This paper investigated the application of metamaterials in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides a comprehensive review of their state-of-the-art developments. A systematic research panorama was established by summarizing representative application scenarios and compiling a comparative table of key performance parameters. The review focused on four major application domains of metamaterials: communication antennas, energy harvesting, electromagnetic regulation, and sensing and detection, while also outlining the underlying physical mechanisms and relevant theoretical foundations. In communication antennas, metamaterial-enabled designs realize antenna miniaturization to the order of millimeters, high radiation performance, and multi-scenario adaptability. By integrating structures such as split-ring resonators (SRRs) and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), together with intelligent optimization algorithms, these antennas support diverse IoT scenarios, including 5G/6G communications, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and underwater communications. In energy harvesting, metamaterials exploit local resonance and multi-source fusion mechanisms to enhance the conversion efficiency of electromagnetic, vibrational, and acoustic energy, achieving efficiencies approaching near-unity under controlled conditions. These advances enable the development of self-powered IoT systems. For sensing and detection, metamaterial-based sensors enable trace-level detection and high-selectivity recognition, with reported sensitivities spanning a wide range depending on design and operating conditions, demonstrating broad applicability in areas such as food safety monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. In electromagnetic absorption and related regulation mechanisms, tailored metamaterial absorbers achieve broadband, high-efficiency electromagnetic absorption and effective radiation shielding, typically reaching strong attenuation levels, thereby mitigating electromagnetic interference in emerging 5G/6G IoT devices. Finally, this paper summarizes the core technical routes, major performance breakthroughs, existing challenges—such as high-frequency losses and large-scale manufacturability—and emerging research trends, including 6G high-frequency optimization and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven metamaterial design. The comparative performance table further highlights key metrics and application scenarios across different technical schemes, providing a valuable reference for both academic research and engineering deployment of metamaterials in IoT systems.
Citation: Qinghua Qin, Qiuhuang Chen. Review on multi-dimensional applications and technological evolution of metamaterials in the Internet of Things[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2026, 13(2): 315-367. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2026018
This paper investigated the application of metamaterials in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides a comprehensive review of their state-of-the-art developments. A systematic research panorama was established by summarizing representative application scenarios and compiling a comparative table of key performance parameters. The review focused on four major application domains of metamaterials: communication antennas, energy harvesting, electromagnetic regulation, and sensing and detection, while also outlining the underlying physical mechanisms and relevant theoretical foundations. In communication antennas, metamaterial-enabled designs realize antenna miniaturization to the order of millimeters, high radiation performance, and multi-scenario adaptability. By integrating structures such as split-ring resonators (SRRs) and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), together with intelligent optimization algorithms, these antennas support diverse IoT scenarios, including 5G/6G communications, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and underwater communications. In energy harvesting, metamaterials exploit local resonance and multi-source fusion mechanisms to enhance the conversion efficiency of electromagnetic, vibrational, and acoustic energy, achieving efficiencies approaching near-unity under controlled conditions. These advances enable the development of self-powered IoT systems. For sensing and detection, metamaterial-based sensors enable trace-level detection and high-selectivity recognition, with reported sensitivities spanning a wide range depending on design and operating conditions, demonstrating broad applicability in areas such as food safety monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. In electromagnetic absorption and related regulation mechanisms, tailored metamaterial absorbers achieve broadband, high-efficiency electromagnetic absorption and effective radiation shielding, typically reaching strong attenuation levels, thereby mitigating electromagnetic interference in emerging 5G/6G IoT devices. Finally, this paper summarizes the core technical routes, major performance breakthroughs, existing challenges—such as high-frequency losses and large-scale manufacturability—and emerging research trends, including 6G high-frequency optimization and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven metamaterial design. The comparative performance table further highlights key metrics and application scenarios across different technical schemes, providing a valuable reference for both academic research and engineering deployment of metamaterials in IoT systems.
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Figures(6) / Tables(4)
Qinghua Qin, Qiuhuang Chen. Review on multi-dimensional applications and technological evolution of metamaterials in the Internet of Things[J]. AIMS Materials Science, 2026, 13(2): 315-367. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2026018
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