Nucleus Accumbens and Its Role in Reward and Emotional Circuitry: A Potential Hot Mess in Substance Use and Emotional Disorders

1.   Introduction

First we give the definitions of generalized fractional integral operators which are special cases of the unified integral operators defined in (1.9), (1.10).

Definition 1.1. ^[1] Let $f:[a, b]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ be an integrable function. Also let $g$ be an increasing and positive function on $(a, b]$, having a continuous derivative $g^{\prime}$ on $(a, b)$. The left-sided and right-sided fractional integrals of a function $f$ with respect to another function $g$ on $[a, b]$ of order ${\mu}$ where $\Re(\mu) > 0$ are defined by:

where $\Gamma(.)$ is the gamma function.

Definition 1.2. ^[2] Let $f:[a, b]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ be an integrable function. Also let $g$ be an increasing and positive function on $(a, b]$, having a continuous derivative $g^{\prime}$ on $(a, b)$. The left-sided and right-sided fractional integrals of a function $f$ with respect to another function $g$ on $[a, b]$ of order ${\mu}$ where $\Re(\mu), k > 0$ are defined by:

where $\Gamma_{k}(.)$ is defined as follows ^[3]:

A fractional integral operator containing an extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function in its kernel is defined as follows:

Definition 1.3. ^[4] Let $\omega, \mu, \alpha, l, \gamma, c\in \mathbb{C}$, $\Re(\mu), \Re(\alpha), \Re(l) > 0$, $\Re(c) > \Re(\gamma) > 0$ with $p\geq0$, $\delta > 0$ and $0 < k\leq\delta+\Re(\mu)$. Let $f\in L_{1}[a, b]$ and $x\in[a, b].$ Then the generalized fractional integral operators $\epsilon_{\mu, \alpha, l, \omega, a^{+}}^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}f$ and $\epsilon_{\mu, \alpha, l, \omega, b^{-}}^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}f$ are defined by:

where

is the extended generalized Mittag-Leffler function and $(c)_{nk}$ is the Pochhammer symbol defined by $(c)_{nk} = \frac{\Gamma(c+nk)}{\Gamma(c)}$.

Recently, a unified integral operator is defined as follows:

Definition 1.4. ^[5] Let $f, g:[a, b]\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $0 < a < b$, be the functions such that $f$ be positive and $f\in L_{1}[a, b]$, and $g$ be differentiable and strictly increasing. Also let $\frac{\phi}{x}$ be an increasing function on $[a, \infty)$ and $\alpha, l, \gamma, c$ $\in$ $\mathbb{C}$, $p, \mu, \delta$ $\geq$ 0 and $0 < k\leq \delta + \mu$. Then for $x\in[a, b]$ the left and right integral operators are defined by

where the involved kernel is defined by

For suitable settings of functions $\phi$, $g$ and certain values of parameters included in Mittag-Leffler function, several recently defined known fractional and conformable fractional integrals studied in ^{[6,7,8,9,10,1,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]} can be reproduced, see [18,Remarks 6&7].

The aim of this study is to derive the bounds of all aforementioned integral operators in a unified form for $(s, m)$-convex functions. These bounds will hold particularly for $m$-convex, $s$-convex and convex functions and for almost all fractional and conformable integrals defined in ^{[6,7,8,9,10,1,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]}.

Definition 1.5. ^[19] A function $f:[0, b]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}, \, b > 0$ is said to be $(s, m)$-convex, where $(s, m)\in[0, 1]^{2}$ if

holds for all $x, y\in[0, b]\, \, and\, \, t\in[0, 1].$

Remark 1. 1. If we take $(s, m)$ = $(1, m)$, then (1.12) gives the definition of $m$-convex function.

2. If we take $(s, m)$ = $(1, 1)$, then (1.12) gives the definition of convex function.

3. If we take $(s, m)$ = $(1, 0)$, then (1.12) gives the definition of star-shaped function.

2.   Properties of the kernel $K_{x}^{y}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)$

P1: Let $g$ and $\frac{\phi}{x}$ be increasing functions. Then for $x < t < y$, $x, y\in[a, b]$ the kernel $K_{x}^{y}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)$ satisfies the following inequality:

This can be obtained from the following two straightforward inequalities:

The reverse of inequality (1.9) holds when $g$ and $\frac{\phi}{x}$ are decreasing.

P2: Let $g$ and $\frac{\phi}{x}$ be increasing functions. If $\phi(0) = \phi'(0) = 0$, then for $x, y\in[a, b], \, x < y$,

$K_{y}^{x}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)\geq0$.

P3: For $p, q \in \mathbb{R}$,

$K_{y}^{x}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;p\phi_1+q\phi_2) = p K_{y}^{x}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi_1)+q K_{y}^{x}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi_2).$

The upcoming section contains the results which deal with the bounds of several integral operators in a compact form by utilizing $(s, m)$-convex functions. A version of the Hadamard inequality in a compact form is presented, also a modulus inequality is given for differentiable function $f$ such that $|f'|$ is $(s, m)$-convex function.

3.   Main results

In this section first we will state the main results. The following result provides upper bound of unified integral operators.

Theorem 3.1. Let $f:[a, b]\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $0\leq a < b$ be a positive integrable $(s, m)$-convex function, $m\in(0, 1]$. Let $g:[a, b]\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be differentiable and strictly increasing function, also let $\frac{\phi}{x}$ be an increasing function on $[a, b]$. If $\alpha, \beta, l, \gamma, c \in\mathbb{C}$, $p, \mu \geq 0, \delta \geq 0$ and $0 < k\leq \delta + \mu$, then for $x\in(a, b)$ the following inequality holds for unified integral operators:

Lemma 3.2. ^[20] Let $f: [0, \infty] \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$, be an $(s, m)$-convex function, $m\in(0, 1]$. If $f(x) = f(\frac{a+b-x}{m})$, then the following inequality holds:

The following result provides generalized Hadamard inequality for $(s, m)$-convex functions.

Theorem 3.3. Under the assumptions of Theorem 3.1, in addition if $f(x) = f\left(\dfrac{a+b-x}{m}\right)$, $m\in(0, 1]$, then the following inequality holds:

Theorem 3.4. Let $f:[a, b]\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $0\leq a < b$ be a differentiable function. If $|f'|$ is $(s, m)$-convex, $m\in(0, 1]$ and $g:[a, b]\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be differentiable and strictly increasing function, also let $\frac{\phi}{x}$ be an increasing function on $[a, b]$. If $\alpha, \beta, l, \gamma, c\in\mathbb{C}$, $p, \mu \geq 0$, $\delta \geq 0$ and $0 < k\leq \delta + \mu$, then for $x\in(a, b)$ we have

where

4.   Proofs of main results

In this section we give the proves of the results stated in aforementioned section.

Proof of Theorem 3.1. By $(\bf{P_1})$, the following inequalities hold:

For $(s, m)$-convex function the following inequalities hold:

From (4.1) and (4.3), the following integral inequality holds true:

Further the aforementioned inequality takes the form which involves Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals in the right hand side, provides the upper bound of unified left sided integral operator (1.1) as follows:

On the other hand from (4.2) and (4.4), the following integral inequality holds true:

Further the aforementioned inequality takes the form which involves Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals in the right hand side, provides the upper bound of unified right sided integral operator (1.2) as follows:

By adding (4.6) and (4.8), (3.1) can be obtained.

Remark 2. (ⅰ) If we consider $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.1), [18,Theorem 1] is obtained.

(ⅱ) If we consider $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.1), [20,Theorem 1] is obtained.

(ⅲ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha}$, $p = \omega = 0$ and $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.1), [21,Theorem 1] is obtained.

(ⅳ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅲ), then [21,Corollary 1] is obtained.

(ⅴ) If we consider $\phi(t) = t^{\alpha}$, $g(x) = x$ and $m = 1$ in (3.1), then [22,Theorem 2.1] is obtained.

(ⅵ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (v), then [22,Corollary 2.1] is obtained.

(ⅶ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \frac{\Gamma (\alpha) t^\frac{\alpha}{k}}{k\Gamma_k(\alpha)}$, $(s, m)$ = (1, 1), $g(x) = x$ and $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.1), then [23,Theorem 1] can be obtained.

(ⅷ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅶ), then [23,Corollary 1] can be obtained.

(ⅸ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha}$, $g(x) = x$ and $p = \omega = 0$ and $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.1), then [24,Theorem 1] is obtained.

(ⅹ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅸ), then [24,Corollary 1] can be obtained.

(ⅹⅰ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta = 1$ and $x = a\, \ or \, \ x = b$ in the result of (x), then [24,Corollary 2] can be obtained.

(ⅹⅱ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta = 1$ and $x = \dfrac{a+b}{2}$ in the result of (ⅹ), then [24,Corollary 3] can be obtained.

Proof of Theorem 3.3. By $(\bf{P_1})$, the following inequalities hold:

For $(s, m)$-convex function $f$, the following inequality holds:

From (4.9) and (4.11), the following integral inequality holds true:

Further the aforementioned inequality takes the form which involves Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals in the right hand side, provides the upper bound of unified right sided integral operator (1.1) as follows:

On the other hand from (4.9) and (4.11), the following inequality holds which involves Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals on the right hand side and estimates of the integral operator (1.2):

By adding (4.12) and (4.13), following inequality can be obtained:

Multiplying both sides of (3.2) by $K_{x}^{a}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)g'(x)$, and integrating over $[a, b]$ we have

From Definition 1.4, the following inequality is obtained:

Similarly multiplying both sides of (3.2) by $K_{b}^{x}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \beta, l}, g;\phi)g'(x)$, and integrating over $[a, b]$ we have

By adding (4.15) and (4.16) the following inequality is obtained:

Using (4.14) and (4.17), inequality (3.3) can be obtained, this completes the proof.

Remark 3. (ⅰ) If we consider $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.3), [18,Theorem 2] is obtained.

(ⅱ) If we consider $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.3), [20,Theorem 3] is obtained.

(ⅲ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha+1}$, $p = \omega = 0$ and $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.3), [21,Theorem 3] is obtained.

(ⅳ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (iii), then [21,Corollary 3] is obtained.

(ⅴ) If we consider $\phi(t) = t^{\alpha+1}$, $g(x) = x$ and $m = 1$ in (3.3), then [22,Theorem 2.4] is obtained.

(ⅵ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (v), then [22,Corollary 2.6] is obtained.

(ⅶ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma (\alpha) t^{\frac{\alpha}{k}+1}$, $(s, m)$ = (1, 1), $g(x) = x$ and $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.3), then [23,Theorem 3] can be obtained.

(ⅷ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅶ), then [23,Corollary 6] can be obtained.

(ⅸ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha+1}$, $p = \omega = 0$, $(s, m) = 1$ and $g(x) = x$ in (3.3), [24,Theorem 3] can be obtained.

(ⅹ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅸ), [24,Corrolary 6] can be obtained.

Proof of Theorem 3.4. For $(s, m)$-convex function the following inequalities hold:

From (4.1) and (4.18), the following inequality is obtained:

Similarly, from (4.2) and (4.19), the following inequality is obtained:

By adding (4.20) and (4.21), inequality (3.4) can be achieved.

Remark 4. (ⅰ) If we consider $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.4), then [18,Theorem 3] is obtained.

(ⅱ) If we consider $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.4), then [20,Theorem 2] is obtained.

(ⅲ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha+1}$, $p = \omega = 0$ and $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.4), then [21,Theorem 2] is obtained.

(ⅳ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (iii), then [21,Corollary 2] is obtained.

(ⅴ) If we consider $\phi(t) = t^{\alpha}$, $g(x) = x$ and $m = 1$ in (3.4), then [22,Theorem 2.3] is obtained.

(ⅵ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (v), then [22,Corollary 2.5] is obtained.

(ⅶ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma (\alpha) t^{\frac{\alpha}{k}+1}$, $(s, m)$ = (1, 1), $g(x) = x$ and $p = \omega = 0$ in (3.4), then [23,Theorem 2] can be obtained.

(ⅷ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (ⅶ), then [23,Corollary 4] can be obtained.

(ⅸ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta = k = 1$ and $x = \dfrac{a+b}{2}$, in the result of (ⅷ), then [23,Corollary 5] can be obtained.

(ⅹ) If we consider $\phi(t) = \Gamma(\alpha)t^{\alpha+1}$, $g(x) = x$ and $p = \omega = 0$ and $(s, m)$ = (1, 1) in (3.4), then [24,Theorem 2] is obtained.

(ⅹⅰ) If we consider $\alpha = \beta$ in the result of (x), then [24,Corollary 5] can be obtained.

5.   Boundedness and continuity

In this section, we have established boundedness and continuity of unified integral operators for $m$-convex and convex functions.

Theorem 5.1. Under the assumptions of Theorem 1, the following inequality holds for $m$-convex functions:

Proof. If we put $s = 1$ in (4.5), we have

Further from simplification of (5.2), the following inequality holds:

Similarly from (4.8), the following inequality holds:

From (5.3) and (5.4), (5.1) can be obtained.

Theorem 5.2. With assumptions of Theorem 4, if $f\in L_{\infty}[a, b]$, then unified integral operators for $m$-convex functions are bounded and continuous.

Proof. From (5.3) we have

which further gives

where $K = (g(b)-g(a))(m+1)K_{b}^{a}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)$.

Similarly, from (5.4) the following inequality holds:

Hence the boundedness is followed, further from linearity the continuity of (1.9) and (1.10) is obtained.

Corollary 1. If we take $m = 1$ in Theorem 5, then unified integral operators for convex functions are bounded and continuous and following inequalities hold:

where $K = 2(g(b)-g(a))K_{b}^{a}(E^{\gamma, \delta, k, c}_{\mu, \alpha, l}, g;\phi)$.

6.   Conclusions

This paper has explored bounds of a unified integral operator for $(s, m)$-convex functions. These bounds are obtained in a compact form which have further interesting consequences with respect to fractional and conformable integrals for convex, $m$-convex and $s$-convex functions. Furthermore by applying Theorems 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 several associated results can be derived for different kinds of fractional integral operators of convex, $m$-convex and $s$-convex functions.

Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored in part by Social Science Planning Fund of Liaoning Province of China(L15AJL001, L16BJY011, L18AJY001), Scientific Research Fund of The Educational Department of Liaoning Province(2017LNZD07, 2016FRZD03), Scientific Research Fund of University of science and technology Liaoning(2016RC01, 2016FR01)

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.