On the relationship between the aa index and tidal forces

1.   Introduction

In the last few years, it has been proved that Brauer configuration algebras (BCAs) are a helpful tool in different fields of applied mathematics ^[1,2,3]. In particular, they were used in cryptography and the theory of graph energy. Green and Schroll introduced such algebras as a generalization of Brauer graph algebras. Bearing in mind that any Brauer graph algebra is a Brauer configuration algebra. Perhaps, the main characteristic of BCAs is that their theory of representation is based on combinatorial data ^[4,5].

Snake graphs is another helpful combinatorial tool for a better understanding of the theory of representation of some algebras with applications in number theory. In particular, in the theory of continued fractions. Such graphs were studied by Propp ^[6] in the context of the investigation of the Laurent phenomenon associated with cluster algebras.

Çanakçi and Schiffler developed a complete theory for snake graphs, which were used to compute the Laurent expansions of the cluster variables in cluster algebras of surface type ^{[7,8,9,10,11]}. Perfect matchings of suitable snake graphs parametrize terms in the Laurent polynomial of such variables. Çanakçi and Schiffler proved that each snake graph $\mathscr{G}$ defines a unique continued fraction whose numerator is given by the number of perfect matchings of a suitable snake graph.

Regarding applications of the snake graph theory, we recall that recently Çanakçi and Schroll ^[12] defined abstract string modules associating to each of such modules a suitable snake graph, whose lattice of perfect matchings is in bijective correspondence with the lattice of submodules of such abstract module. Conversely, they proved that each snake graph defines a string module given by an orientation of Dynkin type ${\mathbb{A}}$, where every vertex is replaced by a copy of an algebraically closed field ${\mathbb{F}}$, and the arrows correspond to the identity map.

We establish interesting interactions between snake graph theory, matrix problems and the algebra representation theory, in line with Çanakçi and Schroll's work. We prove in this paper that some suitable snake graphs can be used to build non-regular Kronecker modules, recall that if ${\mathbb{F}}$ is a field, and $\Lambda = \left(\begin{array}{ccc}{\mathbb{F}} & {\mathbb{F}}^{2} \\0 & {\mathbb{F}}\end{array}\right)$ is the Kronecker algebra then the finite dimensional right $\Lambda$-modules are said to be Kronecker modules. It is worth noticing that the category of Kronecker modules is equivalent to the category of pairs $(A, B)$ of matrices $A, B$ over ${\mathbb{F}}$ of the same size. We also define Brauer configuration algebras, for which it is possible associating a string snake graph or a subset of the set of vertices of the preprojective (or preinjective) component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver of the Kronecker algebra $\Lambda$. Dimensions of these Brauer configuration algebras are also given in this work.

Figure 1 shows how Brauer configuration algebras, snake graphs, and solutions of the Kronecker problem are related to the main results presented in this paper.

This paper is distributed as follows; in Section 2, we recall definitions and notation used throughout the document. In particular, we recall notions of Brauer configuration algebra (2.1), the Kronecker problem (2.3) and snake graph (2.4). In Section 3, we make an overview of Çanakçi and Schroll's work regarding interactions between snake graphs and string modules. In Section 4, we give our main results. We prove that some non-regular Kronecker modules can be built with some suitable snake graphs. We introduce Brauer configuration algebras associated with snake graphs and estimate the trace norm of some Kronecker trees and non-regular Kronecker modules. Concluding remarks are given in Section 5.

2.   Background and related work

In this section, we introduce some definitions and notations to be used throughout the paper. In particular, it is given a brief overview regarding Brauer configuration algebras, and snake graph theory.

2.1.   Brauer configuration algebras

Green and Schroll introduced Brauer configuration algebras as a generalization of Brauer graph algebras ^[4,5]. Its definition goes as follows:

A Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda_{\Gamma}$ (or simply $\Lambda$ if no confusion arises) is a bound quiver algebra induced by a Brauer configuration $\Gamma = (\Gamma_{0}, \Gamma_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$, where:

● $\Gamma_{0}$ is a finite set of vertices.

● $\Gamma_{1}$ is a collection of polygons, which are labeled multisets consisting of vertices (vertices repetition allowed). Each polygon contains more than one vertex.

● $\mu$ is a map from the set of vertices $\Gamma_{0}$ to the set of positive integers ${\mathbb{N}}\backslash\{0\} = {\mathbb{N}}^{+}$, $\mu:\Gamma_{0}\rightarrow {\mathbb{N}}^{+}.$

● $\mathcal{O}$ is a choice for each vertex $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$, of a cyclic ordering of the polygons in which $\alpha$ occurs as a vertex including repetitions (see ^[4] for more details). For instance, if a vertex $\alpha\in \Gamma_{0}$ occurs in polygons $U_{i_{i}}, U_{i_{2}}, \dots, U_{i_{m}}$, for suitable indices $i_{1}, i_{2}, \dots, i_{m}\in\{1, 2, 3, \dots, n\}$, then the cyclic order is obtained by linearly ordering the list, say

Where, $U^{\alpha_{s}}_{i_{s}} = U^{(1)}_{i_{s}} < U^{(2)}_{i_{s}} < \dots < U^{(\alpha_{s})}_{i_{s}}$ means that vertex $\alpha$ occurs $\alpha_{{s}}$ times in polygon $U_{i_{s}}$, denoted $\alpha_{s} = occ(\alpha, U_{i_{s}})$. The cyclic order is completed by adding the relation $U_{i_{m}} < U_{i_{1}}$. Note that, if $U_{i_{1}} < \dots < U_{i_{t}}$ is the chosen ordering at vertex $\alpha$. Then the same ordering can be represented by any cyclic permutation.

The sequence (2.1) is said to be the successor sequence at vertex $\alpha$ denoted $S_{\alpha}$, which is unique up to permutations. Note that, Green and Schroll ^[4] mentioned that different orientations choice are typically associated to non-isomorphic Brauer configuration algebras.

Henceforth, in this paper, if a vertex $\alpha'\neq\alpha$ belongs to some polygons $U_{j_{1}}, U_{j_{2}}, \dots U_{j_{k}}$ ordered according to the already defined cyclic ordering associated with the vertex $\alpha$. Then, we will assume that up to permutations, the cyclic ordering associated with the vertex $\alpha'$ is built, taking into account that polygons $U_{j_{1}}, U_{j_{2}}, \dots U_{j_{k}}$ inherit the order given by the successor sequence $S_{\alpha}$.

● If $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$ then there is at least one polygon $U_{i}$ such that $\alpha\in U_{i}$.

If $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$ then the valency $val(\alpha)$ of $\alpha$ is given by the identity

If $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$ is such that $\mu(\alpha)val(\alpha) = 1$ then $\alpha$ is said to be truncated (it occurs once in just one polygon). Otherwise $\alpha$ is a non-truncated vertex. It is worth pointing out that each polygon in a Brauer configuration has at least one non-truncated vertex. A Brauer configuration without truncated vertices is said to be reduced.

Latter on, we will assume that successor sequences associated with non-truncated vertices are of the form (2.1). As Green and Schroll mentioned in ^[4], if $\alpha$ is a non-truncated vertex and $val(\alpha) = 1$. Then, there is only one choice for the associated cyclic ordering.

In ^[3], Cañadas et al. introduced Algorithm 1 to build the Brauer quiver $Q_{\Gamma}$ and the Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda_{\Gamma} = {\mathbb{F}}Q_{\Gamma}/I_{\Gamma}$ induced by a Brauer configuration $\Gamma$, where $I_{\Gamma}$ is an admissible ideal generated by suitable relations associated with the vertices occurrences.

From now on, if no confusion arises, we will assume notations $Q$, $I$ and $\Lambda$ instead of $Q_{\Gamma}$, $I_{\Gamma}$ and $\Lambda_{\Gamma}$, for a quiver, an admissible ideal, and the Brauer configuration algebra induced by a fixed Brauer configuration $\Gamma$.

Since polygons in Brauer configurations are multisets, we will often assume that such polygons are given by words of the form

Where for each $i$, $1\leq i\leq t$, $x_{i}$ is an element of the polygon called vertex and $s_{i}$ is the number of times that the vertex $x_{i}$ occurs in the polygon ^[13]. In particular, if vertices $x_{i}$ in a polygon $V$ of a Brauer configuration are integer numbers then the corresponding word $w$ will be interpreted as a partition of an integer number $n_{V}$ associated with the polygon $V$ where it is assumed that each vertex $x_{i}$ is a part of the partition and $s_{i}$ is the number of times that the part $x_{i}$ occurs in the partition and $n_{V} = \underset{i = 1}{\overset{t}{\sum\limits}}s_{i}x_{i}$. If the order of the letters (or parts) $x_{i}$ matters in the construction of a word (partition) $w$ ($n_{V}$) then we will say that $w$ ($n_{V}$) is a composition. Note that, in this case, each ordering of the letters define a polygon. We let $\mathcal{N}(w)$ denote the set of compositions associated with a word $w$. $\mathcal{N}(w)$ is endowed with an injective numbering $f_{w}: \mathcal{N}(w)\longrightarrow\mathcal{N}({\bf{w}})$. If $c$ is a composition. Then, $f_{w}(c) = j\in\mathcal{N}({\textbf{w}}) = \{1, 2, \dots, |\mathcal{N}(w)|\}$. $\mathcal{N}({\textbf{w}})$ is endowed with the usual order of natural numbers. In such a case, if $w', w''\in\mathcal{N}(w)$ and $f_{w}(w') < f_{w}(w'')$ is a covering, then we will assume that as polygons $w' < w''$ is a covering in the corresponding successor sequences.

The following results describe the structure of Brauer configuration algebras ^[4,14].

Theorem 1 (Theorem B, Proposition 2.7, Theorem 3.10, Corollary 3.12, ^[4]). Let $\Lambda$ be a Brauer configuration algebra with Brauer configuration $\Gamma$.

1) There is a bijective correspondence between the set of indecomposable projective $\Lambda$-modules and the polygons in $\Gamma$.

2) If $P$ is an indecomposable projective $\Lambda$-module corresponding to a polygon $V$ in $\Gamma$. Then ${\mathrm{rad}} \quad P$ is a sum of $r$ indecomposable uniserial modules, where $r$ is the number of (non-truncated) vertices of $V$ and where the intersection of any two of the uniserial modules is a simple $\Lambda$-module.

3) A Brauer configuration algebra is a multiserial algebra.

4) The number of summands in the heart $ht(P) = {\mathrm{rad}} \; P/{\mathrm{soc}} \; P$ of an indecomposable projective $\Lambda$-module $P$ such that ${\mathrm{rad}}^{2} \; P\neq 0$ equals the number of non-truncated vertices of the polygons in $\Gamma$ corresponding to $P$ counting repetitions.

5) If $\Lambda'$ is a Brauer configuration algebra obtained from $\Lambda$ by removing a truncated vertex of a polygon in $\Gamma_{1}$ with $d\geq 3$ vertices then $\Lambda$ is isomorphic to $\Lambda'$.

Proposition 1 and Theorem 2 give formulas for the dimensions ${\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbb{F}}} \; \Lambda$, and ${\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbb{F}}} \; Z(\Lambda)$ of a Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda$ and its center $Z(\Lambda)$ ^[4,14].

Proposition 1 (Proposition 3.13, ^[4]). Let $\Lambda$ be a Brauer configuration algebra associated with the Brauer configuration $\Gamma$ and let $\mathcal{C} = \{C_{1}, \dots, C_{t}\}$ be a full set of equivalence class representatives of special cycles. Assume that for $i = 1, \dots, t$, $C_{i}$ is a special $\alpha_{i}$-cycle where $\alpha_{i}$ is a non-truncated vertex in $\Gamma$. Then

where $|Q_{0}|$ denotes the number of vertices of $Q$, $|C_{i}|$ denotes the number of arrows in the $\alpha_{i}$-cycle $C_{i}$ and $n_{i} = \mu(\alpha_{i})$.

Theorem 2 (Theorem 4.9, ^[14]). Let $\Lambda = {\mathbb{F}}Q/I$ be the Brauer configuration algebra associated to the connected and reduced Brauer configuration $\Gamma$. Then

where $\mathscr{C}_{\Gamma} = \{\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}\mid val(\alpha) = 1, \quad and \quad \mu(\alpha) > 1\}$.

In this case, ${\mathrm{rad}} \quad M$ denotes the radical of a module $M$, ${\mathrm{rad}} \; M$ is the intersection of all the maximal submodules of $M$.

2.2.   The message of a Brauer configuration

The notion of the message of a Brauer configuration and labeled Brauer configurations were introduced by Espinosa et al. ^[1,15] to define suitable specializations of some Brauer configurations. According to them, since polygons in a Brauer configuration $\Gamma = (\Gamma_{0}, \Gamma_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$ are multisets, it is possible to assume that any polygon $U\in\Gamma_{1}$ is given by a word $w(U)$ of the form

Where for each $i$, $1\leq i\leq t$, $s_{i} = {\mathrm{occ}}(\alpha_{i}, U)$.

The message is in fact an algebra of words element $\mathscr{W}_{\Gamma}$ associated with a fixed Brauer configuration such that for a given field ${\mathbb{F}}$ the word algebra $\mathscr{W}_{\Gamma}$ consists of formal sums of words with the form $\underset{\underset{U\in\Gamma_{1}}{\alpha_{i}\in {\mathbb{F}}}}{\sum\limits}\alpha_{i}w(U)$, $0w(U) = \varepsilon$ is the empty word, and $1w(U) = w(U)$ for any $U\in\Gamma_{1}$. The product in this case is given by the usual word concatenation. The formal product (or word product)

is said to be the message of the Brauer configuration $\Gamma$.

The notion of labeled Brauer configurations is helpful to define suitable specializations of some Brauer configuration algebras ^[15].

An integer specialization of a reduced Brauer configuration $\Gamma = (\Gamma_{0}, \Gamma_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$ is a Brauer configuration $\Gamma^{e} = (\Gamma^{e}_{0}, \Gamma^{e}_{1}, \mu^{e}, \mathcal{O}^{e})$ endowed with a suitable map $e:\Gamma_{0}\rightarrow {\mathbb{N}}$, such that

The orientation $\mathcal{O}^{e}$ is defined by the orientation $\mathcal{O}$, in such a way that if

is a successor sequence associated with a vertex $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$ (see, (2.1)). Then,

is contained in the successor sequence $S_{e(\alpha)}$ associated with $e(\alpha)\in\Gamma^{e}_{0}$.

$M(\Gamma^{e}) = \underset{U\in\Gamma^{e}_{1}}{\sum\limits}w^{e}(U)$ is the specialized message of the Brauer configuration $\Gamma$.

A Brauer configuration $\Gamma = (\Gamma_{0}, \Gamma_{1} = \{U_{i_{1}}, \dots, U_{i_{m}}\}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$ is said to be $S$-labeled (or simply labeled, if no confusion arises) by an integer sequence $S = \{n_{1}, n_{2}, \dots, n_{|\Gamma_{1}|}\}$ if each polygon $U_{i_{j}}$ is labeled by an integer number $n_{j}$, $1\leq j\leq|\Gamma_{1}|$. In such a case we often write $\Gamma_{1} = \{(U_{i_{1}}, n_{1}), (U_{i_{2}}, n_{2}), \dots, (U_{i_{m}}, n_{m})\}$,

For each vertex $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$, it is defined a corresponding cyclic ordering of labeled polygons where $\alpha$ occurs. One advantage of labeling Brauer configurations is that the set $S$ can be used to systematically define the orientation associated with each vertex or obtain the polygons recursively ^[15].

It is worth noticing that the set $S$ used to label a Brauer configuration can be any finite set. In this paper, we also use finite well-ordered sets of matrices to label Brauer configurations.

As an example, we recall that Espinosa ^[15] defined the following labeled Brauer configuration $\mathscr{K} = (\mathscr{K}_{0}, \mathscr{K}_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$, where:

Vertices $\alpha^{i}_{w}\in(U_{i}, n_{i})\in\mathscr{K}_{1}$ are given by the following formula

where for a given vector $w = (w_{1}, w_{2}, \dots, w_{k})\in\{0, 1\}^{k}$, $w_{i}\in\{0, 1\}$, $g$ is a map $g: = \left\lbrace 0, 1 \right\rbrace\times {\mathbb{Z}}^{+}\to \left\lbrace 1, 2 \right\rbrace$ defined by

In particular, $g(w_{0}, 1) = g(w_{k}, k) = 0$. The definition of $g$ can be reformulated by the rule $g(x, n) = 2-\left(x+n \pmod 2\right)$.

$\mu(\alpha) = 2$, for any vertex $\alpha\in\Gamma_{0}$.

Successor sequences are defined by relations of the form $(U_{i}, n_{i}) < (U_{s}, n_{s})$, if $i < s$ (see (2.1)).

Suitable specializations of $\mathscr{K}$ are used in Theorem 5 to describe the number of perfect matchings of some snake graphs.

2.3.   The Kronecker problem

The Kronecker matrix problem consists of finding canonical Jordan form of pairs $(A, B)$ of matrices (with the same size) with respect to the following elementary transformations:

(i) All elementary transformations on rows of the block matrix $(A, B)$.

(ii) All elementary transformations made simultaneously on columns of $A$ and $B$ having the same index number.

Weierstrass solved this problem in 1867 for some particular cases, whereas Kronecker in 1890 solved the complex number field case. We recall that solutions of the Kronecker problem allow solving systems of linear differential equations of the form $Ax'(t)+Bx(t) = f(t)$.

Nowadays, it is known that if ${\mathbb{F}}$ is an algebraically closed field, then up to isomorphism every indecomposable Kronecker pair $(A, B)$ belongs to one of the following four classes shown in Figures 2–4 ^[16].

Solving the Kronecker problem is equivalent to give a complete classification of the ${\mathbb{F}}Q$-modules over the path algebra ${\mathbb{F}}Q$, where $Q$ is the quiver shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6 shows the preprojective component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver of the 2-Kronecker quiver $Q$, which has as vertices indecomposable representations of type Ⅲ. The preinjective component has indecomposable representations of type ${\mathrm{Ⅲ}}^{*}$ as vertices.

Henceforth, we let $(n+1, n)$ ($(n, n+1)$) denote a representative of the indecomposable preprojective (preinjective) Kronecker modules class obtained from a representation of type Ⅲ (Ⅱ) via elementary transformations of type (ii). Several invariants can be defined for Kronecker modules, for instance, the Frobenius cells $F_{n}$ are invariants for indecomposable Kronecker modules of type 0, whereas Jordan blocks $J_{n}(0)$ are invariants for indecomposable Kronecker modules of type Ⅰ.

This paper proves that non-regular Kronecker modules can be defined by using some suitable snake graphs. So, it is possible to argue that each non-regular Kronecker module has associated a set of snake graphs whose cardinality is invariant under admissible transformations.

2.4.   Snake graphs

A tile $G$ is a square in the plane whose sides are parallel or orthogonal to the elements in the standard orthonormal basis of the plane (as in ^[10] in this work a tile $G$ is considered as a graph with four vertices and four edges in the obvious way).

A snake graph $\mathscr{G}$ is a connected planar graph consisting of a finite sequence of tiles $G_{1}, G_{2}, \dots, G_{d}$, such that $G_{i}$ and $G_{i+1}$ share exactly one edge $e_{i}$ and this edge is either the north edge of $G_{i}$ and the south edge of $G_{i+1}$ or the east edge of $G_{i}$ and the west edge of $G_{i+1}$, (cf. ^{[7,8,9,10,11]}). Denote by ${\mathrm{Int}}(\mathscr{G}) = \{e_{1}, e_{2}, \dots, e_{d-1}\}$ the set of interior edges of the snake graph $\mathscr{G}$. We will use the natural ordering of the set of interior edges of $\mathscr{G}$, so that $e_{i}$ is the edge shared by tiles $G_{i}$ and $G_{i+1}$. A snake graph is called straight if all its tiles lie in one column or one row, and a snake graph is called zigzag if no three consecutive tiles are straight. Two snake graphs are isomorphic if they are isomorphic as graphs.

For positive integers $n_1, n_2, \dots, n_k$, we let $\mathscr{G}_{f}(n_1, n_2, \dots, n_k)$ denote a snake graph, with $n_1\geq 2$ tiles in the first row, $n_2\geq 2$ in the first column, $n_3\geq 2$ tiles in the second row and so on up to $n_k\geq 2$. In this case the last tile in a given row is the first tile in the next column (if it exists) vice versa the last tile in a given column coincides with the first tile in the next row. As an example, in Figure 7, it is shown the snake graph $\mathscr{G}_{f}(5, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2)$.

A perfect matching $P$ of a graph $G$ is a subset of the edges of $G$ such that every vertex of $G$ is incident to exactly one edge in $P$. We denote by ${\mathrm{Match}}(G)$ the set of perfect matchings of $G$.

A sign function $f$ of a snake graph $\mathscr{G}$ is a map $f$ from the set of edges of $\mathscr{G}$ to the set of signs $\{+, -\}$, such that on every tile in $\mathscr{G}$ the north and the west edge have the same sign, the south and the east have the same sign, and the sign on the north edge is opposite to the sign on the south edge. For example, in Figure 8, we show a labeling of the snake graph $\mathscr{G}_{f}(5, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2)$.

Note that, on every snake graph there are exactly two sign functions. A snake graph is determined up to symmetry by its sequence of tiles together with a sign function on its interior edges $\{e_{1}, e_{2}, \dots, e_{d-1}\}$. Henceforth, it will be assumed the notation $e_{0} = sw(\mathscr{G})$ (the edge at the southwest of the first tile).

If $e_{d}\in ne(\mathscr{G})$ (the edge at the northeast of the last tile) then sign function can be extended in a unique way to all edges in $\mathscr{G}$ and it is obtained a sign sequence

Actually this sequence uniquely determines the snake graph and a choice of a north east edge $e_{d}\in ne(\mathscr{G})$.

A positive finite continued fraction is a function

on $n$ variables $a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}$, $a_{i}\in{\mathbb{Z}}_{\geq1}$. Now let $[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$ be a positive continued fraction and let $d = a_{1}+a_{2}+\dots+a_{n}-1$ and consider the sign sequence:

where $\varepsilon\in\{+, -\}$,

Thus each integer $a_{i}$ corresponds to a maximal subsequence of constant sign $sgn(a_{i})$ in the sequence (2.10).

The snake graph $\mathscr{G}[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$ of the positive continued fraction $[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$ is the snake graph with $d$ tiles determined by the sign sequence (2.10). In particular, $\mathscr{G}[1]$ is a single edge and the continued fraction of the graph in Figure 8 is $[2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3]$.

Çanakçi and Schiffler proved Theorems 3 and 4 regarding snake graphs and their relationships with continued fractions ^{[7,8,9,10,11]}.

Theorem 3. The number of snake graphs with exactly $N$ perfect matchings is $\phi(N)$, where $\phi$ is the totient Euler function.

Theorem 4. 1) The number of perfect matchings of $\mathscr{G}[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$ is equal to the numerator of the continued fraction $[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$.

2) The number of perfect matchings of $\mathscr{G}[a_{2}, a_{3}, \dots, a_{n}]$ is equal to the denominator of the continued fraction $[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]$.

3) If ${\mathrm{Match}}(\mathscr{G})$ denotes the number of perfect matchings of the snake graph $\mathscr{G}$ then $[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}] = \frac{{\mathrm{Match}}(\mathscr{G})[a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}]}{{\mathrm{Match}}(\mathscr{G})[a_{2}, a_{3}, \dots, a_{n}]}$.

For instance, the snake graph $\mathscr{G}[2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3]$ shown in Figure 8 has 3221 perfect matchings.

The following theorem proves that the number of perfect matchings of a snake graph is given by a message specialization of the Brauer configuration $\mathscr{K}$ ^[15] (see, formulas (2.7)).

Theorem 5 (Theorem 14, ^[15]). For all $n_1, n_2 \ldots, n_k \geq 2$, we have

where $e:\mathscr{K}_{0}\rightarrow {\mathbb{N}}$ is a specialization of the Brauer configuration given by identities ${\mathrm{(2.7)}}$ and ${\mathrm{(2.8)}}$ such that $e(\alpha^{i}_{w_i}) = F_{\alpha^{i}_{w_i}}$ with $F_{j}$ being the $j$th Fibonacci number.

3.   String modules and snake graphs

An abstract string is a word of the form $w = a_{1}a_{2}\dots a_{n}$, with $a_{j}\in\{\rightarrow, \leftarrow\}$, $1\leq j\leq n$. $\varnothing$ is also considered an abstract string. If $a_{j} = \rightarrow$ ($\leftarrow$), for any $j$ then $w$ is said to be a direct string (inverse string).

According to Çanakçi and Schroll ^[12], the following procedure allows building a snake graph with $n+1$ tiles from an abstract string $w = a_{1}a_{2}\dots a_{n}$:

1) If $w = \varnothing$ then the corresponding abstract snake graph is given by a single tile.

2) If there is at least one letter, then $a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots, a_{n}$ is a concatenation of a collection of alternating maximal direct and inverse strings $w_{i}$ such that $w = w_{1}w_{2}\dots w_{k}$. Each $w_{i}$ might be of length 1.

3) For each $w_{i}$, it is constructed a zigzag snake graph $\mathscr{G}_{i}$ with $l(w_{i})+1$ tiles. where $l(w_{i})$ is the number of direct or inverse arrows in $w_{i}$. Let $\mathscr{G}_{i}$ be the zigzag snake graph with tiles $T^{i}_{1}, \dots, T^{i}_{l(w_{i})+1}$, such that $T^{i}_{2}$ is glued to the right (resp. on top) of $T^{i}_{1}$ if $w_{i}$ is direct (resp. inverse).

4) We now glue $\mathscr{G}_{i+1}$ to $\mathscr{G}_{i}$, for all $i$, by identifying the last tile $T^{i}_{l(w_{i})+1}$ of $\mathscr{G}_{i}$ and the first tile $T^{i+1}_{1}$ of $\mathscr{G}_{i+1}$, such that, $T^{i}_{l(w_{i})}$, $T^{i}_{l(w_{i})+1}$, $T^{i+1}_{2}$ is a straight piece.

Çanakçi and Schroll proved that if $A = {\mathbb{F}}Q/I$ is a bound quiver algebra and $M(w)$ is a string module over $A$ with string $w$ and with associated snake graph $\mathscr{G}$. Then the perfect matching lattice $\mathscr{L}(\mathscr{G})$ of $\mathscr{G}$ is in bijection with the canonical submodule lattice $\mathscr{L}(M(w))$ of $M(w)$.

4.   Main results

Results in this section allow establishing interactions between Brauer configuration algebras, Kronecker modules and snake graphs. We start by defining a labeled Brauer configuration whose polygons have associated a unique snake graph as Çanakçi and Schroll describe in ^[12].

4.1.   Interactions between Brauer configuration algebras and snake graphs

We let $\mathcal{N}(w)$ denote the set of all possible compositions associated with a word $w = x_{1}^{s_1}x_{2}^{s_2}\dots x^{s_{t-1}}_{t-1}x_{t}^{s_{t}}$ (see (2.4)).

For $n\geq3$ fixed. We denote by $\mathfrak{S}^{n}$, the labeled Brauer configuration $(\mathfrak{S}^{n}_{0}, \mathfrak{S}^{n}_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$, such that

Note that a labeled polygon $(U_{i}, j)$ contains $i$ zeroes and $n-i$, 1's. Successor sequences associated with vertices $0$ and $1$ are defined by the following relations:

Theorem 6. For $n\geq3$ fixed, the following properties hold for the Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda_{\mathfrak{S}^{n}}$

Where

Furthermore, each labeled polygon $(U_{i}, j)\in \mathfrak{S}^{n}_{1}$ is defined by a $n+1$-tile snake graph.

Proof. For $n\geq 3$ fixed, we note that, the number of compositions associated with a word-polygon $w = 0^{(k)}1^{(n-j)}\in\mathcal{N}(w)$ is $\binom{n}{k}$. Thus,

Then, the occurrences of 0 in $w$ is $k\binom{n}{k}$. Therefore, $val(0) = \underset{k = 1}{\overset{n}{\sum\limits}}k\binom{n}{k} = e^{n}_{k}$ and $val(1) = \underset{k = 1}{\overset{n-1}{\sum\limits}}(n-k)\binom{n}{k} = f^{n}_{k}$. The dimension of the algebra is obtained by definition.

The number of loops associated with a word of the form $0^{(n)} = n-1$, and the number of loops associated with a word of the form $w(U_{k}) = 0^{(k)}1^{(n-k)}$ is $n-2$. Then, $\#(Loops \; (\mathcal{N}(w)) = (n-2)\binom{n}{k}$, $1\leq k\leq n-1$. Thus, $\#(Loops \; Q_{\mathfrak{S}_{n}}) = \underset{k = 1}{\overset{n-1}{\sum\limits}}(n-2)\binom{n}{k}+(n-1)$, $1\leq k\leq n-1$. Then, the dimension ${\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbb{F}}} \; Z(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{S}^{n}})$ of the center is given by the identities ${\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbb{F}}} \; Z(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{S}^{n}}) = 1+|\mathfrak{S}^{n}_{1}|+(n-2)(2^{n}-2)+(n-1) = (n-1)2^{n}-n+3$.

The map $\sigma: \mathfrak{S}^{n}_{0}\longrightarrow\{\rightarrow, \leftarrow\}$, such that $\sigma(0) = \rightarrow$, $\sigma(1) = \leftarrow$, with $\sigma(w') = \sigma(0^{(i)}1^{(n-i)}) = (\sigma(0))^{(i)}(\sigma(1))^{(n-i)}$, for any composition-polygon $w'\in\mathfrak{S}^{n}_{1}$. Thus, each polygon has associated an abstract string, for which it is possible defining a snake graph $\mathscr{G}$ with $n+1$ tiles. We are done.

4.2.   Interactions between Brauer configuration algebras, Kronecker modules and Snake graphs

In this section, we recall the notion of helix introduced by Cañadas et al. ^[17] These helices are nothing but snake graphs, if we consider entries of the considered matrices as tiles.

As in the case of string modules (see Section 3), the following theorems prove that both preprojective and preprojective Kronecker modules can be built from suitable snake graphs.

Theorem 7. For $n\geq 2$ fixed, the $(2n+1)-$terms snake graph

induces the indecomposable preprojective Kronecker module $(n+1, n)$. Furthermore the corresponding continued fraction of $\mathscr{G}_{p_{n}k}$ has the following form

where

and the length $l(\Delta)$ of $\Delta$ is given by the following identities:

Proof. Let us consider that an indecomposable matrix block has $n$ columns and $n+1$ rows, which are defined by the straight snake graphs in alternative fashion. First subsnake graph corresponds to the first row of the matrix block, second subsnake graph corresponds to the first column of the matrix block and so on.

Odd rows and the first column are labeled taking into account that if the last tile of a given row $r_i$ is not labeled, then the first tile of the next column $c_i$ is not labeled. Besides, the labels determine the way that rows and columns of a matrix block must be constructed. The procedure goes as follows:

Labeled horizontal straight snake graphs indicates that each tile corresponds to an entry of a row of the matrix block developed from the right to the left. Whereas, a labeled vertical straight snake graph indicates that the tiles correspond to the entries of a column of the matrix block developed from the top to the bottom.

An indecomposable preprojective Kronecker module $(n+1, n)$ is obtained from $\mathscr{G}_{p_{n}k}$ by assigning alternatively either $0$ or a $1$ to the ends of the straight snake graphs constituting $\mathscr{G}_{p_{n}k}$. In this case, a $0$ is assigned to the first tile in the first row, then a $1$ is assigned to the corresponding last tile, which is the first tile of the next straight snake graph, which has assigned a $0$ in its last tile, and the procedure goes on. Numbers $1$'s are entries of the identities in the matrix block, which can be completed by definition.

The following example illustrates step by step the arguments posed in the proof of Theorem 7. Considering the labeled snake graph $\mathscr{G}_{p_{3}k}$ presented in Figure 10. In Figure 11, $0$ and $1$ are assigned alternately to the ends of each straight snake subgraph, in Figure 12, $\mathscr{G}_{p_{3}k}$ is rolled up into the matrix block and finally using the definition of a preprojective Kronecker module we complete each matrix block (see Figure 4).

The following theorem is the preinjective version of Theorem 7.

Theorem 8. For $n\geq 3$ fixed. The $(2n+1)-$terms snake graph

where $h\in\{n+2, n+4\}$ induces the indecomposable preinjective Kronecker module $(n+1, n)$. Furthermore the corresponding continued fraction of $\mathscr{G}_{i_{n}k}$ has the following form

where $\Delta = 3, \underbrace{1, 1, \ldots, 1}_{n+1}, 3, \underbrace{1, 1, \ldots, 1}_{n-1}, 3, \underbrace{1, 1, \ldots, 1}_{n+1}, 3 \underbrace{1, 1, \ldots, 1}_{n-1}, \ldots$ and the length of $\Delta$, $l(\Delta)$ is

The following result regarding snake graphs $\mathscr{G}_{p_{n}k}$ and $\mathscr{G}_{i_{n}k}$ is easy to see.

Proposition 2. If $l(\mathscr{G})$ denotes the length of a snake graph $\mathscr{G}$, then

and

4.2.1.   Helices

Helices were introduced by the first autor et al. in ^[17]. In this paper, we observe that such helices are nothing but snake graphs associated with non-regular Kronecker modules. For $n\geq1$, let $P_{n}$ be an $(n+1)\times 2n$, $k$-matrix then $P_{n}$ can be partitioned into two $(n+1)\times n$ matrix blocks $A$ and $B$. In such a case we write $P_{n} = (P_{n}, A, B, n)$, where $A = (a_{i, j}) = [C^{A}_{i_{1}}, \dots, C^{A}_{i_{n}}]$, $B = (b_{i, j}) = [C^{B}_{j_{1}}, \dots, C^{B}_{j_{n}}]$, with $C^{A}_{i_{r}}$ ($C^{B}_{j_{s}}$) columns of $P_{n}$, if $I_{A}$ ($I_{B}$) is the set of indices $I_{A} = \{i_{r}\mid 1\leq r\leq n \}$ ($I_{B} = \{j_{s}\mid 1\leq s\leq n\}$) then $I_{A}\cap I_{B} = \varnothing$, and $|I_A| = |I_B| = n$. In this case, each column of the matrix $P_{n}$ belongs either to the matrix $A$ or to the matrix $B$ and a word $W_{P_{n}} = l_{m_{1}}\dots l_{m_{n}}\dots l_{m_{2n}}$, $l_{m_{h}}\in\{A, B\}$, $1\leq h\leq 2n$ is used to denote matrix $P_{n}$ by specifying the way that columns of $P_{n}$ have been assigned to the matrices $A$ and $B$.

A row $r_{P_{n}}$ of $P_{n}$ has the form $(r_{A}, r_{B})$ with $r_{A}$ ($r_{B}$) being a row of the matrix block $A$ ($B$). We let $R_{A}$ ($R_{B}$) denote the set of rows of the matrix block $A$ ($B$), whereas $\mathscr{H}_{n}$ denotes the set of all matrices $P_{n}$ with the aforementioned properties.

An helix associated with a matrix $P_{n}$ of type $\mathscr{H}_{n}$ is a connected directed graph $h$ whose construction goes as follows:

$1)$ (Vertices) Vertices of $h$ are entries of blocks $A$ and $B$. We let $h_{0}$ denote the set of vertices of $h$.

(a) Fix two different rows $i_{P_{n}} = (i_{A}, i_{B})$ and $j_{P_{n}} = (j_{A}, j_{B})$ of $P_{n}$.

(b) Choose sets $P_{A}$ and $P_{B}$ of pivoting entries also called pivoting vertices, $P_{A}\subset A$, $P_{B}\subset B$ such that $|P_{A}| = |P_{B}| = n$. Entries in $A\backslash P_{A}$ and $B\backslash P_{B}$ are said to be exterior entries or exterior vertices. In this case, if $x\in P_{A}$ ($x\in P_{B}$) then $x\notin i_{A}$ ($x\notin j_{B}$).

$P_{A}$ and $P_{B}$ are sets of the form:

Where, $a_{i_{r}, j_{r}}\in R_{A}\backslash i_{A}$, $b_{t_{m}, h_{m}}\in R_{B}\backslash j_{B}$, $1\leq r, m\leq s$. It is chosen just only one entry $a_{i_{r}, j_{r}}$ ($b_{t_{m}, h_{m}}$) for each row in $R_{A}\backslash i_{A}$ ($R_{B}\backslash j_{B}$) and for each column $C_{A}$ ($C_{B}$) of $A$ ($B$).

$2)$ (Arrows) arrows in $h$ are defined in the following fashion:

(a) Arrows in $h$ are either horizontal or vertical. We let $h_{1}$ denote the set of arrows of $h$.

(b) Horizontal arrows connect a vertex of the matrix block $A$ ($B$) with a vertex of the matrix block $B$ ($A$). Vertical arrows only connect vertices in the same matrix block. Starting and ending vertices of horizontal (vertical) arrows are entries of the same row (column) of $P_{n}$.

(c) The starting vertex of a horizontal (vertical) arrow is an exterior (pivoting) vertex. The ending point of a horizontal (vertical) arrow is a pivoting (exterior) vertex.

(d) A pivoting vertex occurs as ending (starting) vertex just once. Thus, $h$ does not cross itself.

(e) The first and last arrow of $h$ are horizontal and its starting vertex belongs to $i_{A}$.

(f) Each vertical arrow is preceded by a unique horizontal arrow, and unless the first arrow, any horizontal arrow is preceded by a vertical arrow.

(g) All the rows of $P_{n}$ are visited by $h$, and no row or column of $P_{n}$ is visited by arrows of $h$ more than once.

(h) There are not horizontal arrows connecting exterior vertices of $j_{A}$ with vertices of $j_{B}$.

Figure 14 is an example of an helix of type

associated with a matrix $P_{3}$ of type $\mathscr{H}_{3}$ and defined by the word $W_{P_{3}} = BAABAB$.

The following Theorems 9 and 10 were proved by the first author et al. in ^[17].

Theorem 9 (Corollary 9, ^[17]). If for $n\geq 1$, $P_{n}$ and $P'_{n}$ are equivalent preprojective Kronecker modules with dimension vector of the form $[n+1 \quad n]$ and corresponding sets of helices $H_{P_{n}}$ and $H_{P'_{n}}$ then $|H_{P_{n}}| = |H_{P'_{n}}|$.

Helices associated with preprojective (preinjective) Kronecker modules are said to be preprojective (preinjective) Kronecker snake graphs or simply Kronecker snake graphs, if no confusion arises (note that, preprojective Kronecker snake graphs $\mathscr{G}_{p_{n}k}$ are helices).

Theorem 10 (Theorem 10, ^[17]). If for $n\geq1$, $P_{n}$ denotes a preprojective Kronecker module then the number of helices associated with $P_{n}$ is $h^{P_{n}}_{n} = n!\lceil\frac{n}{2}\rceil$ where $\lceil x \rceil$ denotes the smallest integer greatest than $x$.

The proof of Theorem 10 is based on a bijection between maximal paths (connecting the vertex-root with vertices at the last level) of trees (Kronecker trees) $T_{n}$ shown in Figure 16 and Kronecker snake graphs, for $n\geq 1$ fixed.

4.2.2.   Brauer configuration algebras induced by preprojective Kronecker modules

This section introduces Brauer configuration algebras induced by Kronecker modules, which according to Theorem 7 can be constructed from a snake graph.

For $n\geq 1$, let $\Psi^{n}$ be a labeled Brauer configuration, such that $\Psi^{n} = (\Psi^{n}_{0}, \Psi^{n}_{1}, \mu, \mathcal{O})$. The labeling is given by $(n+1)\times n$ matrix blocks $A$, and $B$ related to canonical preprojective Kronecker modules (see Figure 4). $\Psi^{n}$ satisfies the following conditions:

Admissible ideal $I$ such that the Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda_{\Psi^{n}} = {\mathbb{F}}Q_{\Psi^{n}}/I$ is generated by the following relations, in this case, we use symbols $\alpha^{h}_{0, i}$, and $\beta^{h'}_{1, j}$ to denote arrows in sets $\alpha^{h}_{0}$, and $\beta^{h}_{1}$, respectively, $h = 1, 2$.

1) $l^{h}_{0, j}\beta^{h}_{1}$, for all $l^{h}_{0, j}\in l^{h}_{0}$, $h = 1, 2$.

2) $l^{h}_{1, i}\alpha^{h}_{0}$, for all $l^{h}_{1, i}\in l^{h}_{1}$, $\alpha^{h}_{0}\in\beta^{h}_{1}$.

3) $(l^{h}_{m, n})^{2} = l^{h}_{m, n}$, for all possible values of $n$, $m = 0, 1$.

1. $\alpha^{h}_{0}\beta^{h'}_{1}$, $\beta^{h}_{1}\alpha^{h}_{0}$.

Figure 17 shows the shape of a Brauer quiver $Q_{\Psi^{n}}$ associated with a Brauer configuration $\Psi^{n}$, for $n\geq1$ fixed.

Theorem 11. For $n\geq1$ fixed, the following properties hold for the Brauer configuration algebra $\Lambda_{\Psi^{n}}$

Where $t_{i}$ denotes the $i$th triangular number.

Proof. It suffices to observe that $val(0) = 2n^{2}$, and $val(1) = 2n$.

4.2.3.   The Kronecker energy

If $M(Q)$ is the $m\times n$-adjacency matrix of a quiver $Q$. And $\sigma_{1}\geq \sigma_{2}\geq\dots\geq \sigma_{n}$ is the set of singular values of $M(Q)$ ^[3]. Then, the trace norm $||M(Q)||_{*}$ of $M(Q)$ is given by the sum

The trace norm of a quiver is a generalization of the energy $\mathcal{E}(G)$ of a graph $G$, which is the sum of the absolute values of its adjacency matrix eigenvalues.

The main problem in the theory of graph energy consists of estimating the energy value (trace norm value) of significant classes of graphs (matrices). Bearing in mind that the trace norm of a given matrix is the sum of its singular values as defined in identity (4.10).

In this paper, we estimate the trace norm value of a Kronecker tree of type $T_{n}$ (see Figure 16) defined by preprojective Kronecker snake graphs.

Theorem 12. For $n\ge1$ fixed, the trace norm $||M(T_{n})||_{*}$ of the Kronecker tree $T_{n}$ satisfies the following inequalities:

Where $n_{2}$ is the number of bifurcations of $T_{n}$.

Proof. By construction, we note that, there is a bijection $f:B\longrightarrow S$, where $B$ is the set of ramifications of the form and the set of singular values of $M(T_{n})$ given by the rule $f(b_{n}) = \sqrt{n}$. In fact, the characteristic polynomial $\mathcal{P}_{n}(\lambda)$ has the form:

$n_{k} = 1$. In this case, $n_{2}$ is the largest multiplicity. Thus,

$\underset{j = 0}{\overset{n}{\sum\limits}}\sqrt{j} = ||M(T_{n})||_{*}\leq n_{2}(\underset{i = 1}{\overset{n-2}{\sum\limits}}\sqrt{i})+\sqrt{n}\leq n_{2}\frac{2(n-2)^{3/2}}{3}+2\sqrt{n} = \frac{2n_{2}(n-2)^{3/2}+6\sqrt{n}}{3}$.

On the other hand,

$||M(T_{n})||_{*}\geq\underset{j = 0}{\overset{n}{\sum\limits}}\sqrt{n} = \underset{i = 1}{\overset{n}{\sum\limits}}i(2i+1)+d\lceil\sqrt{n}\rceil = \frac{(n-1)(n)(4n+1)}{6}+d\lceil\sqrt{n}\rceil$. We are done.

The following result regards the trace norm of non-regular Kronecker modules. Note that, these modules are matrix interpretations of polygons $\Psi^{n}_{1}$ in Brauer configuration (4.8).

Theorem 13. For $n\geq 1$ fixed, $||(n+1, n)||_{*} = ||(n, n+1)||_{*} = 2n$

Proof. Considered as matrices, it holds that $(n+1, n)^{t}(n+1, n) = diag(1, 2, 2, \dots, 2, 1)_{n+1}$. The corresponding singular values are $\sigma_{1} = \sigma_{2} = \dots = \sigma_{n-1} = 2$, $\sigma_{n} = \sigma_{n+1} = 1$. On the other hand, $(n, n+1)(n, n+1)^{t} = diag(2, 2, \dots, 2, 2)$, therefore the associated singular values are $\sigma_{1} = \sigma_{2} = \dots = \sigma_{n} = 2$.

5.   Concluding remarks

Brauer configuration algebras defined by Kronecker modules can be associated with string snake graphs. In particular, non-regular Kronecker modules can be built via suitable snake graphs. Since non-regular Kronecker modules have a matrix presentation, giving their trace norm values is also possible.

To obtain results as those presented in this paper for other matrix problems as the four subspace problem is an interesting task for the future.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Alexander Zavadskij seminar on Representation of Algebras and Their Applications at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflicts of interest.