Communication

A systematic review of 3D cursor in the medical literature

  • Received: 01 January 2018 Accepted: 15 March 2018 Published: 20 March 2018
  • The term 3D cursor has been used in the computer graphics industry for quite some time; however, in recent years, it has also been used in the medical field. In medicine, the term 3D cursor has been used to describe a user’s hands, hand-controllers, a 2D cursor that can travel in 3D space, and a volume-subtending 3D cursor. In this article, we perform a systematic review of the medical literature of the term “3D cursor” and discuss the applications in the fields of diagnostic radiology and surgery. We discuss the important applications of the 3D cursor the use of a 3D cursor in combination with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in medicine.

    Citation: David B. Douglas, Robert E. Douglas, Cliff Wilke, David Gibson, John Boone, Max Wintermark. A systematic review of 3D cursor in the medical literature[J]. AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2018, 2(1): 1-11. doi: 10.3934/ElectrEng.2018.1.1

    Related Papers:

    [1] Olatunji P Abolusoro, Moshibudi Caroline Khoathane, Washington Washington . Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of recycled aluminium matrix reinforced with rice husk ash. AIMS Materials Science, 2024, 11(5): 918-934. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2024044
    [2] Neerajkumar Wayzode, Vinod Suryawanshi . Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced glass/epoxy composites manufactured using resin film infusion process. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(4): 693-709. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023038
    [3] Hendra Suherman, Yovial Mahyoedin, Edi Septe, Roni Rizade . Properties of graphite/epoxy composites: the in-plane conductivity, tensile strength and Shore hardness. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(2): 165-173. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.2.165
    [4] Falah Mustafa Al-Saraireh . Cold-curing mixtures based on biopolymer lignin complex for casting production in single and small-series conditions. AIMS Materials Science, 2023, 10(5): 876-890. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2023047
    [5] Mohammed Y. Abdellah, Ahmed Abdelhaleem, Ibrahim A. Alnaser, G. T. Abdel-Jaber, Abdalla Abdal-hay . Flexural, compression and fracture properties of epoxy granite as a cost-effective structure materials :new machine element foundation. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(1): 82-98. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021006
    [6] Carlos A. Sánchez, Yamile Cardona-Maya, Andrés D. Morales, Juan S. Rudas, Cesar A. Isaza . Development and evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol films reinforced with carbon nanotubes and alumina for manufacturing hybrid metal matrix composites by the sandwich technique. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(2): 149-165. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021011
    [7] Sumesh Narayan, Ananthanarayanan Rajeshkannan . Densification behaviour of sintered aluminum composites during hot deformation. AIMS Materials Science, 2018, 5(5): 902-915. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2018.5.902
    [8] Mohammed Nizam Khan, Sumesh Narayan, Ananthanarayanan Rajeshkannan . Influence of process parameters on the workability characteristics of sintered Al and Al–Cu composites during cold deformation. AIMS Materials Science, 2019, 6(3): 441-453. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2019.3.441
    [9] Mahdi Rafiee, Roozbeh Abidnejad, Anton Ranta, Krishna Ojha, Alp Karakoç, Jouni Paltakari . Exploring the possibilities of FDM filaments comprising natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites for additive manufacturing. AIMS Materials Science, 2021, 8(4): 524-537. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2021032
    [10] Mohammad Na'aim Abd Rahim, Mohd Shukor Salleh, Saifudin Hafiz Yahaya, Sivarao Subramonian, Azrin Hani Abdul Rashid, Syarifah Nur Aqida Syed Ahmad, Salah Salman Al-Zubaidi . Microstructural investigation and mechanical properties of Al2O3-MWCNTs reinforced aluminium composite. AIMS Materials Science, 2025, 12(2): 318-335. doi: 10.3934/matersci.2025017
  • The term 3D cursor has been used in the computer graphics industry for quite some time; however, in recent years, it has also been used in the medical field. In medicine, the term 3D cursor has been used to describe a user’s hands, hand-controllers, a 2D cursor that can travel in 3D space, and a volume-subtending 3D cursor. In this article, we perform a systematic review of the medical literature of the term “3D cursor” and discuss the applications in the fields of diagnostic radiology and surgery. We discuss the important applications of the 3D cursor the use of a 3D cursor in combination with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in medicine.


    1. Introduction

    Among thermoset resins, epoxies and phenolics are matrix materials commonly used in the development of advanced composite materials. There is development of large volume of materials based on epoxies and phenolics. Epoxy resins currently dominate the market due to their superior thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, dimensional stability and chemical resistance [1].

    Biobased thermoset polymers are attracting increased attention due to environmental concerns and therealization that global petroleum resources are finite.In the last 15-20 years, the research and development of composite materials from polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) polymers derived from renewable resources have gained momentum [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Kumar et al. has reported in their patents the ways to cure PFA in controlled manner by subjecting acid catalysedfurfuryl alcohol (FA) at 50 °C for 96 h followed by 2nd step curing of 1h at 100 °C and 30 min at 150 °C [8,9]. There are several reports which showed the fabrication of cured PFA that can be used as bioplastics or biocomposites [10,11,12]. We have reported earlier the FTIR spectra (vibrational spectroscopy) of cured (after 3 days of curing) and uncured PFA [10]. In FTIR spectra, we could observe the change in the peak after curing. Sometimes, it is difficult to notice the small change in FTIR spectra due to overlapping of the bands. So in this paper, we have used the techniques where clear increase or decrease in absorbance is observed.

    Aluminium and iron are widely used in construction sectors. Both the materials have very high mechanical strength. Aluminium is characterised with high corrosion resistance, excellent machining properties, high thermal and electrical properties, and wear resistance [13]. Iron based materials have low corrosion resistance but are widely used in construction sectors. A study of the adsorption of an epoxy acrylate resin on aluminium alloys relevant to aerospace industry has been undertaken by Grilli et al. [14]. There are several reports which showed good interactions of aluminium with epoxy resin attributed to hydrogen bonding of alcoholic group of epoxy [15,16]. Similarly, iron/steel reinforced epoxy composite has also been fabricated [17,18,19]. However, there are not a single report where fabrication of iron or aluminium reinforced PFA composites have been discussed.

    From a conceptual point of view, the reinforcement of PFA with aluminium or iron seems very realistic for the development of advancedcomposites with low environmental impact. In the on-going research work, we have tried to answer the question whether a composite material can be developed from PFA resin withaluminium or iron as reinforcement materials. Further, we have tried to analyse colorometry/spectrophotometrically the interactions of iron and aluminium with acid catalysed FA resin during curing process so as to have an idea how aluminium or iron form composites with PFA. Spectroscopic method or colorometric method is a simple way to observe the change in colour and report the change of colour in terms of absorbance. Since there is change in colour for FA in presence of metal during curing and its absorbance fall in the visible range so we have found the absorbance from colorimetry/spectrophotometry to study the curing of PFA from FA.


    2. Materials and Method


    2.1. Materials

    Furfuryl alcohol (FA) and p-toulenesulphonic acid (PTSA) monohydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and were used as received. The density of FA as mentioned in the manufacturer’s data sheet is 1.135 gm/mL. Aluminium in form of wire and sheet and iron in form of mesh were purchased from local market. Circular silicon based mold of 10 cm diameter was used for molding the products. The area of the silicon mold was 78.5 cm2.


    2.2. Methods

    A solution of PTSA monohydrate (0.3 phr with respect to the resin) prepared in 5 ml water was added drop-wise to FA at room temperature in order to catalyse the FA.

    Five test tubes were taken. In the first test tube, 10 ml of FA was taken. PTSA was added drop-wise to FA in the second test tube designated as AcFA. About 1 g of iron mesh, aluminium sheet and aluminium wire were put in 3rd, 4th and 5th test tubecontaining acid catalysed FA designated as AcFA-IrW, AcFA-AlS and AcFA-AlW, respectively. The absorbance of all the liquids present in the five test tubes was determined immediately. After that the test tubes were kept in freeze (12-14 °C) so that slow curing of acid catalysed FA in presence and absence of iron and aluminium metal takes place.


    2.3. Curing of Acid Catalysed FA in Presence of Aluminium and Iron

    Three different weight fractions of aluminium wire (0.13, 0.09 and 0.07) were arranged manually by hand in the circular silicon based mold. In the first, second and third cases the spacing between two wires were maintained as 1 cm, 1.5 cm and 2 cm, respectively. About 56.75 gm of acid catalysed FA was poured in the silicon mold containing three different weight fraction of aluminium wire. Aluminium sheet of 0.09 weight fraction was also placed in the circular silicon based mold and about 56.75 gm of acid catalysed FA was poured in the silicon mold. The material was cured as per the process described in world patent filed by us [9]. However, keeping all the conditions same curing of FA could not take place in presence of iron.


    3. Results and Discussion


    3.1. Visual Inspection of Curing

    Figure 1 shows the colour of all the liquids present in the five test tubes after 5 days. By visual inspection, it looks that colour of FA in presence of aluminium wire is similar to that of acid catalysed FA.

    Figure 1. Colour of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol (AcFA) in presence and absence of aluminium and iron metal after 5 days. In this Figure, AcFA-IrW, AcFA-AlS and AcFA-AlW represent presence of iron mesh, aluminium sheet and aluminium wire, respectively in acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol

    On the other hand, the colour of FA in presence of iron wire is similar to that of neat FA. This indicates that slow curing of FA has started in presence of aluminium metal but in presence of iron metal it has not started.


    3.2. Effect of Metal on the Curing Characteristics PFA with Respect to Absorbance at Different Intervals of Days

    (a) Furfuryl alcohol (FA)—Three prominent peaks at 457 nm, 519 nm and 588 nm are observed in FA (Figure 2). The absorbance at 457 nm and 588nm are 0.56 and 0.49, respectively. The absorbance at 519 nm is quite low (0.15), so we will not discuss this wavelength to monitor the cure process. As expected, there is no increase in absorbance because of absence of acid catalyst which is necessary to initiate curing process in FA.

    Figure 2. Absorbance of furfuryl alcohol from 0 to 5 days

    (b) Acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol (AcFA)—Figure 3 shows the absorbance of AcFA at different days. On 1st day, the absorbance at 457 nm and 588 nm are 0.50 and 0.49, respectively. Till 2nd day absorbance increases slightly but after that increase is prominent.

    Figure 3. Absorbance of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol from 0 to 5 days

    The absorbance at 457 nm increases to 0.83 and 1.44 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. Similarly, the absorbance at 588 nm increases to 0.65 and 0.96 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. The increase in absorbance indicates that curing process in FA has started due to presence of an acid catalyst.

    (c) AcFA-AlS and AcFA-AlW—First we will discuss about the absorbance of aluminium wire in AcFA. Figure 4a shows the absorbance of AcFA in presence of aluminium wire on different days. On 1st day, the absorbance at 457 nm and 588 nm are 0.62 and 0.58, respectively. Absorbance increases significantly from 2nd day.The absorbance at 457 nm increases to 1.2 and 1.78 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. Similarly, the absorbance at 588 nm increases to 1.13 and 1.67 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. Figure 4b shows the absorbance of AcFA in presence of aluminium sheet on different days. On 1st day, the absorbance at 457 nm and 588 nm are 0.54 and 0.56, respectively. Absorbance increases significantly from 2nd day. The absorbance at 457 nm increases to 1.51 and 2.01 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. Similarly, the absorbance at 588 nm increases to 1.44 and 1.83 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. In the presence of aluminium metal, the absorbance increases considerably and there is also a shift in wavelength towards longer wavelength termed as Bathochromic shift. This indicates that curing process increases in the presence of aluminium.

    Figure 4. Absorbance of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol in presence of aluminium wire (a) and aluminium sheet (b) from 0 to 5 days

    (d) AcFA-IrW—Figure 5 shows the absorbance of AcFA in presence of iron wire at different days. On 1st day, the absorbance at 457 nm and 588 nm are 0.43 and 0.48, respectively. Absorbance shows negligible increase till 3rd day. The absorbance at 457 nm increases to 0.57 and 0.65 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. Similarly, the absorbance at 588 nm increases to 0.49 and 0.50 for 4th and 5th day, respectively. In the presence of iron metal, the absorbance increases like FA and hence it looks that the presence of iron prevents the curing process.

    Figure 5. Absorbance of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol in presence of iron from 0 to 5 days

    3.3. Effect of Aluminium Wire and Aluminium Sheets on the Fabrication of PFA based Sheets

    Figure 6 shows the fabricated PFA based sheets (thickness 0.5 cm) in presence of aluminium wire and aluminium sheets. The fabricated sheet is black in colour and the aluminium wire can easily be observed in the composites.

    Figure 6. Polyfurfuryl alcohol based bioplastics in presence of aluminium metal

    3.4. Theoretical Calculation of Tensile Strength of Aluminium Wire Reinforced PFA Composites

    Based on the literature review, the ultimate tensile strength of aluminium wire has been reported around 90 MPa [20]. We have observed that the tensile strength of neat PFA based sheet is around 20 MPa [8,9,11]. In this study, we have taken three volume fractions of aluminium wire (Section 2.3) to prepare the composites. Theoretical tensile strength is calculated by the following formula considering the fact that the ultimate tensile strain of the PFA is lower than that of the aluminium wire. Theoretically the composite will fail when its longitudinal strain reaches the ultimate strain of the PFA. The longitudinal tensile strength of the composite is calculated with relation

    (1)

    Here fLt = Theoretical longitudinal tensile strength of composites, fft = Theoretical longitudinal tensile strength of aluminium, Vf = Volume fraction of aluminium, σm(1 − Vf) = Theoretical tensile strength of PFA, (1 − Vf) = Volume fraction of PFA.

    The longitudinal tensile strength of the aluminium wire reinforced composites as calculated theoretically is 29.1 MPa, 26.3 MPa and 24.9 MPa for 0.13, 0.09 and 0.07 volume fraction of aluminium wire, respectively.

    In this paper, our focus was to show that in presence of aluminium curing of FA to PFA takes place while in presence of iron it does not take place. With aluminium wire, we were facing difficulty in getting good composites because of aluminium wire getting distributed non-uniformly in the mold. Hence, for finding tensile properties experimentally, we will have to use aluminium mat so that there will be equal distribution of aluminium wire in the composites and that will form separate work. That was the reason we could not report the experimental tensile strength.


    3.5. Mechanism of Interaction between FA/PFA with Aluminium or Iron

    In this study, we have used acid catalysed FA for the fabrication of aluminium or iron reinforced PFA advanced composites. To our surprise, we found that curing of FA to PFA in presence of iron could not take place and acid catalysed FA was in liquid state even though we have subjectedFA in presence of iron wire to same curing conditions reported elsewhere [8,9,10,11,12]. On the other hand, curing of FA to PFA in presence of aluminium was clearly evident. We think that in case of iron, first iron reacts with moisture present in acid catalysed FA to form iron hydroxide which in turn undergoes hydrogen bonding with -OH group of FA. Due to this process, there is non-availability of free -OH groups of FA and hence the curing reaction of FA in presence of iron could not take place. It is also possible that iron may start undergoing corrosion in presence of moisture. On the other hand, Al in presence of moisture forms protective oxide film on its surface. Due to this -OH groups of FA are easily available for curing reactions. Also to be noted that aluminium does not undergo corrosion.


    4. Conclusion

    There is increase in absorbance with increase in no. of days for AcFA in presence of aluminium metal either in form of wire or sheet. The increase in absorbance for AcFA-AlS or AcFA-AlW is higher than that for AcFA. This shows that the presence of aluminium metal will increase the curing process. On the other hand, the absorbance for AcFA-IrW is similar to FA. Since FA does not contain acid curing catalyst so we can state that the presence of iron metal prevents the curing process of AcFA. In this paper, we have tried to correlate what we got from visual inspection (section 3.1) and what values we got from colorimetry/spectrophotometry (Section 3.2). PFA based sheets in presence of aluminium metals can be fabricated successfully.Further work is needed to characterise the advanced composites experimentally with respect to mechanical properties and also to study the extent of interaction between metal and polymers.


    Conflict of Interest

    The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.


    [1] Mitchell JM, LaGalia RR (2009) Controlling the escalating use of advanced imaging: the role of radiology benefit management programs. Med Care Res Rev 66: 339–351. doi: 10.1177/1077558709332055
    [2] Mettler FA, Jr., Wiest PW, Locken JA, et al. (2000) CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. J Radiol Prot 20: 353–359. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/20/4/301
    [3] Mitchell DG, Parker L, Sunshine JH, et al. (2002) Body MR imaging and CT volume: variations and trends based on an analysis of medicare and fee-for-service health insurance databases. Am J Roentgenol 179: 27–31. doi: 10.2214/ajr.179.1.1790027
    [4] Boone JM, Brunberg JA (2008) Computed tomography use in a tertiary care university hospital. J Am Coll Radiol 5: 132–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2007.07.008
    [5] MEREL T (2015) The 7 drivers of the $150 billion AR/VR industry. Aol Tech.
    [6] Douglas D (2013) US 8,384,771 Method and Apparatus for Three Dimensional Viewing of Images. USA: US Patent Office.
    [7] Douglas D (2016) US 9,349,183 Method and Apparatus for Three Dimensional Viewing of Images. USA: US Patent Office.
    [8] Douglas DB, Boone JM, Petricoin E, et al. (2016) Augmented Reality Imaging System: 3D Viewing of a Breast Cancer. J Nat Sci 2.
    [9] Douglas DB, Petricoin EF, Liotta L, et al. (2016) D3D augmented reality imaging system: proof of concept in mammography. Med Devices (Auckl) 9: 277–283.
    [10] Douglas DB, Wilke CA, Gibson JD, et al. (2017) Augmented Reality: Advances in Diagnostic Imaging. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 1: 29. doi: 10.3390/mti1040029
    [11] Butts DR, McAllister DF (1988) Implementation of true 3D cursors in computer graphics. SPIE Proc 902: Three-Dimensional Imaging and Remote Sensing Imaging (January 1988): 74–84.
    [12] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS medicine 6: e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
    [13] Lopes DS, de Figueiredo Parreira PD, Paulo SF, et al. (2017) On the utility of 3D hand cursors to explore medical volume datasets with a touchless interface. J biomed inform 72: 140–149. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.07.009
    [14] Wang W, Collinger JL, Degenhart AD, et al. (2013) An electrocorticographic brain interface in an individual with tetraplegia. PloS one 8: e55344. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055344
    [15] Goodsitt MM, Chan HP, Hadjiiski L (2000) Stereomammography: Evaluation of depth perception using a virtual 3D cursor. Mel phys 27: 1305–1310.
    [16] Wong TZ, Lateiner JS, Mahon TG, et al. (1996) Stereoscopically guided characterization of three-dimensional dynamic MR images of the breast. Radiology 198: 288–291. doi: 10.1148/radiology.198.1.8539396
    [17] Park S, Kim S, Park J (2012) Select ahead: efficient object selection technique using the tendency of recent cursor movements. Asia-Pacific Computer and Human Interaction: 51–58.
    [18] Katzakis N, Kiyokawa K, Takemura H (2013) Plane-casting: 3D cursor control with a smartphone. Asia-Pacific Computer and Human Interaction: 199–200.
    [19] Hudson SE (1992) The interaction technique notebook: Adding shadows to a 3D cursor. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 11: 193–199. doi: 10.1145/130881.370599
    [20] Dorta T, Kinayoglu G, Hoffmann M (2015) Hyve-3D and rethinking the 3D cursor: unfolding a natural interaction model for remote and local co-design in VR. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques: 43.
    [21] Biocca F, Tang A, Owen C, et al. (2006) Attention funnel: omnidirectional 3D cursor for mobile augmented reality platforms. Human Factors in Computing Systems: 1115–1122.
    [22] Jung T, Bauer P (2017) Constraint-based modeling technique for mid-air interaction. Symposium on Spatial User Interaction: 157–157.
    [23] Feng J, Wartell Z (2014) Riding the plane: bimanual, desktop 3D manipulation. User Interface Software and Technology: 93–94.
    [24] Brewer J, Anderson D (1976) Techniques for interactive three dimensional design. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques: 13–30.
    [25] Venolia D (1993) Facile 3D direct manipulation. Human Factors in Computing Systems: 31–36.
    [26] Teather RJ, Stuerzlinger W (2012) A system for evaluating 3D pointing techniques. Virtual Reality Software and Technology: 209–210.
    [27] Elmqvist N (2005) BalloonProbe: Reducing occlusion in 3D using interactive space distortion. Virtual Reality Software and Technology: 134–137.
    [28] Brewer JA, Anderson DC (1977) Visual interaction with overhauser curves and surfaces. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 11: 132–137.
    [29] Jerald J, Yoganandan A (2011) iMedic: immersive medical environment for distributed interactive consultation. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques: 99–99.
    [30] Menelas B-AJ (2013) Interactive analysis of cavity-flows in a virtual environment. Spring Conference on Computer Graphics: 31–37.
    [31] Serrar Z, Elmarzouqi N, Jarir Z, et al. (2014) Evaluation of Disambiguation Mechanisms of Object-Based Selection in Virtual Environment: Which Performances and Features to Support "Pick Out"? International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: 29.
    [32] Ware C, Lowther K (1997) Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 4: 309–322. doi: 10.1145/267135.267136
    [33] Biocca F, Tang A, Owen C, et al. (2006) The omnidirectional attention funnel: A dynamic 3D cursor for mobile augmented reality systems. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 1: 22c–22c.
    [34] Kadri A, Lécuyer A, Burkhardt J-M, et al. (2007) The Influence of Visual Appearance of User's Avatar on the Manipulation of Objects in Virtual Environments. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference: 291–292.
    [35] Young TS, Teather RJ, MacKenzie IS (2017) An arm-mounted inertial controller for 6DOF input: Design and evaluation. Symposium on 3D User Interfaces: 26–35.
    [36] Moreira DA, Hage C, Luque EF, et al. (2015) 3D markup of radiological images in ePAD, a web-based image annotation tool. Computer-Based Medical Sytems: 97–102.
    [37] Jáuregui DAG, Argelaguet F, Lecuyer A (2012) Design and evaluation of 3D cursors and motion parallax for the exploration of desktop virtual environments. Symposium on 3D User Interfaces: 69–76.
    [38] Kadri A, Lécuyer A, Burkhardt J-M (2007) The visual appearance of user's avatar can influence the manipulation of both real devices and virtual objects. Symposium on 3D User Interfaces: 11.
    [39] Wither J, Höllerer T (2005) Pictorial depth cues for outdoor augmented reality. International Symposium on Wearable Computers: 92–99.
    [40] Wither J, Höllerer T (2004) Evaluating techniques for interaction at a distance. International Symposium on Wearable Computers 1: 124–127.
    [41] Wu S-T, Abrantes M, Tost D, et al. (2003) Picking and snapping for 3d input devices. Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing: 140–147.
    [42] Schwartz AB, Tillery SH, Taylor DM (2003) Cortical control of natural arm movement. International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering: 99.
    [43] Adachi Y (1993) Touch and trace on the free-form surface of virtual object. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference: 162–168.
    [44] Stein T, Coquillart S (2000) The metric cursor. Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications: 381–386.
    [45] Michel C, Sibomana M, Bodart J-M, et al. (1995) Interactive delineation of brain sulci and their merging into functional PET images. Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference 3: 1480–1484.
    [46] Ernst H, Petzold J, Larice R, et al. (1996) Mixing of computer graphics and high-quality stereographic video. IEEE transactions on consumer electronics 42: 795–799. doi: 10.1109/30.536187
    [47] Özacar K, Hincapié-Ramos JD, Takashima K, et al. (2016) 3D Selection Techniques for Mobile Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays. Interact Comput 29: 579–591.
    [48] Eagleson R, Wucherer P, Stefan P, et al. (2015) Collaborative table-top VR display for neurosurgical planning. IEEE Virtual Reality Conference: 169–170.
    [49] Ernst H, Petzold J, Larice R, et al. (1996) High-quality overlay of live stereo video on computer graphics. International Conference on Consumer Electronics: 404.
    [50] Taylor DM (2007) The importance of online error correction and feed-forward adjustment in brain-machine interfaces for restoration of movement. Toward Brain-computer Interfacing: 161.
    [51] Dang N-T (2007) A survey and classification of 3D pointing techniques. IEEE International Conference on Research, Innovation and Vision for the Future: 71–80.
    [52] Douglas DB, Wilke CA, Gibson D, et al. (2017) Virtual reality and augmented reality: Advances in surgery. Biol 2: 1–8.
    [53] Hinckley K, Pausch R, Goble JC, et al. (1994) Passive real-world interface props for neurosurgical visualization. Human Factors in Computing Systems: 452–458.
    [54] David Douglas MDCW, M.S.; David Gibson, M.S.; Emanuel Petricoin, Ph.D.; Lance Liotta, Ph.D.; Demetri Venets, B.S.; Buddy Beck, M.B.A.; Robert Douglas, Ph.D. (2018) Depth-3-Dimensional (D3D) Augmented Reality Viewing of a Lung Cancer Imaged with PET: Proof of Concept. SNMMI Mid-Winter Meeting 2018. Orlando, FL.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Vladimir Saveljev, Jung-Young Son, Choonsik Yim, Gwanghee Heo, Three-dimensional interactive cursor based on voxel patterns for autostereoscopic displays, 2022, 23, 1598-0316, 137, 10.1080/15980316.2022.2029591
    2. Rohana Abdul Karim, Muhamad Hamizi Zaidi Bin Mohd Jonhanis, Wan Nur Azhani Binti W. Samsudin, Nurul Wahidah Arshad, Nor Farizan Zakaria, 2022, Comparative Study for Cursor Detection at Endoscopic Images for Telepointer, 978-1-6654-7098-8, 203, 10.1109/ICSPC55597.2022.10001816
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2018 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(5834) PDF downloads(995) Cited by(2)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Figures(6)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog