From Hearing Sounds to Recognizing Phonemes: Primary Auditory Cortex is A Truly Perceptual Language Area

Byron Bernal; Alfredo Ardila; Byron Bernal; Alfredo Ardila

doi:10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.4.454

AIMS Neuroscience

2016, Volume 3, Issue 4: 454-473. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.4.454

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From Hearing Sounds to Recognizing Phonemes: Primary Auditory Cortex is A Truly Perceptual Language Area

Byron Bernal ¹,
Alfredo Ardila ^{2
,
,}

1.
Radiology Department/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA;
2.
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA

Received: 11 August 2016 Accepted: 31 October 2016 Published: 09 November 2016

Abstract
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The aim of this article is to present a systematic review about the anatomy, function, connectivity, and functional activation of the primary auditory cortex (PAC) (Brodmann areas 41/42) when involved in language paradigms. PAC activates with a plethora of diverse basic stimuli including but not limited to tones, chords, natural sounds, consonants, and speech. Nonetheless, the PAC shows specific sensitivity to speech. Damage in the PAC is associated with so-called “pure word-deafness” (“auditory verbal agnosia”). BA41, and to a lesser extent BA42, are involved in early stages of phonological processing (phoneme recognition). Phonological processing may take place in either the right or left side, but customarily the left exerts an inhibitory tone over the right, gaining dominance in function. BA41/42 are primary auditory cortices harboring complex phoneme perception functions with asymmetrical expression, making it possible to include them as core language processing areas (Wernicke’s area).
- Brodmann areas 41/42; phonological perception; word-deafness; language understanding; Wernicke’s area
Citation: Byron Bernal, Alfredo Ardila. From Hearing Sounds to Recognizing Phonemes: Primary Auditory Cortex is A Truly Perceptual Language Area[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2016, 3(4): 454-473. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.4.454

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to present a systematic review about the anatomy, function, connectivity, and functional activation of the primary auditory cortex (PAC) (Brodmann areas 41/42) when involved in language paradigms. PAC activates with a plethora of diverse basic stimuli including but not limited to tones, chords, natural sounds, consonants, and speech. Nonetheless, the PAC shows specific sensitivity to speech. Damage in the PAC is associated with so-called “pure word-deafness” (“auditory verbal agnosia”). BA41, and to a lesser extent BA42, are involved in early stages of phonological processing (phoneme recognition). Phonological processing may take place in either the right or left side, but customarily the left exerts an inhibitory tone over the right, gaining dominance in function. BA41/42 are primary auditory cortices harboring complex phoneme perception functions with asymmetrical expression, making it possible to include them as core language processing areas (Wernicke’s area).

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