110. Further from the above given data it is easy to calculate
ℓf=L(logT)αΓ(α+1)=0.0752 |
On the other hand, for any t∈J,u∈R we have
|f(t,u)|≤110|u|+1. |
Hence condition (H2) holds with M=110,p=N=1. In view of Theorem 3.5,
Θ={u∈U:there existξ∈[0,1]such thatx=ξKu}, |
is the solution set; then
‖u‖≤ξ(‖Tu‖+‖Su‖)≤[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω](M‖u‖+N). |
From which, we have
‖u‖≤[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]N1−[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]M=5.4522, |
by Theorem 3.5 the BVP (1.1) with the data (4.1) and (4.3) has at least a solution u in C(J×R,R). Furthermore [(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L=0.3528<1. Hence by Theorem 3.7 the boundary value problem (1.1) with the data (4.1) and (4.3) has a unique solution.
Example 4.2. Consider the following boundary value problem of a fractional differential equation:
{CHD741u(t)=12(t+1)2(u(t)+√1+u2(t)),t∈J:=[1,2],u(1)=HI321u(32),u(2)=HI521u(74), | (4.4) |
Note that, this problem is a particular case of BVP (1.1), where
α=74,T=2a1=a2=λ1=λ2=1,a2=b2=0σ1=32,σ2=52,η1=32,η2=74, |
and f:J×R⟶R given by
f(t,u)=12(t+1)2(u+√1+u2),fort∈J,u∈R. |
It is clear that the function f is continuous. On the other hand, for any t∈J,u,v∈R we have
|f(t,u)−f(t,v)|=1(t+1)2|12(u−v+√1+u2−√1+v2)|=1(t+1)2|12(u−v)(1+u+v√1+u2+√1+v2)|≤14|u−v|. |
Hence condition (H1) holds with L=14. We shall check that condition (3.12) is satisfied. Indeed using the Matlab program, we can find
[(logT)αΓ(α+1)+ω]L=0.3417<1, |
Hence by Theorem 3.7 the boundary value problem (4.4) has a unique solution.
We have presented the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlinear boundary value problem of fractional differential equations involving the Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative. The proof of the existence results is based on a fixed point theorem due to Isaia [32], which was obtained via coincidence degree theory for condensing maps, while the uniqueness of the solution is proved by applying the Banach contraction principle. Moreover, two examples are presented for the illustration of the obtained theory. Our results are not only new in the given configuration but also correspond to some new situations associated with the specific values of the parameters involved in the given problem.
The authors are grateful to the handling editor and reviewers for their careful reviews and useful comments.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
[1] |
A. M. Wazwaz, Two forms of (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation: multiple soliton solutions, Phys. Scr., 86 (2012), 035007. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/86/03/035007 doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/86/03/035007
![]() |
[2] |
U. Demirbilek, M. Nadeem, F. M. Çelik, H. Bulut, M. Şenol, Generalized extended (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in fluid dynamics: analytical solutions, sensitivity and stability analysis, Nonlinear Dyn., 112 (2024), 13393–13408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-024-09724-3 doi: 10.1007/s11071-024-09724-3
![]() |
[3] |
Y. Yıldırım, Optical soliton molecules of Manakov model by trial equation technique, Optik, 185 (2019), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.04.041 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.04.041
![]() |
[4] |
W. B. Rabie, H. M. Ahmed, A. R. Seadawy, A. Althobaiti, The higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger's dynamical equation with fourth-order dispersion and cubic-quintic nonlinearity via dispersive analytical soliton wave solutions, Opt. Quantum Electron., 53 (2021), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03278-z doi: 10.1007/s11082-021-03278-z
![]() |
[5] |
H. U. Rehman, A. U. Awan, A. M. Hassan, S. Razzaq, Analytical soliton solutions and wave profiles of the (3+1)-dimensional modified Korteweg-de Vries-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, Results Phys., 52 (2023), 106769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.106769 doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2023.106769
![]() |
[6] |
P. Albayrak, Optical solitons of Biswas-Milovic model having spatio-temporal dispersion and parabolic law via a couple of Kudryashov's schemes, Optik, 279 (2023), 170761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.170761 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.170761
![]() |
[7] |
M. Borg, N. M. Badra, H. M. Ahmed, W. B. Rabie, Solitons behavior of Sasa-Satsuma equation in birefringent fibers with Kerr law nonlinearity using extended F-expansion method, Ain Shams Eng. J., 15 (2024), 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102290 doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102290
![]() |
[8] |
Y. Yıldırım, Optical solitons to Sasa-Satsuma model with modified simple equation approach, Optik, 184 (2019), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.020 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.020
![]() |
[9] |
A. A. Al Qarni, A. M. Bodaqah, A. S. H. F. Mohammed, A. A. Alshaery, H. O. Bakodah, A. Biswas, Cubic-quartic optical solitons for Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation by the improved Adomian decomposition scheme, Ukr. J. Phys. Opt., 23 (2022), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.3116/16091833/23/4/228/2022 doi: 10.3116/16091833/23/4/228/2022
![]() |
[10] |
W. B. Rabie, H. M. Ahmed, A. Darwish, H. H. Hussein, Construction of new solitons and other wave solutions for a concatenation model using modified extended tanh-function method, Alex. Eng. J., 74 (2023), 445–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.05.046 doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.05.046
![]() |
[11] |
L. Akinyemi, H. Rezazadeh, Q. H. Shi, M. Inc, M. M. Khater, H. Ahmad, A. Jhangeer, M. A. Akbar, New optical solitons of perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger-Hirota equation with spatio-temporal dispersion, Results Phys., 29 (2021), 104656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104656 doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104656
![]() |
[12] |
W. B. Rabie, H. M. Ahmed, Cubic-quartic solitons perturbation with couplers in optical metamaterials having triple-power law nonlinearity using extended F-expansion method, Optik, 262 (2022), 169255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169255 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169255
![]() |
[13] |
A. R. Seadawy, Approximation solutions of derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation with computational applications by variational method, Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 130 (2015), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2015-15182-5 doi: 10.1140/epjp/i2015-15182-5
![]() |
[14] |
M. S. Ghayad, N. M. Badra, H. M. Ahmed, W. B. Rabie, M. Mirzazadeh, M. S. Hashemi, Highly dispersive optical solitons in fiber Bragg gratings with cubic quadratic nonlinearity using improved modified extended tanh-function method, Opt. Quantum Electron., 56 (2024), 1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-024-07064-5 doi: 10.1007/s11082-024-07064-5
![]() |
[15] |
J. Yang, Y. Zhu, W. Qin, S. H. Wang, C. Q. Dai, J. T. Li, Higher-dimensional soliton structures of a variable-coefficient Gross-Pitaevskii equation with the partially nonlocal nonlinearity under a harmonic potential, Nonlinear Dyn., 108 (2022), 2551–2562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07337-2 doi: 10.1007/s11071-022-07337-2
![]() |
[16] |
H. P. Zhu, Y. J. Xu, High-dimensional vector solitons for a variable-coefficient partially nonlocal coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a harmonic potential, Appl. Math. Lett., 124 (2022), 107701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2021.107701 doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2021.107701
![]() |
[17] |
X. Y. Yan, J. Z. Liu, X. P. Xin, Soliton solutions and lump-type solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation with variable coefficient, Phys. Lett. A, 457 (2023), 128574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128574 doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128574
![]() |
[18] | X. Y. Wu, Y. Sun, Dynamic mechanism of nonlinear waves for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized variable-coefficient shallow water wave equation, Phys. Scr., 97 (2022), 095208. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac878d |
[19] |
O. D. Adeyemo, C. M. Khalique, Dynamical soliton wave structures of one-dimensional Lie subalgebras via group-invariant solutions of a higher-dimensional soliton equation with various applications in ocean physics and mechatronics engineering, Commun. Appl. Math. Comput., 4 (2022), 1531–1582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42967-022-00195-0 doi: 10.1007/s42967-022-00195-0
![]() |
[20] |
A. A. Hamed, S. Shamseldeen, M. S. Abdel Latif, H. M. Nour, Analytical soliton solutions and modulation instability for a generalized (3+1)-dimensional coupled variable-coefficient nonlinear Schrödinger equations in nonlinear optics, Modern Phys. Lett. B, 35 (2021), 2050407. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984920504072 doi: 10.1142/S0217984920504072
![]() |
[21] | S. Kumar, B. Mohan, A study of multi-soliton solutions, breather, lumps, and their interactions for Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation with variable time coeffcient using Hirota method, Phys. Scr., 96 (2021), 125255. |
[22] | D. S. Wang, L. H. Piao, N. Zhang, Some new types of exact solutions for the Kac-Wakimoto equation associated with e(1)6, Phys. Scr., 95 (2020), 035202. |
[23] |
M. Singh, Infinite-dimensional symmetry group, Kac-Moody-Virasoro algebras and integrability of Kac-Wakimoto equation, Pramana, 96 (2022), 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-022-02445-5 doi: 10.1007/s12043-022-02445-5
![]() |
[24] |
S. Singh, K. Sakkaravarthi, K. Manikandan, R. Sakthivel, Superposed nonlinear waves and transitions in a (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient eight-order nonintegrable Kac-Wakimoto equation, Chaos Solitons Fract., 185 (2024), 115057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115057 doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115057
![]() |
[25] |
Z. H. Yang, B. Y. Hon, An improved modified extended tanh-function method, Z. Naturforschung A, 61 (2006), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-2006-3-401 doi: 10.1515/zna-2006-3-401
![]() |
[26] |
K. K. Ahmed, N. M. Badra, H. M. Ahmed, W. B. Rabie, Soliton solutions and other solutions for Kundu-Eckhaus equation with quintic nonlinearity and Raman effect using the improved modified extended tanh-function method, Mathematics, 10 (2022), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10224203 doi: 10.3390/math10224203
![]() |
1. | Sivajiganesan Sivasankar, Ramalingam Udhayakumar, New Outcomes Regarding the Existence of Hilfer Fractional Stochastic Differential Systems via Almost Sectorial Operators, 2022, 6, 2504-3110, 522, 10.3390/fractalfract6090522 | |
2. | Suvankar Majee, Soovoojeet Jana, Snehasis Barman, T K Kar, Transmission dynamics of monkeypox virus with treatment and vaccination controls: a fractional order mathematical approach, 2023, 98, 0031-8949, 024002, 10.1088/1402-4896/acae64 | |
3. | Sharmin Sultana, Gilberto González-Parra, Abraham J. Arenas, A Generalized Mathematical Model of Toxoplasmosis with an Intermediate Host and the Definitive Cat Host, 2023, 11, 2227-7390, 1642, 10.3390/math11071642 | |
4. | Usman Khan, Farhad Ali, Ohud A. Alqasem, Maysaa E. A. Elwahab, Ilyas Khan, Ariana Abdul Rahimzai, Optimal control strategies for toxoplasmosis disease transmission dynamics via harmonic mean-type incident rate, 2024, 14, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-024-63263-w | |
5. | Muhammad Shahzad, Nauman Ahmed, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Mustafa Inc, Muhammad Zafarullah Baber, Rukhshanda Anjum, Naveed Shahid, Application of Fixed Point Theory and Solitary Wave Solutions for the Time-Fractional Nonlinear Unsteady Convection-Diffusion System, 2023, 62, 1572-9575, 10.1007/s10773-023-05516-4 | |
6. | Nauman Ahmed, Javaid Ali, Ali Akgül, Y. S. Hamed, A. F. Aljohani, Muhammad Rafiq, Ilyas Khan, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Analysis of a diffusive chemical reaction model in three space dimensions, 2024, 1040-7790, 1, 10.1080/10407790.2024.2364778 | |
7. | Muhammad Shahzad, Nauman Ahmed, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Mustafa Inc, Muhammad Zafarullah Baber, Rukhshanda Anjum, Classical Regularity and Wave Structures of Fractional Order Selkov-Schnakenberg System, 2024, 63, 1572-9575, 10.1007/s10773-024-05601-2 | |
8. | Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Muhammad Shahzad, Nauman Ahmed, Ali Akgül, Madiha Ghafoor, Murad Khan Hassani, Optimum study of fractional polio model with exponential decay kernel, 2024, 14, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-024-64611-6 | |
9. | Ali Akgül, Nauman Ahmed, Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Zafarullah Baber, Muhammad Sajid Iqbal, Choon Kit Chan, Regularity and wave study of an advection–diffusion–reaction equation, 2024, 14, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-024-69445-w | |
10. | Yasir A. Madani, Mohammed A. Almalahi, Osman Osman, Blgys Muflh, Khaled Aldwoah, Khidir Shaib Mohamed, Nidal Eljaneid, Analysis of an Acute Diarrhea Piecewise Modified ABC Fractional Model: Optimal Control, Stability and Simulation, 2025, 9, 2504-3110, 68, 10.3390/fractalfract9020068 | |
11. | Muhammad Waqas Yasin, Mobeen Akhtar, Nauman Ahmed, Ali Akgül, Qasem Al-Mdallal, Exploring the fixed point theory and numerical modeling of fish harvesting system with Allee effect, 2025, 11, 2363-6203, 10.1007/s40808-025-02398-9 |