In this study, we seek to establish new upper bounds for the mean curvature and constant sectional curvature of the first positive eigenvalue of the α-Laplacian operator on Riemannian manifolds. More precisely, various methods are used to determine the first eigenvalue for the α-Laplacian operator on the closed oriented pseudo-slant submanifolds in a generalized Sasakian space form. From our findings for the Laplacian, we extend many Reilly-like inequalities to the α-Laplacian on pseudo slant submanifold in a unit sphere.
Citation: Meraj Ali Khan, Ali H. Alkhaldi, Mohd. Aquib. Estimation of eigenvalues for the α-Laplace operator on pseudo-slant submanifolds of generalized Sasakian space forms[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(9): 16054-16066. doi: 10.3934/math.2022879
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In this study, we seek to establish new upper bounds for the mean curvature and constant sectional curvature of the first positive eigenvalue of the α-Laplacian operator on Riemannian manifolds. More precisely, various methods are used to determine the first eigenvalue for the α-Laplacian operator on the closed oriented pseudo-slant submanifolds in a generalized Sasakian space form. From our findings for the Laplacian, we extend many Reilly-like inequalities to the α-Laplacian on pseudo slant submanifold in a unit sphere.
One of the most important components of Riemannian geometry is determining the bound of the eigenvalue for the Laplacian on a particular manifold. The eigenvalue that occurs as a solutions of the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary value problems for the curvature functions is one of the main goals. Because different boundary conditions exist on a manifold, one can adopt a theoretical perspective to the Dirichlet boundary condition, using the upper bound for the eigenvalue as a technique of analysis for the Laplacians on a given manifold by using appropriate bound. Estimating the eigenvalue for the Laplacian and α-Laplacian operators has been increasingly popular over the years [18,19,21,25,26,27,31]. The generalization of the usual Laplacian operator, which is anisotropic mean curvature, was studied in [15]. Let K denotes a complete non compact Riemannian manifold, and B denotes the compact domain within K. Let λ1(B)>0 be a first eigenvalue of the Dirichlet boundary value problem:
−Δα+λα=0,inBandαon∂B, |
where Δ represents the Laplacian operator on the Riemannian manifold Km. The Reilly formula is dedicated entirely with the fundamental geometry of a given manifold. This can be generally acknowledged with the following phrase.
Let (Km,g) be a compact m-dimensional Riemannian manifold, and λ1 denotes the first nonzero eigenvalue of the Neumann problem:
−Δα+λα=0,onKmand∂α∂ν=0on∂Km, |
where ν is the outward normal on ∂Km.
Reilly [25] established the following inequality for a manifold Km isometrically immersed in the Euclidean space Rk with ∂Km=0:
λ∇1≤1Vol(Km)∫Km‖H‖2dV, | (1.1) |
where H is the mean curvature vector of immersion Km into Rn, λ∇1 denotes the first non-zero eigenvalue of the Laplacian on Km and dV denotes the volume element of Km.
The upper bounds for α-Laplace operator in the sense of first eigenvalue for Finsler submanifold in the setting of Minkowski space was computed by Zeng and He [32]. Seto and Wei [28] presented the first eigenvalue of the Laplace operator for a closed manifold. However, F. Du et al. [13] derived the generalized Reilly inequality (1.3) and the first nonzero eigenvalue of the α-Laplace operator. Having followed the very similar approach, Blacker and Seto [4] demonstrated a Lichnerowicz type lower limit for the first nonzero eigenvalue of the α-Laplacian for Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Further, Papageorgiou et al. [24] studied p-Laplacian for concave-convex problems. Recently, p(x)-Laplacian are studied in the papers [14,17].
The first non-null eigenvalue of the Laplacian is demonstrated in [10,12], which is deemed a generalization of work of Reilly [29]. The results of the distinct classes of Riemannian submanifolds for diverse ambient spaces show that the results of both first nonzero eigenvalues portray similar inequality and have same upper bounds [9,10]. In the case of the ambient manifold, it is clear from the previous studies that Laplace operators on Riemannian manifolds played a significant role in achieving various advances in Riemannian geometry (see [3,6,8,11,15,22,23,29,32]).
The α-Laplacian on a m-dimensional Riemannian manifold Km is defined as
Δα=div(|∇h|α−2∇h), | (1.2) |
where α>1, if α=2, then the above formula becomes usual Laplacian operator.
The eigenvalue of Δh, from the other hand is Laplacian like. If a function h≠0 meets the following equation with dirichlet boundary condition or Neumann boundary condition as discussed earlier:
Δαh=−λ|h|α−2h, |
where λ is a real number called Dirichlet eigenvalue. In the same way, the previous requirements apply to the Neumann boundary condition.
If we look at Riemannian manifold without boundary, the Reilly type inequality for first nonzero eigenvalue λ1,α for α-Laplacian was computed in [30]:
λ1,α=inf{∫K|∇h|q∫K|h|q:h∈W1,α(K1){0},∫K|h|α−2h=0}. | (1.3) |
However, Chen [7] pioneered the geometry of slant immersions as a natural extension of both holomorphic and totally real immersions. Further, Lotta [20] introduced the notion of slant submanifolds in the frame of almost contact metric manifolds, these submanifolds further explored by Cabrerizo et al. [5]. More precisely, Cabririzo et al. explored slant submanifolds in the setting of Sasakian manifolds. Another generalization of slant and contact CR-submanifolds was given by V. A. Khan and M. A. Khan [16], basically they proposed the notion of pseudo-slant submanifolds in the almost contact metric manifolds and provide an example of these submanifolds.
After reviewing the literature, a natural question emerges: Is it possible to obtain the Reilly type inequalities for submanifolds of spheres via almost contact metric manifolds, which were studied in [2,10,12]? To answer this question, we explore the Reilly type inequalities for pseudo-slant submanifolds isometrically immersed in a generalized Sasakian space form. To this end our aim is to compute the bound for first non zero eigenvalues via α-Laplacian. The present study is leaded by the application of Gauss equation and studies done in [9,10,13].
A (2n+1)-dimensional C∞-manifold ˉK is said to have an almost contact structure, if on ˉK there exist a tensor field ϕ of type (1,1), a vector field ξ and a 1-form η satisfying the following properties:
ϕ2=−I+η⊗ξ,ϕξ=0,η∘ϕ=0,η(ξ)=1. | (2.1) |
The manifold ˉK with the structure (ϕ,ξ,η) is called almost contact metric manifold. There exists a Riemannian metric g on an almost contact metric manifold ˉK, satisfying the following:
η(e1)=g(e1,ξ),g(ϕe1,ϕe2)=g(e1,e2)−η(e1)η(e2), | (2.2) |
for all e1,e2∈TˉK, where TˉK is the tangent bundle of ˉK.
In [1], Alegre et al. introduced the notion of generalized Sasakian space form as that an almost contact metric manifold (ˉK,ϕ,ξ,η,g) whose curvature tensor ˉR satisfies
ˉR(e1,e2)e3=f1{g(e2,e3)e1−g(e1,e3)e2}+f2{g(e1,ϕe3)ϕe2−g(e2,ϕe3)ϕe1+2g(e1,ϕe2)ϕe3}+f3{η(e1)η(e3)e2−η(e2)η(e3)e1+g(e1,e3)η(e2)ξ−g(e2,e3)η(e1)ξ}, | (2.3) |
for all vector fields e1–e3 and certain differentiable functions f1–f3 on ˉK.
A generalized Sasakian space form with functions f1–f3 is denoted by ˉK(f1,f2,f3). If f1=c+34, f2=f3=c−14, then ˉM(f1,f2,f3) becomes a Sasakian space form ˉM(c) [1]. If f1=c−34, f2=f3=c+14, then ˉM(f1,f2,f3) becomes a Kenmotsu space form ˉM(c) [1], and if f1=f2=f3=c4, then ˉK(f1,f2,f3) becomes a cosymplectic space form ˉK(c) [1].
Let K be a submanifold of an almost contact metric manifold ˉK with induced metric g. The Riemannian connection ˉ∇ of ˉK induces canonically the connections ∇ and ∇⊥ on the tangent bundle TK and the normal bundle T⊥K of K respectively, then the Gauss and Weingarten formulae are governed by
ˉ∇e1e2=∇e1e2+σ(e1,e2), | (2.4) |
ˉ∇e1v=−Ave1+∇⊥e1v, | (2.5) |
for each e1,e2∈TK and v∈T⊥K, where σ and Av are the second fundamental form and the shape operator respectively for the immersion of K into ˉK, they are related as
g(σ(e1,e2),v)=g(Ave1,e2), | (2.6) |
where g is the Riemannian metric on ˉK as well as the induced metric on K.
If Te1 and Ne1 represent the tangential and normal part of ϕe1 respectively, for any e1∈TK, one can write
ϕe1=Te1+Ne1. | (2.7) |
Similarly, for any v∈T⊥K, we write
ϕv=tv+nv, | (2.8) |
where tv and nv are the tangential and normal parts of ϕv, respectively. Thus, T (resp. n) is 1-1 tensor field on TK (resp. T⊥K) and t (resp. n) is a tangential (resp. normal) valued 1-form on T⊥K (resp. TK).
The notion of slant submanifolds in contact geometry was first defined by Lotta [20]. Later, these submanifolds were studied by Cabrerizo et al. [5]. Now, we have following definition of slant submanifolds.
Definition 2.1. A submanifold K of an almost contact metric manifold ˉK is said to be slant submanifold if for any x∈K and X∈TxK−⟨ξ⟩, the angle between X and ϕX is constant. The constant angle θ∈[0,π/2] is then called slant angle of K in ˉK. If θ=0, the submanifold is invariant submanifold, and if θ=π/2, then it is anti-invariant submanifold. If θ≠0,π/2, it is proper slant submanifold.
Moreover, Cabrerizo et al. [5] proved the characterizing equation for slant submanifold. More precisely, they proved that a submanifold Nm is said to be a slant submanifold if and only if ∃ a constant τ∈[0,π/2] and a (1,1) tensor field T which satisfies the following relation:
T2=τ(I−η⊗ξ), | (2.9) |
where τ=−cos2θ.
From (2.9), it is easy to conclude the following:
g(Te1,Te2)=cos2θ{g(e1,e2)−η(e1)η(e2)}, | (2.10) |
∀e1,e2∈K.
Now, we define the pseudo-slant submanifold, which was introduced by V. A. Khan and M. A. Khan [16].
A submanifold K of an almost contact metric manifold ˉK is said to be pseudo-slant submanifold if there exist two orthogonal complementary distributions Sθ and S⊥ such that
(1) TK=S⊥⊕Sθ⊕⟨ξ⟩.
(2) The distribution S⊥ is anti-invariant, i.e., ϕS⊥⊆T⊥K.
(3) The distribution Sθ is slant with slant angle θ≠π/2.
If θ=0, then the pseudo-slant submanifold is a semi-invariant submanifold. Now, we have the following example of pseudo-slant submanifold.
Example 2.1. [16] Consider the 5-dimensional submanifold R9 with usual Sasakian structure, such that
x(u,v,w,s,t)=2(u,0,w,0,0,v,scosθ,ssinθ,t), |
for any θ∈(0,π/2). Then it is easy to see that this is an example of pseudo-slant submanifold. Moreover, it can be observed
e1=2(∂∂x1+y1∂∂z),e2=2∂∂y2e3=2(∂∂x3+y3∂∂z), |
e4=2cosθ∂∂y3+2sinθ∂∂y4,e5=2∂∂z=ξ, |
form a local orthonormal frame of TM. In which S⊥=⟨e1,e2⟩ and Sθ=⟨e3,e4⟩, where D⊥ is anti-invariant and Sθ is slant distribution with slant angle θ.
Suppose Km=p+2q+1 be a pseudo-slant submanifold of dimension m, in which p and 2q are the dimensions of the anti-invariant and slant distributions respectively. Moreover, let {u1,u2,…,up,up+1=v1,up+2=v2,…,um−1=v2q,um=v2q+1=ξ} is an orthonormal frame of vectors which form a basis for the submanifold Kp+2q+1, such that {u1,…,up} is tangential to the distribution D⊥ and the set {v1,v2=secθTv1,v3,v4=secθTv3,…v2q=secθTv2q−1} is tangential to Dθ. By the Eq (2.3), the curvature tensor ˉR for pseudo-slant submanifold Np+2q+1 is given by
ˉR(ui,uj,ui,uj)=f1(m2−m)+f2(3m∑i,j=1g2(ϕui,uj)−2(m−1)). | (2.11) |
The dimension of the pseudo-slant submanifold Km can be decomposed as m=p+2q+1, then using the formula (2.9) for slant and anti-invariant distributions, we have
g2(ϕui,ui+1)=0,fori∈{1,…,p−1}, |
and
g2(ϕui,ui+1)=cos2θ,fori∈{p+1,…,2q−1}. |
Then
m∑i,j=1g2(ϕui,uj)=2qcos2θ. |
The relation (2.11) implies that
ˉR(ui,uj,ui,uj)=f1(m2−m)+f2(6qcos2θ−2(m−1)). | (2.12) |
From the relation (2.12) and Gauss equation, one has
f1m(m−1)+f2(6qcos2θ−2(m−1))=2τ−n2‖H‖2+‖σ‖2 |
or
2τ=n2‖H‖2−‖σ‖2+f1m(m−1)+f2(6qcos2θ−2(m−1)). | (2.13) |
In the paper [2], one of the present author Ali H. Alkhaldi with others studied the effect of the conformal transformation on the curvature and second fundamental form. More precisely, assume that ˉK2n+1 consists a conformal metric g=e2ρˉg, where ρ∈C∞(ˉK). Then ˉΓa=eρΓa stands for the dual coframe of (ˉK,ˉg), ˉea==eρea represents the orthogonal frame of (ˉK,ˉg). Moreover, we have
ˉΓab=Γab+ρaΓb−ρbΓa, | (2.14) |
where ρa is the covariant derivative of ρ along the vector ea, i.e., dρ=∑aρaea.
e2ρˉRpqrs=Rpqrs−(ρprδqs+ρqsδpr−ρpsδqr−ρqrδps)+(ρpρrδqs+ρqρsδpr−ρqρtδps−ρpρsδqr)−|∇α|2(δprδqs−δilδqr). | (2.15) |
Applying pullback property in (2.14) to Km via point x, we get
ˉσαpq=e−ρ(σαpq−ραδqp), | (2.16) |
ˉHα=eα(Hα−ρα). | (2.17) |
The following significant relation was proved in [1]:
e2ρ(‖ˉσ‖2−m‖ˉH‖2)+m‖H‖2=‖σ‖2. | (2.18) |
Initially, some basic results and formulas will be discussed which are compatible with the papers [2,22]. Now, we have the following result.
Lemma 3.1. [2] Let Km be a slant submanifold of a Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(c) which is closed and oriented with dimension ≥2. If f:Km→ˉK2t+1(c) is embedding from Km to ˉK2t+1(c). Then there is a standard conformal map x:ˉK2t+1(c)→S2t+1(1)⊂R2t+2 such that the embedding Γ=x∘f=(Γ1,…,Γ2t+2) satisfies that
∫Km|Γa|α−2ΓadVK=0,a=1,…,2(t+1), |
for α>1.
In the next result, we obtain a result which is analogous to Lemma 2.7 of [22]. Indeed, in Lemma 3.1, by the application of test function, we obtain the higher bound for λ1,α in terms of conformal function.
Proposition 3.1. Let Km be a m-dimensional pseudo slant submanifold, which is closed orientable isometrically immersed in a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then we have
λ1,αVol(Km)≤2|1−α2|(t+1)|1−α2|mα2∫Km(e2ρ)α2dV, | (3.1) |
where x is the conformal map used in Lemma 3.1, and α>1. The standard metric is identified by Lc and consider x∗L1=e2pLc.
Proof. Consider Γa as a test function along with Lemma 3.1, we have
λ1,α∫Km|Γa|α≤|∇Γa|αdV,1≤a≤2(t+1), | (3.2) |
observing that ∑2t+2a=1|Γa|2=1, then |Γa|≤1, we get
2t+2∑a=1|∇Γa|2=m∑i=1|∇eiΓ|2=me2ρ. | (3.3) |
On using 1<α≤2, we conclude
|Γa|2≤|Γa|α. | (3.4) |
By the application of Hölder's inequality, together with (3.2)–(3.4), we get
λ1,αVol(Km)=λ1,α2t+2∑a=1∫Km|Γa|2dV≤λ1,α2t+2∑a=1∫Km|Γa|αdV≤λ1,α∫Km2t+2∑a=1|∇Γa|αdV≤(2t+2)1−α/2∫Km(2t+1∑a=1|∇Γa|2)α/2dV=21−α2(t+1)1−α2∫Km(me2ρ)α2dV, | (3.5) |
which is (3.1). On the other hand, if we assume α≥2, then, by Hölder inequality,
I=2t+2∑a=1|Γa|2≤(2t+2)1−2α(2t+2∑a=1|Γa|α)2α. | (3.6) |
As a result, we get
λ1,αVol(Nm)≤(2t+2)α2−1(2t+2∑a=1λ1,α∫Nm|Γa|αdV). | (3.7) |
The Minkowski inequality provides
2t+2∑a=1|∇Γa|α≤(2t+2∑a=1|∇Γa|2)α2=(me2ρ)α2. | (3.8) |
By the application of (3.2), (3.7) and (3.8), it is easy to get (3.1).
In the next theorem, we are going to provide a sharp estimate for the first eigenvalue of the α-Laplace operator on the pseudo-slant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3).
Theorem 3.1. Let Km be a m-dimensional pseudo-slant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then
(1)The first non-null eigenvalue λ1,α of the α-Laplacian satisfies
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×{∫Km(f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2)dV}α/2 | (3.9) |
for 1<α≤2, and
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×{∫Km(f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2)dV}α/2 | (3.10) |
for 2<α≤m2+1, where p and 2q are the dimensions of the anti-invariant and slant distributions.
(2) The equality satisfies in (3.9) and (3.10) if and only if α=2 and Km is minimally immersed in a geodesic sphere of radius rc of ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3) with the following relations:
r0=(mλΔ1)1/2,r1=sin−1r0,r−1=sinh−1r0. |
Proof. 1<α≤2 ⟹ α2≤1. Proposition 3.1 together with Hölder inequality provides
λ1,αVol(Km)≤21−α2(t+1)1−α2mα2∫Km(e2ρ)α2dV≤21−α2(t+1)|1−α2|mα2(Vol(Km))1−α2(∫Kme2ρdV)α2. | (3.11) |
We can calculate e2ρ with the help of conformal relations and Gauss equation. Let ˉK2k+1=ˉK2k+1(f1,f2,f3), and ˉg=e−2ρLc, ˉg=c∗L1. From (2.13), the Gauss equation for the embedding f and the pseudo slant embedding Γ=x∘f, we have
R=(f1)m(m−1)+(f2)(m−1){6qcos2θ−2(m−1)}+m(m−1)‖H‖2+m‖H‖2−S‖σ|2, | (3.12) |
ˉR−m(m−1)=m(m−1)‖ˉH‖2+(m‖ˉH‖2−‖ˉσ|2). | (3.13) |
On tracing (2.15), we have
e2ρˉR=R−(m−2)(m−1)|∇ρ|2−2(m−1)Δρ. | (3.14) |
Using (3.12) and (3.13) in (3.14), we get
e2ρ(m(m−1)+m(m−1)‖ˉH‖2+(m‖ˉH‖2−‖ˉσ|2))=(f1)m(m−1)+(f2){6qcos2θ−2(m−1)}+m(m−1)‖H‖2+(m‖H‖2−‖σ|2)−(m−2)(m−1)‖∇ρ‖2−2(m−1)Δρ. | (3.15) |
The above relation implies
e2ρ‖ˉσ|2−(m−2)(m−1)|∇ρ|2−2(m−1)Δρ=m(m−1)[{e2ρ−f1−(f2)(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)}(e2ρ‖ˉH‖2−‖H‖2)]+m(e2ρ‖ˉH‖2−‖H‖2). | (3.16) |
From (2.17) and (2.18), we derive
m(m−1){e2ρ−(f1)−(f2)(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)}+m(m−1)∑α(Hα−ρα)2=m(m−1)‖H‖2−(m−2)(m−1)|∇ρ|2−2(m−1)Δρ. | (3.17) |
Further, on simplification we get
e2ρ={(f1)+(f2)(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2}−2mΔρ−m−2m|Δρ|2−‖(∇ρ)⊥−H‖2. | (3.18) |
On integrating along dV, it is easy to see that
λ1,αVol(Km)≤2|1−α2|(t+1)|1−α2|mα2(Vol(Km))1−α2(∫Kme2ρdV)α2.≤2|1−α2|(t+1)|1−α2|mα2(Vol(Km))α2−1{∫Km{f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2}dV}α/2, | (3.19) |
which is equivalent to (3.9). If α>2, then it is not possible to apply Hölder inequality to govern ∫Km(e2ρdV)α2 by using ∫Km(e2ρ). Now, multiply both sides of (3.18) by e(α−2)ρ and integrating on Km,
∫KmeαρdV≤∫Km{f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2}e(α−2)ρdV−(m−2−2α+4m)∫Kme(α−2)|Δρ|2dV≤∫Km{f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2}e(α−2)ρdV. | (3.20) |
From the assumption, it is evident that m≥2α−2. On applying Young's inequality, we arrive
∫Km{f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2}e(α−2)ρdV≤2α∫Km{|f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2|}α/2dV+α−2α∫KmeαρdV. | (3.21) |
From (3.20) and (3.21), we conclude the following:
∫KmeαρdV≤∫Km{|f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2|}α/2dV. | (3.22) |
Substituting (3.22) in (3.1), we obtain (3.10). For the pseudo slant submanifolds, the equality case holds in (3.9), the equality cases of (3.2) and (3.4) imply that
|Γa|2=|Γa|α,ΔαΓa=λ1,α|Γa|α−2Γa, |
for a=1,…,2t+2. For 1<α<2, we have |Γa|=0 or 1. Therefore, there exists only one a for which |Γa|=1 and λi,α=0, and it can not be possible since eigenvalue λi,α≠0. This leads to use the value of α equal to 2, therefore, we can apply Theorem 1.5 of [15].
For α>2, the equality in (3.10) still holds, this indicates that equalities in (3.7) and (3.8) satisfy, and this leads to
|Γ1|α=⋯=|Γ2t+2|α, |
and there exists a such that |∇Γa|=0. It shows that Γa is a constant and λ1,α=0, this again contradicts with the fact that λ1,α≠0, this completes the proof.
Note 3.1. If α=2, then the α-Laplacian operator becomes the Laplacian operator. Therefore, we have the following corollary.
Corollary 3.1. Let Km be a m-dimensional pseudo-slant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then the first non-null eigenvalue λΔ1 of the Laplacian satisfies
λΔ1≤m(Vol(K))∫Km{f1+f2(6qcos2θ−2m)+‖H‖2)}dV. | (3.23) |
By the application of Theorem 3.1 for 1<α≤2, we have the following result.
Theorem 3.2. Let Km be a m-dimensional pseudo-slant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then the first non-null eigenvalue λ1,α of the α-Laplacian satisfies
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×[∫Km(f1+f2(6qcos2θ−2m)+‖H‖2)α2(α−1)]α−1dV | (3.24) |
for 1<α≤2, and
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×[∫Km(f1+f2(6qcos2θ−2m)+‖H‖2)α2(α−1)]α−1dV | (3.25) |
for 2<α≤m2+1.
Proof. Suppose 1<α≤2, we have α2(α−1)≥1, then the Hölder inequality provides
∫Km{(f1)+(f2)(3cos2θ−2m)+‖H‖2}dV≤((Vol(Km))1−2(α−1)α)×[∫Km(f1+f2(6qcos2θm(m−1)−2m)+‖H‖2)α2(α−1)]2(α−1)α. | (3.26) |
On combining (3.9) and (3.26), we get the required inequality, this completes the proof.
Note 3.2. If θ=0, then the pseudo-slant submanifolds become the semi-invariant submanifolds.
By the application of above findings, we can deduce the following results for semi-invariant submanifolds in the setting of Sasakian manifolds.
Corollary 3.2. Let Km be a m-dimensional semi-invariant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then
(1) The first non-null eigenvalue λ1,α of the α-Laplacian satisfies
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×{∫Km(f1+f2(6q−2)m+‖H‖2)}α/2dV | (3.27) |
for 1<α≤2, and
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×{∫Km(f1+f2(6q−2)m+‖H‖2)}α/2dV | (3.28) |
for 2<α≤m2+1, where p and 2q are the dimensions of the anti-invariant and slant distributions.
(2) The equality satisfies in (3.27) and (3.28) if and only if α=2, and Km is minimally immersed in a geodesic sphere of radius rc of ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3) with the following relations:
r0=(mλΔ1)1/2,r1=sin−1r0,r−1=sinh−1r0. |
Further, by Corollary 3.4 and Note 3.1, we deduce the following.
Corollary 3.3. Let Km be a m-dimensional semi-invariant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then the first non-null eigenvalue λΔ1 of the Laplacian satisfies
λΔ1≤m(Vol(K))∫Km{f1+f2(6q−2)m+‖H‖2)}dV. | (3.29) |
In addition, we also have the following corollary, which can be derived by Theorem 3.2.
Corollary 3.4. Let Km be a m-dimensional semi-invariant submanifold of a generalized Sasakian space form ˉK2t+1(f1,f2,f3), then the first non-null eigenvalue λ1,α of the α-Laplacian satisfies
λ1,α≤2(1−α2)(t+1)(1−α2)mα2(Vol(K))α/2×[∫Km(f1+f2(6q−2)4+‖H‖2)α2(α−1)]α−1dV | (3.30) |
for 1<α≤2.
In this paper, we established the upper bounds for the first eigenvalues of the α-Laplacian operator for the pseudo-slant submanifolds in the setting of generalized Sasakian space forms. The class of pseudo-slant submanifold includes the class of semi-invariant, invariant, anti-invariant, and slant submanifolds. Therefore, the results obtained in this paper generalize the results for the first eigenvalues for these particular submanifolds.
The second author extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work (No. R.G.P.2/199/43).
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
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