Case report

Improvement in montreal cognitive assessment score following three-week pain rehabilitation program

  • Received: 10 June 2019 Accepted: 26 July 2019 Published: 15 August 2019
  • Aim: To demonstrate improvement in cognitive function following a 3-week Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program. Methods: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was performed at initial evaluation and on dismissal day of the program. Results: The patient had chronic, non-cancer lower back pain for over 15 years for which patient had myriad of treatments. Patient was directed to Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program as a last resort treatment. The patient had moderate cognitive impairment when he joined the program (MoCA score of 17/30) that dramatically improved into the normal cognitive range by the end of the program (MoCA score of 26/30). Conclusions: Improvement in MoCA score was demonstrated after completion of the Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program, which is the first demonstrated case.

    Citation: Joann E. Bolton, Elke Lacayo, Svetlana Kurklinsky, Christopher D. Sletten. Improvement in montreal cognitive assessment score following three-week pain rehabilitation program[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2019, 6(3): 201-209. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2019.3.201

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  • Aim: To demonstrate improvement in cognitive function following a 3-week Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program. Methods: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was performed at initial evaluation and on dismissal day of the program. Results: The patient had chronic, non-cancer lower back pain for over 15 years for which patient had myriad of treatments. Patient was directed to Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program as a last resort treatment. The patient had moderate cognitive impairment when he joined the program (MoCA score of 17/30) that dramatically improved into the normal cognitive range by the end of the program (MoCA score of 26/30). Conclusions: Improvement in MoCA score was demonstrated after completion of the Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program, which is the first demonstrated case.


    Let us consider the following second-order linear homogeneous differential equation

    $ z2w(z)+zw(z)+(z2u2)w(z)=0      (uC).
    $
    (1.1)

    The differential equation in (1.1) is famous Bessel's differential equation. Its solution is denoted by $ J_{u}(z) $ and known as Bessel function. The familiar representation of $ J_{u}(z) $ is given by (1.2) and is defined by particular solution of (1.1) as follows:

    $ Ju(z)=n=0(1)nn!Γ(u+n+1)(z2)2n+u       (zC),
    $
    (1.2)

    where $ \Gamma $ is the familiar Euler Gamma function. For a comprehensive study of Bessel function of first kind, see [9,30].

    Let $ \mathcal{A} $ represents the class of all those functions which are analytic in the open unit disk

    $ E={z:zC   and    |z|<1}
    $

    and having the series expansion of the form

    $ f(z)=z+n=2anzn        (zE).
    $
    (1.3)

    Let $ \mathcal{S} $ be the subclass of $ \mathcal{A} $ consisting the functions that is univalent in $ E $ and satisfy the normalized conditions

    $ f(0)=0     and    f(0)=1.
    $

    Let two functions $ f $ and $ g $ are analytic in $ E $, then $ f $ is subordinate to $ g $, (written as $ f\prec g), $ if there exists a Schwarz function $ h\left(z\right) $, which is analytic in $ E $ with

    $ h(0)=0       and     |h(z)|<1,
    $

    such that

    $ f(z)=g(h(z)).
    $

    If $ g $ is univalent in $ E, $ then

    $ f(z)g(z) f(0)=0=g(0) and f(E)g(E).
    $

    For $ f\in \mathcal{A}, $ given by (1.3) and another function $ g, $ given by

    $ g(z)=z+n=2bnzn,
    $

    then the Hadamard product (or convolution) of $ f(z) $ and $ g(z) $ is given by

    $ (fg)(z)=z+n=2anbnzn=(gf)(z).
    $

    In [34], Robertson introduced the class of starlike $ (\mathcal{S}^{\ast }) $ and class of convex $ (\mathcal{C}) $ functions and be defined as:

    $ S=fA:(zf(z)f(z))>0 and C= fA:(1+zf(z)f(z))>0.
    $

    It can easily seen that

    $ fC   zfS.
    $

    After that Srivastava and Owa investigated these subclasses in [43].

    Let $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ and $ g\in \mathcal{S}^{\ast }, $ is said to be close to convex $ (\mathcal{K}) $ functions if and only if

    $ (zf(z)g(z))>0.
    $

    Furthermore, Kanas and Wisniowska in [12] introduced subclasses of $ k $ -uniformly convex $ \left(k-\mathcal{UCV}\right) $ and $ \left(k-\mathcal{ST} \right) $ and be defined as:

    $ kUCV={fA: (1+zf(z)f(z))>k|zf(z)f(z)|, zE, k0}
    $

    and

    $ kST={fA: (zf(z)f(z))>k|zf(z)f(z)1|, zE, k0}.
    $

    Note that

    $ fkUCV    zfkST.
    $

    For the further developments Kanas and Srivastava studied these subclasses $ \left(k-\mathcal{UCV}\right) $ and $ \left(k-\mathcal{ST}\right) $ of analytic functions in [11]. For particular value of $ k = 1 $, then $ k- \mathcal{UCV = } $ $ \mathcal{UCV} $ and $ k-\mathcal{ST = S}^{\ast } $

    Kanas and Wisniowska [13,14] (see also [11] and [15]) defined these subclasses of analytic functions subject to the conic domain $ \Omega _{k}, $ where

    $ Ωk=a+ib:a2>k2{(a1)2+b2}, a>0, k0.
    $

    For $ k = 0 $, the domain $ \Omega _{k} $ presents the right half plane, for $ 0 < k < 1 $, the domain $ \Omega _{k} $ presents hyperbola, for $ k = 1 $ its presents parabola and an ellipse for $ k > 1 $.

    For this conic domain, the following functions play the role of extremal functions.

    $ pk(z)={ϕ1(z)for  k=0,ϕ2(z)for  k=1,ϕ3(z)for  0<k<1,ϕ4(z)for   k>1,
    $
    (1.4)

    where

    $ ϕ1(z))=1+z1z,
    $
    $ ϕ2(z)=1+2π2(log1+z1z)2,
    $
    $ ϕ3(z)=1+21k2sinh2{(2πarccosk)arctanhz},
    $
    $ ϕ4(z)=1+1k21sin(π2R(t)y(z)t0dx1x21t2x2)+1k21
    $

    and

    $ y(z)=zt1tz        {t(0,1)}
    $

    is chosen such that

    $ k=cosh(πR(t)/(4R(t))).
    $

    Here $ R(t) $ is Legender's complete elliptic integral of first kind (see [13,14]).

    Since the $ q $-calculus is being vastly used in different areas of mathematics and physics it is of great interest of researchers. In the study of Geometric Function Theory, the versatile applications of $ q $-derivative operator make it remarkably significant. Initially, in the year 1990, Ismail et al. [5] gave the idea of $ q $-starlike functions. Nevertheless, a firm foothold of the usage of the $ q $-calculus in the context of Geometric Function Theory was effectively established, and the use of the generalized basic (or $ q $-) hypergeometric functions in Geometric Function Theory was made by Srivastava (see for detail [37]). For the study of various families of analytic and univalent function, the quantum (or $ q $-) calculus has been used as a important tools. Jackson [7,8] first defined the $ q $-derivative and integral operator as well as provided some of their applications. The $ q $-Ruscheweyh differential operator was defined by Kanas and Raducanu in [10]. Recently, by using the concept of convolution Srivastava [40] introduced $ q $-Noor integral operator and studied some of its applications. Many $ q $-differential and $ q $-integral operators can be written in term of convolution, for detail we refer [4,23,36,39,41] see also [16,18]. Moreover, Srivastava et al. (see, for example, [35,44,45]) published a set of articles in which they concentrated upon the classes of $ q $-starlike functions related with the Janowski functions from several different aspects. Additionally specking, a recently-published survey-cum-expository review article by Srivastava [38] is potentially useful for researchers and scholars working on these topics. In this survey-cum-expository review article [38], the mathematical explanation and applications of the fractional $ q $-calculus and the fractional $ q $-derivative operators in Geometric Function Theory was systematically investigated. For other recent investigations involving the $ q $-calculus, one may refer to [1,19,22,24,25,31,32,33] and [17]. We remark in passing that, in the above-cited recently-published survey-cum-expository review article [38], the so-called $ (p, q) $ -calculus was exposed to be a rather trivial and inconsequential variation of the classical $ q $-calculus, the additional parameter $ p $ being redundant or superfluous (see, for details, [38, p. 340]). In order to have a better understanding of the present article we provide some notation and concepts of quantum (or $ q $-) calculus used in this article.

    Definition 1. ([10]). Let $ q\in (0, 1) $ and define the $ q $-number $ [\eta ]_{q} $ as:

    $ [η]q=1qη1q,                      ηC,=1+q+...+qn1,   η=nN,[0]=0,                                η=0.
    $

    Definition 2. Let $ q\in \left(0, 1\right), $ $ n\in \mathbb{N} $ and define the $ q $-factorial $ [n]_{q}! $

    $ [n]q!=[1]q[2]q...[n]q and [0]q!=1.
    $

    Definition 3. The $ q $-generalized Pochhammer symbol $ [a]_{n, q} $ be defined as:

    $ [a]n,q=nk=1(1aqk1),  nN
    $

    and

    $ [a],q=k=1(1aqk1).
    $

    Definition 4. The $ q $-Gamma function $ \Gamma _{q}(n) $ is defined by

    $ Γq(n)=[q,q][qn,q](1q)n1.
    $

    The $ q $-Gamma function $ \Gamma _{q}(n) $ satisfies the following functional equation

    $ Γq(n+1)=(1qn1q)Γq(n).
    $

    Definition 5. ([7]). For $ f\in \mathcal{A} $, and the $ q $-derivative operator or $ q $ -difference operator be defined as:

    $ Dqf(z)=f(z)f(qz)(1q)z        (zE),Dqf(z)=1+n=2[n]qanzn1
    $
    (1.5)

    and

    $ Dqzn=[n]qzn1.
    $

    Definition 6. ([5]). An analytic function $ f\in $ $ \mathcal{S}_{q}^{\ast } $ if

    $ f(0)=f(0)=1,
    $
    (1.6)

    and

    $ |zDqf(z)f(z)11q|11q,
    $
    (1.7)

    we can rewrite the conditions (1.7) as follows, (see [46]).

    $ zDqf(z)f(z)1+z1qz.
    $

    Here Serivastava et al. [39] (see also [42]) defined the following definition by making use of quantum (or $ q $-) calculus, principle of subordination and general conic domain $ \Omega _{k, q} $ as:

    Definition 7. ([39]). Let $ k\geq 0 $ and $ q\in \left(0, 1\right) $. A function $ p(z) $ is said to be in the class $ k-\mathcal{P}_{q} $ if and only if

    $ p(z)pk,q(z)=2pk(z)(1+q)+(1q)pk(z)
    $
    (1.8)

    and $ p_{k}(z) $ is given by (1.4).

    Geometrically, the function $ p(z)\in k-\mathcal{P}_{q} $ takes all values from the domain $ \Omega _{k, q} $ which is defined as follows:

    $ Ωk,q={w:((1+q)w2+(q1)w)>k|(1+q)w2+(q1)w1|}.
    $

    Remark 1. We see that

    $ kPqP(2k2k+1+q)
    $

    and

    $ (p(z))>(pk,q(z))>2k2k+1+q.
    $

    For $ q\rightarrow 1- $, then we have

    $ kPq=P(kk+1),
    $

    where the class $ \mathcal{P}\left(\frac{k}{k+1}\right) $ introduced by Kanas and Wisniowska [13] and therefore,

    $ (p(z))>(pk(z))>kk+1.
    $

    Also for $ k = 0 $ and $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ we have

    $ kPq=P
    $

    and

    $ (p(z))>0.
    $

    Remark 2. For $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ then $ \Omega _{k, q} = \Omega _{k}, $ where domain $ \Omega _{k} $ introduced by Kanas and Wisniowska in [13].

    By Applying $ q $-derivative operator we introduce new subclasses of $ q $ -starlike functions, $ q $-convex functions, $ q $-close to convex functions and $ q $-quasi-convex functions as follows:

    Definition 8. [42] For $ f\in \mathcal{A}, $ $ k\geq 0, $ then $ f\in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q} $ if and only if

    $ zDqf(z)f(z)pk,q(z).
    $
    (1.9)

    Definition 9. [42] For $ f\in \mathcal{A}, $ $ k\geq 0, $ then $ f\in k-\mathcal{UCV}_{q} $ if and only if

    $ Dq(zDqf(z))Dqf(z)pk,q(z).
    $

    It can easily seen that

    $ fkUCVq    iff zDqfkSTq.
    $
    (1.10)

    Definition 10. [42] For $ f\in \mathcal{A}, $ $ k\geq 0, $ then $ f\in k-\mathcal{UCC}_{q} $ if and only if

    $ zDqf(z)g(z)pk,q(z),  for some g(z)kSTq.
    $

    Definition 11. [42] For $ f\in \mathcal{A}, $ $ k\geq 0, $ then $ f\in k-\mathcal{UQV}_{q} $ if and only if

    $ Dq(zDqf(z))Dqg(z)pk,q(z), for some g(z)kUCCq.
    $

    Remark 3. For $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ then all theses newly defined subclasses reduces to the well-known subclasses of analytic functions introduced in [29].

    The Jackson $ q $-Bessel functions and the Hahn-Exton $ q $-Bessel functions are, respectively, defined by

    $ J1u(z,q)=[qu+1,q][q,q]n=1(1)nqn(n+u)[q,q]n[qu+1,q]n(z2)2n+u
    $

    and

    $ J2u(z,q)=[qu+1,q][q,q]n=1(1)nq12n(n+u)[q,q]n[qu+1,q]nz2n+u,
    $

    where $ z\in \mathbb{C}, $ $ u > -1, $ $ q\in \left(0, 1\right). $ The functions $ J_{u}^{1}(z, q) $ and $ J_{u}^{2}(z, q) $ are the $ q $-extensions of the classical Bessel functions of the first kind. For more study about $ q $-extensions of Bessel functions (see [6,20,21]). Since neither $ J_{u}^{1}(z, q) $ nor $ J_{u}^{2}(z, q) $ belongs to $ \mathcal{A} $, first we perform normalizations of $ J_{u}^{1}(z, q) $ and $ J_{u}^{2}(z, q) $ as:

    $ f1u(z,q)=2uCu(q)z1nuJ1u(z,q)=n=0(1)nqn(n+u)4n[q,q]n[qu+1,q]nzn+1=z+n=2(1)n1q(n1)(n1+u)4n1[q,q]n1[qu+1,q]n1zn.
    $

    Similarly

    $ f2u(z,q)=Cu(q)z1nuJ2u(z,q)=n=0(1)nq12n(n+u)[q,q]n[qu+1,q]nzn+1,=z+n=2(1)n1q12(n1)(n1+u)[q,q]n1[qu+1,q]n1zn,
    $

    where

    $ Cu(q)=[q,q][qu+1,q], zC, u>1, q(0,1).
    $

    Now clearly, the functions $ f_{u}^{1}(z, q) $ and $ f_{u}^{2}(z, q)\in $ $ \mathcal{A}. $

    Now, by using the above idea of convolution and normalized Jackson and Hahn-Exton $ q $-Bessel functions, we introduce a new operators $ B_{u}^{q} $ and $ B_{u, 1}^{q} $ as follows:

    $ Bquf(z)=f1u(z,q)f(z)=z+n=2φ1anzn
    $
    (1.11)

    and

    $ Bqu,1f(z)=f2u(z,q)f(z)=z+n=2φ2anzn,
    $
    (1.12)

    where

    $ φ1=(1)n1q(n1)(n1+u)4n1[q,q]n1[qu+1,q]n1
    $

    and

    $ φ2=(1)n1q12(n1)(n1+u)[q,q]n1[qu+1,q]n1.
    $

    From the definition (1.11) and (1.12), it can easy to verify that

    $ zDq(Bqu+1f(z))=([u]qqu+1)Bquf(z)[u]qquBqu+1f(z)
    $
    (1.13)

    and

    $ zDq(Bqu+1,1f(z))=([u]qqu+1)Bqu,1f(z)[u]qquBqu+1,1f(z).
    $

    Finally Noor et al. introduced $ q $-Bernardi integral operator [28], which is defined by

    $ Lqλ=Lqλf(z)=[λ+1]qzλz0tλ1f(t)dqt, λ>1.
    $

    Remark 4. For $ q\rightarrow 1- $, then $ L_{\lambda }^{q} = L $, introduced by Bernardi in [2].

    Here we gave the generalization of two lemmas which was introduced in [3,27].

    Lemma 1. Let $ h(z) $ be an analytic and convex univalent in $ E $ with

    $ (vh(z)+α)>0    (v,αC)    and    h(0)=1.
    $

    If $ p(z) $ is analytic in $ E $ and $ p(0) = 1, $ then

    $ p(z)+zDqp(z)vp(z)+αh(z), zE,
    $
    (2.1)

    then

    $ p(z)h(z).
    $

    Proof. Suppose that $ h(z) $ is analytic and convex univalent in $ E $ and $ p(z) $ is analytic in $ E $. Letting $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ in (2.1), we have

    $ p(z)+zp(z)vp(z)+αh(z), zE,
    $

    then by Lemma in [26], we have

    $ p(z)h(z).
    $

    Lemma 2. Let an analytic functions $ p(z) $ and $ g(z) $ in open unit disk $ E $ with

    $ p(z)>0    and    h(0)=g(0).
    $

    suppose that $ h(z) $ be convex functions in $ E $ and let $ U\geq 0, $ then

    $ Uz2D2qg(z)+p(z)g(z)h(z)
    $
    (2.2)

    then

    $ g(z)h(z), zE.
    $

    Proof. Suppose that $ h(z) $ is convex in the open unit disk $ E $. Let $ p(z) $ and $ g(z) $ is analytic in $ E $ with $ \Re p(z) > 0 $ and $ h(0) = g(0) $. Letting $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ in (2.2), we have

    $ Uz2g(z)+p(z)g(z)h(z), zE,
    $

    then by Lemma in [27], we have

    $ g(z)h(z).
    $

    Theorem 1. Let $ h(z) $ be convex univalent in $ E $ with $ \Re(h(z)) > 0 $ and $ h(0) = 1 $. If a function $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ satisfies the condition

    $ zDq(Bquf(z))Bquf(z)h(z), zE,
    $

    then

    $ zDq(Bqu+1f(z))Bqu+1f(z)h(z), zE.
    $

    Proof. Let

    $ p(z)=zDq(Bqu+1f(z))Bqu+1f(z).
    $
    (3.1)

    where $ p $ is an analytic function in $ E $ with $ p(0) = 1. $ By using (1.13) into (3.1), we have

    $ p(z)=([u]qqu+1)zBquf(z)Bqu+1f(z)[u]qqu.
    $

    Differentiating logarithmically with respect to $ z $, we have

    $ p(z)+zDqp(z)p(z)+[u]qqu=zBquf(z)Bqu+1f(z).
    $

    By using Lemma $ 1, $ we get required result.

    By taking $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ in Theorem 1, then we have the following result.

    Corollary 1. Let $ h(z) $ be convex univalent in $ E $ with $ \Re(h(z) > 0 $ and $ h(0) = 1 $. If a function $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ satisfies the condition

    $ z(Buf(z))Buf(z)h(z), zE,
    $

    then

    $ z(Bu+1f(z))Bu+1f(z)h(z), zE.
    $

    Theorem 2. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}, $ then $ B_{u+1}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}. $

    Proof. Let

    $ p(z)=zDq(Bqu+1f(z))Bqu+1f(z).
    $

    From (1.13), we have

    $ ([u]qqu+1)zBquf(z)Bqu+1f(z)=p(z)+[u]qqu.
    $

    Differentiating logarithmically with respect to $ z $, we have

    $ zDqBquf(z)Bquf(z)=p(z)+zDqp(z)p(z)+[u]qqupk,q(z).
    $

    Since $ p_{k, q}\left(z\right) $ is convex univalent in $ E $ given by (1.8) and

    $ (pk,q(z))>2k2k+1+q.
    $

    The proof of the theorem 3.2 follows by Theorem 1 and condition (1.9).

    For $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ in Theorem 2, then we have the following result.

    Corollary 2. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}, $ then $ B_{u+1}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}. $

    Theorem 3. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCV}_{q}, $ then $ B_{u+1}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCV}_{q}. $

    Proof. By virtue of (1.10), and Theorem 2, we get

    $ Bquf(z)kUCVqzDq(Bquf(z))kSTqBquzDqf(z)kSTqBqu+1zDqf(z)kSTqBqu+1f(z)kUCVq.
    $

    Hence Theorem 3 is complete.

    For $ q\rightarrow 1-, $ in Theorem 3, then we have the following result.

    Corollary 3. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCV}, $ then $ B_{u+1}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCV}. $

    Theorem 4. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCC}_{q}, $ then $ B_{u+1}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCC}_{q}. $

    Proof. Since

    $ Bquf(z)kUCCq,
    $

    then

    $ zDqBquf(z)Bqug(z)pk,q(z),  for some  Bqug(z)kSTq.
    $
    (3.2)

    Letting

    $ h(z)=zDqBqu+1f(z)Bqu+1g(z)
    $

    and

    $ H(z)=zDqBqu+1g(z)Bqu+1g(z).
    $

    We see that $ h(z), H(z)\in \mathcal{A} $, in $ E $ with $ h(0) = H(0) = 1. $ By using Theorem 2, we have

    $ Bqu+1g(z)kSTq
    $

    and

    $ (H(z))>2k2k+1+q.
    $

    Also note that

    $ zDqBqu+1f(z)=h(z)(Bqu+1g(z)).
    $
    (3.3)

    Differentiating both sides of (3.3), we obtain

    $ zDq(zDqBqu+1f(z))Bqu+1g(z)=zDqBqu+1g(z)Bqu+1g(z)h(z)+zDqh(z)=H(z)h(z)+zDqh(z).
    $
    (3.4)

    By using the identity (1.13), we get

    $ zDqBquf(z)Bqug(z)=BquzDqf(z)Bqug(z)=zDq(Bqu+1zDqf(z))+[u]qqu(Bqu+1zDqf(z))zDq(Bqu+1g(z))+[u]qquBqu+1g(z)=zDq(Bqu+1zDqf(z))Bqu+1g(z)+[u]qqu(Bqu+1zDqf(z))Bqu+1g(z)zDq(Bqu+1g(z))Bqu+1g(z)+[u]qqu=h(z)+zDqh(z)H(z)+[u]qqu.
    $
    (3.5)

    From (3.2), (3.4), and (3.5), we conclude that

    $ h(z)+zDqh(z)H(z)+[u]qqupk,q(z).
    $

    On letting $ U = 0 $ and $ B(z) = \frac{1}{H(z)+\frac{\left[ u\right] _{q}}{q^{u}}}, $ we have

    $ (B(z))=(H(z)+[u]qqu)|H(z)+[u]qqu|2>0.
    $

    Apply Lemma 2, we have

    $ h(z)pk,q(z),
    $

    where $ p_{k, q}\left(z\right) $ given by (1.8). Hence Theorem 4 is complete.

    We can prove Theorem 5 by using a similar argument of Theorem 4

    Theorem 5. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A}. $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UQC}_{q}, $ then $ B_{u+1}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UQC}_{q}. $

    Now in Theorem 6, we study the closure properties of the $ q $-Bernardi integral operator $ L_{\lambda }^{q}. $

    Theorem 6. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ and $ \lambda > -\left(\frac{2k}{2k+1+q} \right). $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}, $ then $ L_{\lambda }^{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}f(z)\right) \in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}. $

    Proof. From the definition of $ L_{\lambda }^{q}f(z) $ and the linearity of the operator $ B_{u}^{q}, $ we have

    $ zDq(BquLqλf(z))=(1+λ)Bquf(z)λBquLqλf(z).
    $
    (3.6)

    Substituting $ p(z) = \frac{zD_{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}L_{\lambda }^{q}f(z)\right) }{ B_{u}^{q}L_{\lambda }^{q}f(z)} $ in $ \left(3.6\right) $, we have

    $ p(z)=(1+λ)Bquf(z)BquLqλf(z)λ.
    $
    (3.7)

    Differentiating (3.7) with respect to $ z $, we have

    $ zDq(Bquf(z))Bquf(z)=zDq(BquLqλf(z))BquLqλf(z)+zDqp(z)p(z)+λ=p(z)+zDqp(z)p(z)+λ.
    $

    By Lemma 1, $ p(z)\prec $ $ p_{k, q}\left(z\right) $, since $ \Re \left(p_{k, q}\left(z\right) +\lambda \right) > 0. $ This completes the proof of Theorem 6.

    By a similar argument we can prove Theorem 7 as below.

    Theorem 7. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ and $ \lambda > -\left(\frac{2k}{2k+1+q} \right). $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{U}\mathcal{CV}_{q}, $ then $ L_{\lambda }^{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}f(z)\right) \in k-\mathcal{U}\mathcal{CV} _{q}. $

    Theorem 8. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ and $ \lambda > -\left(\frac{2k}{2k+1+q} \right). $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UCC}_{q}, $ then $ L_{\lambda }^{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}f(z)\right) \in k-\mathcal{UCC}_{q}. $

    Proof. By definition, there exists a function

    $ Bqug(z)kSTq,
    $

    so that

    $ zDqBquf(z)Bqug(z)pk,q(z).
    $
    (3.8)

    Now from (3.6), we have

    $ zDq(Bquf(z))Bqug(z)=zDq(BquLqλ(zDqf(z)))+λ(BquLqλ(zDqf(z)))zDq(BquLqλg(z))+λBquLqλ(g(z))=zDq(BquLqλ(zDqf(z)))BquLqλ(g(z))+λ(BquLqλ(zDqf(z)))BquLqλ(g(z))zDq(BquLqλg(z))BquLqλ(g(z))+λ.
    $
    (3.9)

    Since $ B_{u}^{q}g(z)\in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}, $ by Theorem 6, we have $ L_{\lambda }^{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}g(z)\right) \in k-\mathcal{ST}_{q}. $ Taking

    $ H(z)=zDq(BquLqλg(z))Bqu(Lqλg(z)).
    $

    We see that $ H(z)\in \mathcal{A} $ in $ E $ with $ H(0) = 1, $ and

    $ (H(z))>2k2k+1+q.
    $

    Now for

    $ h(z)=zDq(BquLqλf(z))Bqu(Lqλg(z)).
    $

    Thus we obtain

    $ zDq(BquLqλf(z))=h(z)Bqu(Lqλg(z)).
    $
    (3.10)

    Differentiating both sides of (3.10), we obtain

    $ zDq(BquDq(zLqλf(z)))Bqu(Lqλg(z))=zDq(Bqu(Lqλg(z)))Bqu(Lqλg(z))h(z)+zDqh(z)=H(z)h(z)+zDqh(z).
    $
    (3.11)

    Therefore from (3.9) and (3.11), we obtain

    $ zDq(Bquf(z))Bqug(z)=zDqh(z)+H(z)h(z)+λh(z)H(z)+λ.
    $

    This in conjunction with (3.8) leads to

    $ h(z)+zDqh(z)H(z)+λpk,q(z).
    $
    (3.12)

    On letting $ U = 0 $ and $ B(z) = \frac{1}{H(z)+\lambda }, $ we have

    $ (B(z))=(H(z)+λ)|H(z)+λ|2>0.
    $

    Apply Lemma 2, we have

    $ h(z)pk,q(z).
    $

    where $ p_{k, q}\left(z\right) $ given by (1.8). Hence Theorem 8 is complete.

    We can prove Theorem 9 by using a similar argument of Theorem 8.

    Theorem 9. Let $ f\in \mathcal{A} $ and $ \lambda > -\left(\frac{2k}{2k+1+q} \right). $ If $ B_{u}^{q}f(z)\in k-\mathcal{UQC}_{q}, $ then $ L_{\lambda }^{q}\left(B_{u}^{q}f(z)\right) \in k-\mathcal{UQC}_{q}. $

    Our present investigation is motivated by the well-established potential for the usages of the basic (or $ q $-) calculus and the fractional basic (or $ q $ -) calculus in Geometric Function Theory as described in a recently-published survey-cum-expository review article by Srivastava [38]. We have studied new family of analytic functions involving the Jackson and Hahn-Exton $ q $-Bessel functions and investigate their inclusion relationships and certain integral preserving properties bounded by generalized conic domain $ \Omega _{k, q} $. Also we discussed some applications of our main results by using the $ q $-Bernardi integral operator. The convolution operator $ B_{u, 1}^{q} $, which are defined by (1.12) will indeed apply to any attempt to produce the rather straightforward results which we have presented in this paper.

    Basic (or $ q $-) series and basic (or $ q $-) polynomials, especially the basic (or $ q $-) hypergeometric functions and basic (or $ q $-) hypergeometric polynomials, are applicable particularly in several diverse areas (see, for example, [38, p. 328]).

    Moreover, in this recently-published survey-cum-expository review article by Srivastava [38], the so-called $ (p, q) $-calculus was exposed to be a rather trivial and inconsequential variation of the classical $ q $-calculus, the additional parameter $ p $ being redundant (see, for details, [38, p. 340]). This observation by Srivastava [38] will indeed apply also to any attempt to produce the rather straightforward $ (p, q) $-variations of the results which we have presented in this paper.

    The third author is partially supported by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia grant (GUP-2019-032).

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.



    Conflict of interest



    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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