By integrating multiple superconducting magnetic energy storage units (SMESU), the multi-superconducting magnetic energy storage system (M-SMES) facilitates the capacity expansion and standardization of energy storage systems. However, during parallel operation, parameter and dynamic mismatches among units often cause uneven power sharing and circulating currents. To address this, an adaptive virtual synchronous generator (AVSG) control method was proposed to achieve stable operation. First, the power transfer characteristics of M-SMES and the circulating current characteristics arising from the cascaded converter structure were analyzed. Second, a coordinated control strategy for the cascaded converters was designed accordingly. The front-stage DC/DC chopper employs voltage-current dual-loop control to guarantee DC-link voltage stability, while the rear-stage DC/AC inverter adopts adaptive inertia and damping control to ensure efficient and stable power delivery, thereby achieving effective active power sharing and reducing active circulating currents. Subsequently, the virtual complex impedance was dynamically adjusted based on the reactive power deviation to accomplish reactive power sharing and suppress reactive circulating currents. Finally, simulation results of a three-unit parallel system on the Matlab/Simulink platform verify the superior performance of the proposed strategy in power sharing and circulating current suppression.
Citation: Jiayi Fan, Youbing Zhang, Hongwu Pan, Jipeng Gu, Luyao Xie, Changlin Yang. Power sharing and circulating current suppression control of M-SMES based on AVSG[J]. AIMS Energy, 2026, 14(5): 1005-1032. doi: 10.3934/energy.2026041
By integrating multiple superconducting magnetic energy storage units (SMESU), the multi-superconducting magnetic energy storage system (M-SMES) facilitates the capacity expansion and standardization of energy storage systems. However, during parallel operation, parameter and dynamic mismatches among units often cause uneven power sharing and circulating currents. To address this, an adaptive virtual synchronous generator (AVSG) control method was proposed to achieve stable operation. First, the power transfer characteristics of M-SMES and the circulating current characteristics arising from the cascaded converter structure were analyzed. Second, a coordinated control strategy for the cascaded converters was designed accordingly. The front-stage DC/DC chopper employs voltage-current dual-loop control to guarantee DC-link voltage stability, while the rear-stage DC/AC inverter adopts adaptive inertia and damping control to ensure efficient and stable power delivery, thereby achieving effective active power sharing and reducing active circulating currents. Subsequently, the virtual complex impedance was dynamically adjusted based on the reactive power deviation to accomplish reactive power sharing and suppress reactive circulating currents. Finally, simulation results of a three-unit parallel system on the Matlab/Simulink platform verify the superior performance of the proposed strategy in power sharing and circulating current suppression.
| [1] |
Adetokun BB, Oghorada O, Abubakar SJ (2022) Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems: Prospects and challenges for renewable energy applications. J Energy Storage 55: 105663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105663 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105663
|
| [2] |
Chen XY, Jin JX, Xin Y, et al. (2014) Integrated SMES technology for modern power system and future smart grid. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 24: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2014.2346502 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2014.2346502
|
| [3] |
Chen L, Chen HK, Li YH, et al. (2018) SMES-battery energy storage system for the stabilization of a photovoltaic-based microgrid. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 28: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2018.2799544 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2799544
|
| [4] |
Chen L, You XY, Li ZQ, et al. (2024) Optimal impedance reshaping approach for inhibiting subsynchronous oscillation in virtual synchronous generator based on SMES-Battery. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 34: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3456578 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3456578
|
| [5] |
Liang XD, Andalib C, Li WX, et al. (2021) Adaptive virtual impedance-based reactive power sharing in virtual synchronous generator controlled microgrids. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 57: 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.3039223 doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3039223
|
| [6] |
Wu TZ, Ye FC, Su YH, et al. (2020) Coordinated control strategy of DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system to smooth power output fluctuation. INT J Low-Carbon Tec 15: 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz056 doi: 10.1093/ijlct/ctz056
|
| [7] |
Zargar MY, Mufti M, Lone SA (2017) Adaptive predictive control of a small capacity SMES unit for improved frequency control of a wind-diesel power system. IET Renew Power Gener 11: 1832–1840. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0074 doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0074
|
| [8] |
Shi J, Lin DQ, Liao M, et al. (2022) The influence of SMES magnet operation parameters on voltage distribution characteristic. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 32: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2022.3161858 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3161858
|
| [9] |
Nguyen T, Yoo H, Kim H, et al. (2016) Applying model predictive control to SMES system in microgrids for eddy current losses reduction. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 26: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2016.2524511 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2524511
|
| [10] |
Lin DQ, Shi J, Zhou JC, et al. (2024) A novel PCS control strategy for SMES to suppress overvoltage of magnet. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 34: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3370141 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3370141
|
| [11] |
Li C, Yang YQ, Blaabjerg F, et al. (2025) Mechanism analysis for oscillation transferring in grid-forming virtual synchronous generator connected to power network. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 72: 8715–8720. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3531473 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2025.3531473
|
| [12] |
Li C, Yang YQ, Li Y, et al. (2025) Modeling for oscillation propagation with frequency-voltage coupling effect in grid-connected virtual synchronous generator. IEEE Trans Power Electron 40: 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2024.3460757 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2024.3460757
|
| [13] |
Yang YQ, Chen XL, Pan MY, et al. (2026) Feedforward-feedback compound control to improve dynamic and steady-state performance of grid-forming virtual synchronous generator. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 178: 111905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111905 doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111905
|
| [14] |
Wu QF, Guan RZ, Sun XF, et al. (2018) SoC balancing strategy for multiple energy storage units with different capacities in islanded microgrids based on droop control. IEEE J Em Sel Top P 6: 1932–1941. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2789481 doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2789481
|
| [15] |
Wan XF, Ding XH, Hu HL, et al. (2021) An enhanced second-order-consensus-based distributed secondary frequency controller of virtual synchronous generators for isolated AC microgrids. Energy Rep 7: 5228–5238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.112 doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.112
|
| [16] |
Moestyn TM, Hredzak B, Agelidis V, et al. (2018) Control strategies for microgrids with distributed energy storage systems: an overview. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9: 3652–3666. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2637958 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2637958
|
| [17] |
Yang J, Jin XM, Wu XZ, et al. (2017) Decentralized control method for DC microgrids with improved current sharing accuracy. IET Gener Transm Dis 11: 696–706. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0295 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0295
|
| [18] |
Brandao D, Santos R, Silva W, et al. (2021) Model-Free energy management system for hybrid alternating current/direct current microgrids. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 68: 3982–3991. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2020.2984993 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2984993
|
| [19] |
Cabrane Z, Kim J, Yoo K, et al. (2021) HESS-based Photovoltaic/batteries/supercapacitors: Energy management strategy and DC bus voltage stabilization. Sol Energy 216: 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.01.048 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.01.048
|
| [20] |
Feng K, Liu CH (2022) Distributed hierarchical control for fast frequency restoration in VSG-controlled islanded microgrids. OJ-IES 3: 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2022.3202431 doi: 10.1109/OJIES.2022.3202431
|
| [21] |
Liu L, Sheng J, Wang XL, et al. (2024) Test of charging and grid connected process for SMES. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 34: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3360939 doi: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3360939
|
| [22] | Pahasa J, Ngamroo I (2021) Two-stage optimization based on SOC control of SMES installed in hybrid wind/PV system for stabilizing voltage and power fluctuations. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 31: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2021.3089119 |
| [23] |
Hou XC, Sun Y, Zhang X, et al. (2020) Improvement of frequency regulation in VSG-based AC microgrid via adaptive virtual inertia. IEEE Trans Power Electron 35: 1589–1602. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2019.2923734 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2923734
|
| [24] |
Sun P, Yao J, Zhao Y, et al. (2021) Stability assessment and damping optimization control of multiple grid-connected virtual synchronous generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 36: 3555–3567. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2021.3104348 doi: 10.1109/TEC.2021.3104348
|
| [25] |
Shi K, Chen C, Sun YX, et al. (2020) Rotor inertia adaptive control and inertia matching strategy based on parallel virtual synchronous generators system. IET Gener Transm Dis 14: 1854–1861. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1394 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1394
|
Figures(19) / Tables(4)
Jiayi Fan, Youbing Zhang, Hongwu Pan, Jipeng Gu, Luyao Xie, Changlin Yang. Power sharing and circulating current suppression control of M-SMES based on AVSG[J]. AIMS Energy, 2026, 14(5): 1005-1032. doi: 10.3934/energy.2026041
DownLoad: