This article addresses a single-machine scheduling problem with resource-consumption and DeJong's time-dependent learning effect simultaneously. Under linear resource-consumption, the objective is to find the optimal sequence and optimal resource-consumption such that the weighted sum of makespan, total completion time, and total resource-consumption cost is minimized. To solve the problem, some optimal properties are given, then some solution algorithms (including a branch-and-bound algorithm and some heuristic algorithms) are proposed.
Citation: Kai-Fang Zhang, Jia-Fan Zhang, Ji-Bo Wang. Single-machine linear resource-dependent consumption scheduling with DeJong's time-dependent learning effect[J]. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2026, 22(9): 4422-4448. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026154
This article addresses a single-machine scheduling problem with resource-consumption and DeJong's time-dependent learning effect simultaneously. Under linear resource-consumption, the objective is to find the optimal sequence and optimal resource-consumption such that the weighted sum of makespan, total completion time, and total resource-consumption cost is minimized. To solve the problem, some optimal properties are given, then some solution algorithms (including a branch-and-bound algorithm and some heuristic algorithms) are proposed.
| [1] |
Z. Y. Jiang, F. F. Chen, X. D. Zhang, Single-machine scheduling with times-based and job-dependent learning effect, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 68 (2017), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2016.40 doi: 10.1057/jors.2016.40
|
| [2] |
A. Azzouz, M. Ennigrou, L. B. Said, Scheduling problems under learning effects: Classification and cartography, Int. J. Prod. Res., 56 (2018), 1642–1661. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1355576 doi: 10.1080/00207543.2017.1355576
|
| [3] |
C. C. Wu, W. C. Lin, X. G. Zhang, I. H. Chung, T. H. Yang, K. J. Lai, Tardiness minimisation for a customer order scheduling problem with sum-of-processing-time-based learning effect, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 70 (2019), 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2018.1447249 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2018.1447249
|
| [4] |
B. Liao, X. Wang, X. Zhu, S. Yang, P. M. Pardalos, Less is more approach for competing groups scheduling with different learning effects, J. Comb. Optim., 39 (2020), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-019-00452-8 doi: 10.1007/s10878-019-00452-8
|
| [5] |
S. W. Liu, X. B. Liu, J. Pei, P. M. Pardalos, Q. R. Song, Parallel-batching machines scheduling problem with a truncated time-dependent learning effect via a hybrid CS-JADE algorithm, Optim. Methods Softw., 35 (2020), 116–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10556788.2019.1577415 doi: 10.1080/10556788.2019.1577415
|
| [6] |
X. Sun, X. N. Geng, F. Liu, Flow shop scheduling with general position weighted learning effects to minimise total weighted completion time, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 72 (2021), 2674–2689. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2020.1806746 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2020.1806746
|
| [7] |
S. Zhao, Scheduling jobs with general truncated learning effects including proportional setup times, Comput. Appl. Math., 41 (2022), 146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-022-01851-0 doi: 10.1007/s40314-022-01851-0
|
| [8] |
Z. Liu, J. B. Wang, Single-machine scheduling with simultaneous learning effects and delivery times, Mathematics, 12 (2024), 2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12162522 doi: 10.3390/math12162522
|
| [9] |
D. Y. Lv, J. B. Wang, Considering the peak power consumption problem with learning and deterioration effect in flow shop scheduling, Comput. Ind. Eng., 197 (2024), 110599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110599 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2024.110599
|
| [10] |
N. Yin, M. Gao, Single-machine group scheduling with general linear deterioration and truncated learning effects, Comput. Appl. Math., 43 (2024), 386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-024-02881-6 doi: 10.1007/s40314-024-02881-6
|
| [11] |
J. Gao, J. Zou, Y. Zhang, Single-machine scheduling with a deteriorating maintenance activity and DeJong's learning effect, Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci., 36 (2025), 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129054122460030 doi: 10.1142/S0129054122460030
|
| [12] |
D. Y. Lv, J. B. Wang, Research on two-machine flow shop scheduling problem with release dates and truncated learning effects, Eng. Optim., 57 (2025), 1828–1848. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2024.2372633 doi: 10.1080/0305215X.2024.2372633
|
| [13] |
X. Wang, W. Liu, Delivery scheduling with variable processing times and due date assignments, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 48 (2025), 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-025-01856-y doi: 10.1007/s40840-025-01856-y
|
| [14] |
N. Yin, H. He, Y. Zhao, Y. Chang, N. Wang, Integrating group setup time deterioration effects and job processing time learning effects with group technology in single-machine green scheduling, Axioms, 14 (2025), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14070480 doi: 10.3390/axioms14070480
|
| [15] |
H. R. Song, J. K. Yang, J. B. Wang, Study on multiple due-windows assignment scheduling with learning and deteriorating effects, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., (2026), 2650001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217595926500016 doi: 10.1142/S0217595926500016
|
| [16] |
L. Y. Wang, Due-window assignment scheduling problems with position-dependent weights, truncated learning effects and past-sequence-dependent setup-times, Symmetry, 18 (2026), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18030396 doi: 10.3390/sym18030396
|
| [17] |
E. Nowicki, S. Zdrzalka, A survey of results for sequencing problems with controllable processing times, Discret. Appl. Math., 26 (1990), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-218X(90)90105-L doi: 10.1016/0166-218X(90)90105-L
|
| [18] |
X. H. Guan, Q. Z. Zhai, F. Lai, New lagrangian relaxation based algorithm for resource scheduling with homogeneous subproblems, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 113 (2002), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014805213554 doi: 10.1023/A:1014805213554
|
| [19] |
D. Shabtay, G. Steiner, A survey of scheduling with controllable processing times, Discret. Appl. Math., 155 (2007), 1643–1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2007.02.003 doi: 10.1016/j.dam.2007.02.003
|
| [20] |
D. Oron, Scheduling controllable processing time jobs in a deteriorating environment, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 64 (2014), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2013.5 doi: 10.1057/jors.2013.5
|
| [21] |
Y. Q. Yin, D. J. Wang, T. C. E. Cheng, C. C. Wu, Bi-criterion single-machine scheduling and due-window assignment with common flow allowances and resource-dependent processing times, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 67 (2016), 1169–1183. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2016.14 doi: 10.1057/jors.2016.14
|
| [22] |
D. J. Wang, Y. G. Yu, H. X. Qiu, Y. Q. Yin, T. C. E. Cheng, Two-agent scheduling with linear resource-dependent processing times, Nav. Res. Logist., 67 (2020), 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.21936 doi: 10.1002/nav.21936
|
| [23] |
J. S. Gao, X. M. Zhu, K. Y. Bai, R. T. Zhang, New controllable processing time scheduling with subcontracting strategy for no-wait job shop problem, Int. J. Prod. Res., 60 (2022), 2254–2274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1886368 doi: 10.1080/00207543.2021.1886368
|
| [24] |
J. F. Ren, Y. Yang, Common due-window assignment and minmax scheduling with resource allocation and group technology on a single machine, Eng. Optim., 54 (2022), 1819–1834. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2021.1961761 doi: 10.1080/0305215X.2021.1961761
|
| [25] |
Z. C. Geng, J. J. Yuan, Single-machine scheduling of multiple projects with controllable processing times, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 308 (2023), 1074–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.01.026 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2023.01.026
|
| [26] |
M. Geurtsen, J. B. H. C. Didden, J. Adan, Z. Atan, I. Adan, Production, maintenance and resource scheduling: A review, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 305 (2023), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.045 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.045
|
| [27] |
N. S. Pang, Q. C. Meng, Resource allocation in robust scheduling, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 74 (2023), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2022.2029593 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2022.2029593
|
| [28] |
M. H. Li, D. Y. Lv, Z. G. Lv, L. H. Zhang, J. B. Wang, A two-agent resource allocation scheduling problem with slack due-date assignment and general deterioration function, Comput. Appl. Math., 43 (2024), 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-024-02753-z doi: 10.1007/s40314-024-02753-z
|
| [29] |
X. Sun, X. N. Geng, J. Y. Wang, L. Pan, Slack due window assignment scheduling in the single-machine with controllable processing times, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 20 (2024), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2023067 doi: 10.3934/jimo.2023067
|
| [30] |
X. Wang, W. Liu, Single machine group scheduling jobs with resource allocations subject to unrestricted due date assignments, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 70 (2024), 6283–6308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-024-02216-y doi: 10.1007/s12190-024-02216-y
|
| [31] |
J. B. Wang, Y. C. Wang, C. Wan, D. Y. Lv, L. Zhang, Controllable processing time scheduling with total weighted completion time objective and deteriorating jobs, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 41 (2024), 2350026. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217595923500264 doi: 10.1142/S0217595923500264
|
| [32] |
W. Weng, C. Chu, P. Wu, Resource allocation to minimize the makespan with multi-resource operations, J. Syst. Sci. Complex., 37 (2024), 2054–2070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-024-3284-z doi: 10.1007/s11424-024-3284-z
|
| [33] |
D. Y. Lv, J. B. Wang, Single-machine group technology scheduling with resource allocation and slack due window assignment including minmax criterion, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 76 (2025), 1696–1712. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2024.2430351 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2024.2430351
|
| [34] |
J. B. Wang, Z. W. Sun, M. Gao, Research on single-machine scheduling with due-window assignment and resource allocation under total resource consumption cost is bounded, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 71 (2025), 7905–7927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-025-02599-6 doi: 10.1007/s12190-025-02599-6
|
| [35] |
L. H. Zhang, J. B. Wang, Resource allocation and minmax scheduling under group technology and different due-window assignments, Axioms, 14 (2025), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14110827 doi: 10.3390/axioms14110827
|
| [36] |
L. Zhang, S. S. Li, Z. C. Geng, R. X. Chen, J. R. Xu, Multiple parallel-batch machines scheduling with additive resource assignment and machine available times, Discret. Appl. Math., 379 (2026), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2025.09.035 doi: 10.1016/j.dam.2025.09.035
|
| [37] |
L. H. Zhang, M. H. Li, L. Lin, Study on controllable processing time and minmax group scheduling with common due-window assignment, Symmetry, 18 (2026), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020358 doi: 10.3390/sym18020358
|
| [38] |
L. H. Zhang, N. Yin, Study on single-machine group scheduling with convex resource allocations and different due-date assignments, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 49 (2026), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-025-02031-z doi: 10.1007/s40840-025-02031-z
|
| [39] |
D. Wang, M. Z. Wang, J. B. Wang, Single-Machine scheduling with learning effect and resource-dependent processing times, Comput. Ind. Eng., 59 (2010), 458–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2010.06.002 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2010.06.002
|
| [40] |
Y. Y. Lu, J. B. Wang, P. Ji, H. He, A note on resource allocation scheduling with group technology and learning effects on a single machine, Eng. Optim., 49 (2017), 1621–1632. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1265305 doi: 10.1080/0305215X.2016.1265305
|
| [41] |
N. Yin, Single-machine due-window assignment resource allocation scheduling with job-dependent learning effect, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 56 (2018), 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-017-1091-6 doi: 10.1007/s12190-017-1091-6
|
| [42] |
S. Zhao, Resource allocation flowshop scheduling with learning effect and slack due window assignment, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 17 (2021), 2817–2835. https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2020096 doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020096
|
| [43] |
J. B. Wang, D. Y. Lv, J. Xu, P. Ji, F. Li, Bicriterion scheduling with truncated learning effects and convex controllable processing times, Int. Trans. Oper. Res., 28 (2021), 1573–1593. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.12888 doi: 10.1111/itor.12888
|
| [44] |
J. Qian, G. Chang, X. Zhang, Single-machine common due-window assignment and scheduling with position-dependent weights, delivery time, learning effect and resource allocations, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 70 (2024), 1965–1994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-024-02023-5 doi: 10.1007/s12190-024-02023-5
|
| [45] |
J. Qian, Z. Y. Guo, Common due window assignment and single machine scheduling with delivery time, resource allocation, and job-dependent learning effect, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 70 (2024), 4441–4471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-024-02090-8 doi: 10.1007/s12190-024-02090-8
|
| [46] |
Y. Zhang, X. Sun, T. Liu, J. Wang, X. N. Geng, Single-machine scheduling simultaneous consideration of resource allocations and exponential time-dependent learning effects, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 76 (2025), 528–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2024.2371527 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2024.2371527
|
| [47] |
X. Huang, H. He, H. Bei, Y. Zhao, N. Wang, Y. Chang, Group-scheduling with simultaneous learning effects and convex resource allocations, Oper. Res. Perspect., 15 (2025), 100370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2025.100370 doi: 10.1016/j.orp.2025.100370
|
| [48] |
Y. Sun, D. Y. Lv, X. Huang, Properties for due window assignment scheduling on a two-machine no-wait proportionate flow shop with learning effects and resource allocation, J. Oper. Res. Soc., 77 (2026), 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2025.2492817 doi: 10.1080/01605682.2025.2492817
|
| [49] |
Y. Y. Lu, M. H. Li, A unified analysis for single-machine scheduling with resource allocations, learning and deteriorating effects simultaneously, Comput. Appl. Math., 45 (2026), 388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-026-03784-4 doi: 10.1007/s40314-026-03784-4
|
| [50] |
X. F. Wu, L. Lin, J. B. Wang, Total weighted completion time scheduling under resource allocation and time-dependent learning effects, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 22 (2026), 3219–3251. https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2026118 doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026118
|
| [51] |
D. Y. Bai, W. J. Zheng, C. B. Zang, J. Yang, C. C. Wu, H. Qin, Discrete optimization algorithms for distributed bi-agent flowshop scheduling with release dates, Swarm Evol. Comput., 98 (2025), 102101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2025.102101 doi: 10.1016/j.swevo.2025.102101
|
| [52] |
Q. F. Kong, C. M. Wei, J. B. Wang, Minmax delivery completion time scheduling with delivery times and deteriorating jobs, Comput. Appl. Math., 45 (2026), 276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-026-03684-7 doi: 10.1007/s40314-026-03684-7
|
| [53] |
Y. Y. Lu, S. Zhang, J. Y. Tao, Earliness-tardiness scheduling with delivery times and deteriorating jobs, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 42 (2025), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021759592450009X doi: 10.1142/S021759592450009X
|
| [54] |
D. Biskup, Single-machine scheduling with learning considerations, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 115 (1999), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00246-X doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00246-X
|
| [55] |
W. H. Kuo, D. L. Yang, Minimizing the total completion time in a single-machine scheduling problem with a time-dependent learning effect, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 174 (2006), 1184–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.03.020 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2005.03.020
|
| [56] |
M. Ji, D. Yao, Q. Yang, T. C. E. Cheng, Machine scheduling with Dejong's learning effect, Comput. Ind. Eng., 80 (2015), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2014.12.009 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2014.12.009
|
| [57] |
K. F. Zhang, J. B. Wang, Y. Y. Lu, On flowshop scheduling with the DeJong's learning effect, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., (2026), 2650029. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217595926500296 doi: 10.1142/S0217595926500296
|
| [58] | M. L. Pinedo, Scheduling Theory, Algorithms, and Systems, Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05921-6 |
| [59] |
A. Agnetis, J. C. Billaut, M. Pinedo, D. Shabtay, Fifty years of research in scheduling-Theory and applications, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 327 (2025), 367–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2025.01.034 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.01.034
|
| [60] |
M. Nawaz, E. E. Enscore Jr, I. Ham, A heuristic algorithm for the $m$-machine, $n$-job flow-shop sequencing problem, Omega, 11 (1983), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(83)90088-9 doi: 10.1016/0305-0483(83)90088-9
|
| [61] |
F. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Y. Lu, Solution algorithms for single-machine group scheduling with ready times and deteriorating jobs, Eng. Optim., 51 (2019), 862–874. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2018.1500562 doi: 10.1080/0305215X.2018.1500562
|
| [62] |
X. Y. Qiu, J. B. Wang, Single-machine scheduling with mixed due-windows and deterioration effects, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 71 (2025), 2527–2542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-024-02306-x doi: 10.1007/s12190-024-02306-x
|
| [63] |
Z. W. Sun, D. Y. Lv, P. Ji, J. B. Wang, Minimizing total completion time scheduling problem with ready times and linear deterioration functions of processing times, J. Appl. Math. Comput., 72 (2026), 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-025-02694-8 doi: 10.1007/s12190-025-02694-8
|
| [64] |
L. Q. Zhang, L. F. Lu, J. J. Yuan, Single machine scheduling with release dates and rejection, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 198 (2009), 975–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.10.006 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2008.10.006
|
| [65] |
D. Shabtay, N. Gaspar, M. Kaspi, A survey on offline scheduling with rejection, J. Sched., 16 (2013), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10951-012-0303-z doi: 10.1007/s10951-012-0303-z
|
| [66] |
X. N. Geng, X. Y. Sun, J. Wang, L. Pan, Scheduling on proportionate flow shop with job rejection and common due date assignment, Comput. Ind. Eng., 181 (2023), 109317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109317 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2023.109317
|
| [67] |
B. Bai, C. M. Wei, H. Y. He, J. B. Wang, Study on single-machine common/slack due-window assignment scheduling with delivery times, variable processing times and outsourcing, Mathematics, 12 (2024), 2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12182883 doi: 10.3390/math12182883
|
| [68] |
J. X. Song, C. X. Miao, F. Y. Kong, Scheduling with step learning and job rejection, Oper. Res., 25 (2025), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-024-00887-w doi: 10.1007/s12351-024-00887-w
|
| [69] |
B. C. Choi, M. J. Park, Minimizing total completion time in single-machine scheduling with convex resource consumption and job rejection, Theor. Comput. Sci., 1064 (2026), 115708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2025.115708 doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2025.115708
|
| [70] |
C. C. Wu, J. Y. Chen, W. C. Lin, K. Lai, D. Bai, S. Y. Lai, A two-stage three-machine assembly scheduling flowshop problem with both two-agent and learning phenomenon, Comput. Ind. Eng., 130 (2019), 485–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.02.047 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2019.02.047
|
| [71] |
D. Y. Lv, J. B. Wang, No-idle flow shop scheduling with deteriorating jobs and common due date under dominating machines, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 41 (2024), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217595924500039 doi: 10.1142/S0217595924500039
|
| [72] |
N. Li, R. Ma, Y. Z. Zhang, Single-machine scheduling with the learning effect of processing time and the deterioration effect of delivery time for prefabricated components, J. Comb. Optim., 49 (2025), 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-025-01271-w doi: 10.1007/s10878-025-01271-w
|
| [73] |
C. X. Miao, H. R. Wu, J. M. Hu, Two-agent scheduling with time-dependent and position-dependent in a flow-shop system, RAIRO-Oper. Res., 59 (2025), 3253–3265. https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025126 doi: 10.1051/ro/2025126
|
| [74] |
J. B. Wang, D. Y. Lv, C. Wan, Proportionate flow shop scheduling with job-dependent due windows and position-dependent weights, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 42 (2025), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217595924500118 doi: 10.1142/S0217595924500118
|