Consumption of nine different natural resources has kept an increasing trend in Central African countries from 1970 to 2018. This study therefore, investigates the changes and major determinants that have driven the patterns of resource use in six Central African countries over almost fifty years. We used the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method to quantitatively analyze different effects of technology, affluence and population associated with domestic material consumption (DMC) of Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon from 1970 to 2018. We further subdivided the affluence effect into energy productivity (GDP/energy) and per capita energy use (energy/cap) and conducted a four-factor LMDI analysis of Cameroon as a case study. The results highlight that decreased affluence during certain periods has slowed down DMC growth in four of six Central African countries except for Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, while significant technology offset in Equatorial Guinea reduces DMC growth by 28%. Population remains the main positive driving factor of DMC growth, with the highest share in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The case of Cameroon shows that technological intensity and energy intensity play different roles in changing DMC. This study confirms that the rising population and economic growth, combined with a gradual improvement in technology in the region are insufficient to reduce natural resource use. A stringent management plan of natural resources for Central African countries should focus on technological improvement while remaining balanced with the future demand for socioeconomic development in the coming decades.
Citation: Yvette Baninla, Qian Zhang, Xiaoqi Zheng, Yonglong Lu. Drivers of changes in natural resources consumption of Central African countries[J]. Clean Technologies and Recycling, 2022, 2(2): 80-102. doi: 10.3934/ctr.2022005
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Consumption of nine different natural resources has kept an increasing trend in Central African countries from 1970 to 2018. This study therefore, investigates the changes and major determinants that have driven the patterns of resource use in six Central African countries over almost fifty years. We used the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method to quantitatively analyze different effects of technology, affluence and population associated with domestic material consumption (DMC) of Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon from 1970 to 2018. We further subdivided the affluence effect into energy productivity (GDP/energy) and per capita energy use (energy/cap) and conducted a four-factor LMDI analysis of Cameroon as a case study. The results highlight that decreased affluence during certain periods has slowed down DMC growth in four of six Central African countries except for Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, while significant technology offset in Equatorial Guinea reduces DMC growth by 28%. Population remains the main positive driving factor of DMC growth, with the highest share in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The case of Cameroon shows that technological intensity and energy intensity play different roles in changing DMC. This study confirms that the rising population and economic growth, combined with a gradual improvement in technology in the region are insufficient to reduce natural resource use. A stringent management plan of natural resources for Central African countries should focus on technological improvement while remaining balanced with the future demand for socioeconomic development in the coming decades.
Special polynomials, generating functions, and the trigonometric functions are used not only in mathematics but also in many branches of science such as statistics, mathematical physics, and engineering.
Let N,Z,R and C indicate the set of positive integers, the set of integers, the set of real numbers, and the set of complex numbers, respectively. Let α∈N0=N∪{0} and λ∈C (or R).
The Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials B(α)n(x;λ) of order α are defined by means of the following exponential generating function (see [1,2,3]):
∞∑n=0B(α)n(x;λ)tnn!=(tλet−1)αext, | (1.1) |
(λ∈C; |t|<2π, when λ=1; and |t|<|logλ|, when λ≠1). | (1.2) |
Note that B(α)n(x;1)=B(α)n(x) denote the Bernoulli polynomials of order α and B(α)n(0;λ)=B(α)n(λ) denote the Apostol-Bernoulli numbers of order α, respectively. Setting α=1 into (1.1), we get B(1)n(λ)=Bn(λ) which are the so-called Apostol-Bernoulli numbers.
The Apostol-Euler polynomials E(α)n(x;λ) of order α are defined by means of the following exponential generating function (see [4,5]):
∞∑n=0E(α)n(x;λ)tnn!=(2λet+1)αext, | (1.3) |
(|t|<π when λ=1; |t|<|log(−λ)| when λ≠1;1α:=1). | (1.4) |
By virtue of (1.3), we have E(α)n(x;1)=E(α)n(x) denote the Euler polynomials of order α and E(α)n(0;λ)=E(α)n(λ) denote the Apostol-Euler numbers of order α, respectively. Setting α=1 into (1.3), we get E(1)n(λ)=En(λ) which are the so-called Apostol-Euler numbers.
The Apostol-Genocchi polynomials G(α)n(x;λ) of order α are defined by means of the following exponential generating function (see [6]):
∞∑n=0G(α)n(x;λ)tnn!=(2tλet+1)αext, | (1.5) |
(|t|<π when λ=1; |t|<|log(−λ)| when λ≠1;1α:=1). | (1.6) |
By virtue of (1.5), we have G(α)n(x;1)=G(α)n(x) denote the Genocchi polynomials of order α and G(α)n(0;λ)=G(α)n(λ) denote the Apostol-Genocchi numbers of order α, respectively. Setting α=1 into (1.5), we get G(1)n(λ)=Gn(λ) which are the so-called Apostol-Genocchi numbers.
In recent years, many generalizations of these polynomials have been studied by mathematicians. See for example [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. With the aid of these polynomials two parametric kinds of Apostol-Bernoulli, Apostol-Euler and Apostol-Genocchi of order α defined by Srivastava et al. [15,19] whose generating functions are given by
∞∑n=0B(c,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(tλet−1)αextcos(yt), | (1.7) |
∞∑n=0B(s,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(tλet−1)αextsin(yt), | (1.8) |
and
∞∑n=0E(c,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(2λet+1)αextcos(yt), | (1.9) |
∞∑n=0E(s,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(2λet+1)αextsin(yt), | (1.10) |
and
∞∑n=0G(c,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(2tλet+1)αextcos(yt), | (1.11) |
∞∑n=0G(s,α)n(x,y;λ)tnn!=(2tλet+1)αextsin(yt). | (1.12) |
Remark 1.1. Note that the symbols c and s occurring in the superscripts on the left-hand sides of these last Eqs (1.7)–(1.12) indicate the presence of the trigonometric cosine and the trigonometric sine functions, respectively, in the generating functions on the corresponding right-hand sides.
The motivation of this paper is to obtain F-analogues of the Eqs (1.7)–(1.12) with the help of the Golden calculus. Namely, we define the parametric Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci, the Apostol Euler-Fibonacci, and the Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci polynomials by means of the Golden Calculus. Utilizing the Golden-Euler formula and these generating functions with their functional equations, numerous properties of these polynomials are given. The special cases of these polynomials and numbers are studied in detail. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we present some key definitions and properties that are crucial to Golden calculus. Then, with the help of the Golden calculus, we mention some polynomials that have been previously defined in the literature. In Section 3, considering the properties of Golden calculus, we introduce six families of two-parameter polynomials with the help of Golden trigonometric functions and exponential functions. Then, in the three subsections of this section, we examine the various properties of these polynomials defined with the help of generating functions and their functional equations.
In this part of the our paper, we mention some definitions and properties related to Golden calculus (or F-calculus).
The Fibonacci sequence is defined by means of the following recurrence relation:
Fn=Fn−1+Fn−2, n≥2 |
where F0=0, F1=1. Fibonacci numbers can be expressed explicitly as
Fn=αn−βnα−β, |
where α=1+√52 and β=1−√52. α≈1,6180339… is called Golden ratio. The golden ratio is frequently used in many branches of science as well as mathematics. Interestingly, this mysterious number also appears in architecture and art. Miscellaneous properties of Golden calculus have been defined and studied in detail by Pashaev and Nalci [21]. Therefore, [21] is the key reference for Golden calculus. In addition readers can also refer to Pashaev [22], Krot [23], and Ozvatan [24].
The product of Fibonacci numbers, called F-factorial was defined as follows:
F1F2F3…Fn=Fn!, | (2.1) |
where F0!=1. The binomial theorem for the F-analogues (or-Golden binomial theorem) are given by
(x+y)nF=n∑k=0(−1)(k2)(nk)Fxn−kyk, | (2.2) |
in terms of the Golden binomial coefficients, called as Fibonomials
(nk)F=Fn!Fn−k!Fk! |
with n and k being nonnegative integers, n≥k. Golden binomial coefficients (or-Fibonomial coefficients) satisfy the following identities as follows:
(nk)F=βk(n−1k)F+αn−k(n−1k−1)F, |
and
(nk)F=αk(n−1k)F+βn−k(n−1k−1)F. |
The Golden derivative defined as follows:
∂F∂Fx(f(x))=f(αx)−f(−xα)(α−(−1α))x=f(αx)−f(βx)(α−β)x. | (2.3) |
The Golden Leibnitz rule and the Golden derivative of the quotient of f(x) and g(x) can be given as
∂F∂Fx(f(x)g(x))=∂F∂Fxf(x)g(αx)+f(−xα)∂F∂Fxg(x), |
∂F∂Fx(f(x)g(x))=∂F∂Fxf(x)g(αx)−∂F∂Fxg(x)f(αx)g(αx)g(−xα), |
respectively. The first and second type of Golden exponential functions are defined as
exF=∞∑n=0(x)nFFn!, | (2.4) |
and
ExF=∞∑n=0(−1)(n2)(x)nFFn!. | (2.5) |
Briefly, we use the following notations throughout the paper
exF=∞∑n=0xnFn!, | (2.6) |
and
ExF=∞∑n=0(−1)(n2)xnFn!. | (2.7) |
Using the Eqs (2.2), (2.4), and (2.5), the following equation can be given
exFEyF=e(x+y)FF. | (2.8) |
The Fibonacci cosine and sine (Golden trigonometric functions) are defined by the power series as
cosF(x)=∞∑n=0(−1)nx2nF2n!, | (2.9) |
and
sinF(x)=∞∑n=0(−1)nx2n+1F2n+1!. | (2.10) |
For arbitrary number k, Golden derivatives of ekxF, EkxF, cosF(kx), and sinF(kx) functions are
∂F∂Fx(ekxF)=kekxF, | (2.11) |
∂F∂Fx(EkxF)=kE−kxF, | (2.12) |
∂F∂Fx(cosF(kx))=−ksinF(kx), | (2.13) |
and
∂F∂Fx(sinF(x))=kcosF(kx). | (2.14) |
Using (2.4), Pashaev and Ozvatan [25] defined the Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials and related numbers. After that Kus et al. [26] introduced the Euler-Fibonacci numbers and polynomials. Moreover they gave some identities and matrix representations for Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials and Euler-Fibonacci polynomials. Very recently, Tuglu and Ercan [27] (also, [28]) defined the generalized Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials and generalized Euler-Fibonacci polynomials, namely, they studied the Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci and Apostol Euler-Fibonacci of order α as follows:
(tλetF−1)αextF=∞∑n=0Bαn,F(x;λ)tnFn!, |
and
(2λetF+1)αextF=∞∑n=0Eαn,F(x;λ)tnFn!. |
Krot [23] defined the fibonomial convolution of two sequences as follows. Let an and bn are two sequences with the following generating functions
AF(t)=∞∑n=0antnFn! and BF(t)=∞∑n=0bntnFn!, |
then their fibonomial convolution is defined as
cn=an∗bn=n∑l=0(nk)Falbn−l. |
So, the generating function takes the form
CF(t)=AF(t)BF(t)=∞∑n=0cntnFn!. |
Let p,q∈R. The Taylor series of the functions eptFcosF(qt) and eptFsinF(qt) can be express as follows:
eptFcosF(qt)=∞∑n=0Cn,F(p,q)tnFn!, | (3.1) |
and
eptFsinF(qt)=∞∑n=0Sn,F(p,q)tnFn!, | (3.2) |
where
Cn,F(p,q)=⌊n2⌋∑k=0(−1)k(n2k)F pn−2kq2k, | (3.3) |
Sn,F(p,q)=⌊n−12⌋∑k=0(−1)k(n2k+1)F pn−2k−1q2k+1. | (3.4) |
By virtue of above definitions of Cn,F(p,q) and Sn,F(p,q) and the numbers B(α)n,F(λ), E(α)n,F(λ) and G(α)n,F(λ), we can define two parametric types of the Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials, the Apostol Euler-Fibonacci polynomials, and the Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci polynomials of order α, as follows:
B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=B(α)n,F(λ)∗Cn,F(p,q), |
B(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=B(α)n,F(λ)∗Sn,F(p,q), |
E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=E(α)n,F(λ)∗Cn,F(p,q), |
E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=E(α)n,F(λ)∗Sn,F(p,q), |
G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=G(α)n,F(λ)∗Cn,F(p,q), |
G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=G(α)n,F(λ)∗Sn,F(p,q), |
whose exponential generating functions are given, respectively, by
(tλetF−1)αeptFcosF(qt)=∞∑n=0B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!, | (3.5) |
(tλetF−1)αeptFsinF(qt)=∞∑n=0B(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!, | (3.6) |
(2λetF+1)αeptFcosF(qt)=∞∑n=0E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!, | (3.7) |
(2λetF+1)αeptFsinF(qt)=∞∑n=0E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!, | (3.8) |
(2tλetF+1)αeptFcosF(qt)=∞∑n=0G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!, | (3.9) |
(2tλetF+1)αeptFsinF(qt)=∞∑n=0G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!. | (3.10) |
Remark 3.1. By virtue of (3.5) and (3.6), when λ≠1, B(c,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=0 and when λ=1, B(c,α)0,F(p,q;1)=1. Moreover for ∀λ∈C, B(s,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=0.
Remark 3.2. By virtue of (3.7), when λ=−1, E(c,α)0,F(p,q;−1) is undefined and when λ≠−1, E(c,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=(2λ+1)α. Also, from (3.8), when λ≠−1, E(s,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=0. For λ=−1, E(s,α)0,F(p,q;−1) is determined according to the values of α.
Remark 3.3. By virtue of (3.9) and (3.10), when λ≠−1, G(c,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=0 and λ=−1, G(c,α)0,F(p,q;−1)=(−2)α. Moreover for ∀λ∈C, G(s,α)0,F(p,q;λ)=0.
Remark 3.4. If we take α=1 and q=0 in (3.5), (3.7), and (3.9), we get Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials, Apostol Euler-Fibonacci polynomials, and Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci polynomials
teptFλetF−1=∞∑n=0Bn,F(p;λ)tnFn!, | (3.11) |
2eptFλetF+1=∞∑n=0En,F(p;λ)tnFn!, | (3.12) |
2teptFλetF+1=∞∑n=0Gn,F(p;λ)tnFn!, | (3.13) |
respectively. If we take p=0 in (3.11)–(3.13), we obtain Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci numbers Bn,F(λ), Apostol Euler-Fibonacci numbers En,F(λ), and Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci numbers Gn,F(λ).
Theorem 3.1. The following identities hold true:
B(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k, | (3.14) |
and
B(s,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k. | (3.15) |
Proof. By applying (3.5), we first derive the following functional equation:
∞∑n=0B(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)tnFn!=(tλetF−1)αe(p+r)FtFcosF(qt)=(tλetF−1)αeptFcosF(qt)ErtF, |
which readily yields
∞∑n=0B(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)tnFn!=(∞∑n=0B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!)(∞∑n=0(−1)(n2)(rt)nFn!)=∞∑n=0(n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k)tnFn!. |
Comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we have
B(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k, |
which proves the result (3.14). The assertion (3.15) can be proved similarly.
Remark 3.5. We claim that
B(c,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ), |
and
B(s,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−B(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FB(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.2. For every n∈N, following identities hold true:
∂F∂Fp{B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnB(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), | (3.16) |
∂F∂Fp{B(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnB(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), | (3.17) |
∂F∂Fq{B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=−FnB(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), | (3.18) |
and
∂F∂Fq{B(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnB(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ). | (3.19) |
Proof. Using (3.5) and applying the Golden derivative operator ∂F∂Fp, we obtain
∞∑n=0∂F∂Fp{B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}tnFn!=∂F∂Fp{(tλetF−1)αeptF}cosF(qt)=t(tλetF−1)αeptFcosF(qt)=∞∑n=0B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)tn+1Fn!=∞∑n=1B(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ)tnFn−1!. |
By comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we arrive at the desired result (3.16). To prove (3.18), using (3.5) and applying the Golden derivative operator ∂F∂Fq, we find that
∞∑n=0∂F∂Fq{B(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}tnFn!=∂F∂Fq{(tλetF−1)αeptFcosF(qt)}=∂F∂Fq{cosF(qt)}(tλetF−1)αeptF=−tsinF(qt)(tλetF−1)αeptF=∞∑n=1−B(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ)tnFn−1!. |
Comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we arrive at the desired result (3.18). Equations (3.17) and (3.19) can be similarly derived.
Theorem 3.3. The following identities hold true:
B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FBk,F(λ)Cn−k(p,q), | (3.20) |
and
B(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FBk,F(λ)Sn−k(p,q). | (3.21) |
Proof. Setting α=1 in (3.5) and using (3.1), we find that
∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!=tλetF−1eptFcosF(qt)=(∞∑n=0Bn,F(p;λ)tnFn!)(∞∑n=0Cn,F(p,q)tnFn!)=∞∑n=0(n∑k=0(nk)FBk,F(λ)Cn−k(p,q))tnFn!. |
Comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we arrive at the desired result (3.20). Equation (3.21) can be similarly derived.
Theorem 3.4. The following identities hold true:
B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n2⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k(n2k)FBn−2k,F(p;λ), | (3.22) |
and
B(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n−12⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k+1(n2k+1)FBn−2k−1,F(p;λ). | (3.23) |
Proof. Setting α=1 in (3.5) and using (2.9), we find that
∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!=tλetF−1eptFcosF(qt)=(∞∑n=0Bn,F(p;λ)tnFn!)(∞∑n=0(−1)nq2nt2nF2n!)=∞∑n=0(⌊n2⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k(n2k)FBn−2k,F(p;λ))tnFn!. |
Comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we arrive at the desired result (3.22). Equation (3.23) can be similarly derived.
Theorem 3.5. The following identities hold true:
Cn,F(p,q)=λn∑k=01Fk+1(nk)FB(c,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ)+(λ−1)Fn+1B(c,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ), | (3.24) |
and
Sn,F(p,q)=λn∑k=01Fk+1(nk)FB(s,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ)+(λ−1)Fn+1B(s,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ). | (3.25) |
Proof. Using the following equation for the proof of (3.24), we have
eptFcosF(qt)=λetF−1ttλetF−1eptFcosF(qt)∞∑n=0Cn,F(p,q)tnFn!=(λ∞∑n=0tn−1Fn!−1t)(∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!)=(λ∞∑n=1tn−1Fn!+λ−1t)(∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!). |
Considering B(c,1)0,F(p,q;λ)=0, and doing some calculations, we arrive at the desired result (3.24). Equation (3.25) can be similarly derived.
Theorem 3.6. The following identities hold true:
B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FB(c,1)n−k,F(q;λ), | (3.26) |
and
B(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FB(s,1)n−k,F(q;λ). | (3.27) |
Proof. By applying (3.5), we have
∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)tnFn!=tλetF−1eptFcosF(qt)=(∞∑n=0B(c,1)n,F(q;λ)tnFn!)(∞∑n=0pntnFn!)=∞∑n=0(n∑k=0pk(nk)FB(c,1)n−k,F(q;λ))tnFn!. |
Comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides of this last equation, we arrive at the desired result (3.26). Equation (3.27) can be similarly derived.
Theorem 3.7. Determinantal forms of the cosine and sine Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials are given by
B(c,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ)=1(λ−1)n+2|Fn+1Cn,F(p,q)λFn+1λFn+1(n1)F⋯λ(nn)FFnCn−1,F(p,q)λ−1λFn(n−10)F⋯λ(n−1n−1)FFn−1Cn−2,F(p,q)0λ−1⋯λ(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮F0C−1,F(p,q)00⋯λ−1|, |
and
B(s,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ)=1(λ−1)n+2|Fn+1Sn,F(p,q)λFn+1λFn+1(n1)F⋯λ(nn)FFnSn−1,F(p,q)λ−1λFn(n−10)F⋯λ(n−1n−1)FFn−1Sn−2,F(p,q)0λ−1⋯λ(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮F0S−1,F(p,q)00⋯λ−1|. |
Proof. Equation (3.24) cause the system of unknown (n+2)-equations with B(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ), (n=0,1,2,…). Then we apply the Cramer's rule to solve this equation. We obtain the desired result. In a similar way, we can obtain the determinantal form for sine Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci polynomials.
In subsections 3.2 and 3.3, we give the some basic properties of the polynomials E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ), E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ), G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ), and G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ). Their proofs run parallel to those of the results presented in this subsection; so, the proofs are omitted.
Theorem 3.8. The following identities hold:
E(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FE(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k |
and
E(s,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FE(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k. |
Remark 3.6. We claim that
E(c,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FE(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ), |
E(s,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FE(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.9. For every n∈N, following identities hold true:
∂F∂Fp{E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnE(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
∂F∂Fp{E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnE(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
∂F∂Fq{E(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=−FnE(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
and
∂F∂Fq{E(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnE(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.10. The following identities hold true:
E(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FEk,F(λ)Cn−k(p,q), |
and
E(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FEk,F(λ)Sn−k(p,q). |
Theorem 3.11. The following identities hold true:
E(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n2⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k(n2k)FEn−2k,F(p;λ), |
and
E(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n−12⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k+1(n2k+1)FEn−2k−1,F(p;λ). |
Theorem 3.12. The following identities hold true:
Cn,F(p,q)=12E(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)+λ2n∑k=0(nk)FE(c,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ), |
and
Sn,F(p,q)=12E(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)+λ2n∑k=0(nk)FE(s,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.13. The following identities hold true:
E(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FE(c,1)n−k,F(q;λ), |
and
E(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FE(s,1)n−k,F(q;λ). |
Theorem 3.14. Determinantal forms of the cosine and sine Apostol Euler-Fibonacci polynomials are given by
E(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=(2λ+1)n+1|Cn,F(p,q)λ2(n1)Fλ2(n2)F⋯λ2(nn)FCn−1,F(p,q)λ+12λ2(n−11)F⋯λ2(n−1n−1)FCn−2,F(p,q)0λ+12⋯λ2(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮C0,F(p,q)00⋯λ+12|, |
and
E(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=(2λ+1)n+1|Sn,F(p,q)λ2(n1)Fλ2(n2)F⋯λ2(nn)FSn−1,F(p,q)λ+12λ2(n−11)F⋯λ2(n−1n−1)FSn−2,F(p,q)0λ+12⋯λ2(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮S0,F(p,q)00⋯λ+12|. |
Theorem 3.15. The following identities hold true:
G(c,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FG(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k, |
and
G(s,α)n,F(p+r,q;λ)=n∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FG(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ)rn−k. |
Remark 3.7. We claim that
G(c,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FG(c,α)k,F(p,q;λ), |
G(s,α)n,F(p+1,q;λ)−G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)=n−1∑k=0(−1)(n−k2)(nk)FG(s,α)k,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.16. For every n∈N, following identities hold true:
∂F∂Fp{G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnG(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
∂F∂Fp{G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnG(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
∂F∂Fq{G(c,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=−FnG(s,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ), |
and
∂F∂Fq{G(s,α)n,F(p,q;λ)}=FnG(c,α)n−1,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.17. The following identities hold true:
G(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FGk(λ)Cn−k(p,q), |
and
G(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0(nk)FGk,F(λ)Sn−k(p,q). |
Theorem 3.18. The following identities hold true:
G(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n2⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k(n2k)FGn−2k,F(p;λ), |
and
G(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=⌊n−12⌋∑k=0(−1)kq2k+1(n2k+1)FGn−2k−1,F(p;λ). |
Theorem 3.19. The following identities hold true:
Cn,F(p,q)=λ2n∑k=01Fk+1(nk)FG(c,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ)+λ+12Fn+1G(c,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ), |
and
Sn,F(p,q)=λ2n∑k=01Fk+1(nk)FG(s,1)n−k,F(p,q;λ)+λ+12Fn+1G(s,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ). |
Theorem 3.20. The following identities hold true:
G(c,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FG(c,1)n−k,F(q;λ), |
and
G(s,1)n,F(p,q;λ)=n∑k=0pk(nk)FG(s,1)n−k,F(q;λ). |
Theorem 3.21. Determinantal forms of the cosine and sine Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci polynomials are given by
G(c,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ)=(2λ+1)n+2|Fn+1Cn,F(p,q)λ2Fn+1(n0)Fλ2Fn+1(n1)F⋯λ2(nn)FFnCn−1,F(p,q)λ+12λ2Fn(n−10)F⋯λ2(n−1n−1)FFn−1Cn−2,F(p,q)0λ+12⋯λ2(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮000⋯λ+12|, |
and
G(s,1)n+1,F(p,q;λ)=(2λ+1)n+2|Fn+1Sn,F(p,q)λ2Fn+1(n0)Fλ2Fn+1(n1)F⋯λ2(nn)FFnSn−1,F(p,q)λ+12λ2Fn(n−10)F⋯λ2(n−1n−1)FFn−1Sn−2,F(p,q)0λ+12⋯λ2(n−2n−2)F⋮⋮⋮⋱⋮000⋯λ+12|. |
Our aim in this article is to define the F-analogues of the parametric types of the Apostol Bernoulli, the Apostol Euler, and the Apostol Genocchi polynomials studied by Srivastava et al. [15,19]. Namely, we have defined parametric types of the Apostol Bernoulli-Fibonacci, the Apostol Euler-Fibonacci, and the Apostol Genocchi-Fibonacci polynomials using the Golden calculus and investigated their properties. In our future work, we plan to define the parametric types of some special polynomials with the help of Golden calculus and to obtain many combinatorial identities with the help of their generating functions.
All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.
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