Phenotypic and molecular characterization of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> from mobile phones in Nigeria

Anthonia O. Oluduro; Yetunde M. Adesiyan; Olumide O. Omoboye; Adebowale T. Odeyemi; Anthonia O. Oluduro; Yetunde M. Adesiyan; Olumide O. Omoboye; Adebowale T. Odeyemi

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2023021

AIMS Microbiology

2023, Volume 9, Issue 3: 402-418. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2023021

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Research article

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from mobile phones in Nigeria

1.
Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
2.
Landmark University SDG Groups 2 and 3; Department of Food Sciences and Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria

Received: 11 January 2023 Revised: 03 March 2023 Accepted: 07 March 2023 Published: 23 April 2023

The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, a normal human flora on cellphones of different professionals in Ile-Ife was investigated with a view to determining their antibiotic susceptibility profile and nature of resistance and virulence genes. One hundred swab samples were collected aseptically from mobile phones of various users based on their profession. Surfaces of the mobile phones were swabbed and the streak plate method was used to isolate colonies showing characteristic golden yellow on mannitol salt agar plates. These isolates were further identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion technique. Molecular detection of nuc, mecA and pvl genes in some isolates was carried out by polymerase chain reaction technique. All the 36 isolates obtained in this study were 100% resistant to amoxicillin and augmentin; the isolates also displayed 55.6%, 44.4% and 41.7% resistance to ceftriazone, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Based on resistance to oxacillin, prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 11.1%. Only one S. aureus was positive for plasmid analysis. MecA gene was genetically confirmed in four (4) out of the 16 suspected phenotypic MRSA strains, nuc gene was confirmed in all 28 isolates investigated, while there was no pvl gene in the strains investigated. Mobile phones harbor multiple antibiotics resistant S. aureus, which are responsible for important diseases in humans and could be difficult to manage with antibiotics thereby posing serious health risks.

Keywords:

Citation: Anthonia O. Oluduro, Yetunde M. Adesiyan, Olumide O. Omoboye, Adebowale T. Odeyemi. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from mobile phones in Nigeria[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2023, 9(3): 402-418. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2023021

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Abstract

1. Introduction

The porous media fluid defined in a two-dimensional semi-infinite pipe has received extensive attention. Liu et al. ^[1] defined a semi-infinite strip pipe whose generatrix is parallel to the coordinate axis (see Figure 1) and obtained the Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative result of shallow water equations.

Figure 1. Cylindrical pipe 1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Payne and Schaefer ^[2] considered the case that the generatrix is not parallel to the coordinate axis (see Figure 2) and obtained the Phragmén-Lindelöf alternative for the biharmonic equation.

Figure 2. Cylindrical pipe 2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Recently, Li and Chen ^[3] considered the Darcy equations on a semi-infinite channel which was defined as

$R = \Big\{(x_1, x_2)|x_1 > a, 0 < x_2 < h(x_1)\Big\},$

where $a > 0$ and $h(x_1)$ is a smooth curve in the plane. They proved that the solutions of Darcy equations grow polynomially or decay exponentially as a spatial variable $x_1\rightarrow \infty$ . For more on such studies, one can see ^[2,4,5,6].

In this paper, we consider the convergence result on the Soret coefficient of the Darcy model in $R$ . The importance of this type of convergence result was discussed by Hirsch and Smale ^[7] and there have been a lot of results. At first, people mainly focused on the structural stability of the solutions of various systems of partial differential equations in bounded domains (see ^{[8,9,10,11,12,13,14]}). Later, many scholars extended the study of structural stability to the case that there are two kinds of interface links in a bounded region (see ^{[15,16,17,18]}). Li et al. ^[19,20] considered the structural stability of Brinkman-Forechheimer equations and the thermoelastic equations of type III on a three-dimensional semi-infinite cylinder, respectively. The generatrix of the cylinder was parallel to the coordinate axis. However, the stability of partial differential equations on a two-dimensional pipe has not received enough attention. It is especially emphasized that the generatrix of the pipe considered in this paper is not parallel to the coordinate axis.

We investigate the following double-diffusive Darcy flow of a fluid through a porous medium in $R$ which can be written as (see ^[21])

$\begin{align} u_\alpha = -p_{, \alpha}+g_\alpha T+h_\alpha C, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.1)

$\begin{align} u_{\alpha, \alpha} = 0, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.2)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}T+u_\alpha T_{, \alpha} = \Delta T, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.3)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}C+u_\alpha C_{, \alpha} = \Delta C+\sigma\Delta T, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.4)

where $\alpha = 1, 2$ . $u_\alpha, p, T$ and $C$ represent the velocity, pressure, temperature, and concentration of the flow, respectively. $g_\alpha$ and $h_\alpha$ are bounded functions. $\sigma > 0$ is the Soret coefficient. For simplicity, we assume $\boldsymbol{g}$ and $\boldsymbol{h}$ satisfy $|\boldsymbol{g}|, \ |\boldsymbol{h}|\leq1.$ In this paper, we also use the summation convention summed from 1 to 2, and a comma is used to indicate differentiation. e.g., $u_{\alpha, \beta}u_{\alpha, \beta} = \sum_{\alpha, \beta = 1}^2\Big(\frac{\partial u_\alpha}{\partial x_\beta}\Big)^2$ .

The initial-boundary conditions can be written as

$\begin{align} u_\alpha(x_1, 0, t) = u_\alpha(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.5)

$\begin{align} T(x_1, 0, t) = T(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.6)

$\begin{align} C(x_1, 0, t) = C(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.7)

$\begin{align} u_\alpha(a, x_2, t) = F_\alpha(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.8)

$\begin{align} T(a, x_2, t) = H(x_2, t), C(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{H}(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.9)

$\begin{align} T(x_1, x_2, 0) = T_0(x_1, x_2), \ C(x_1, x_2, 0) = C_0(x_1, x_2), \ &(x_1, x_2)\in R, \end{align}$

(1.10)

where $T_0$ and $C_0$ are given functions. $F_\alpha$ , $H$ and $\widetilde{H}$ are differentiable functions which are assumed to satisfy the appropriate compatibility conditions

$F_\alpha(h(a), t) = H(h(a), t) = \widetilde{H}(h(a), t) = 0.$

Now, we let $v(x_1, x_ 2, t)$ denote a stream function which satisfies

$u_1 = v_{, 2}, u_2 = -v_{, 1}.$

Equations (1.1)–(1.8) can be converted to

$\begin{align} \Delta v = -\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{g}}T-{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot T-\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{h}}C-{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot C, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.11)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}T+\nabla^\bot v\cdot\nabla T = \Delta T, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.12)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}C+\nabla^\bot v\cdot\nabla C = \Delta C+\sigma\Delta T, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(1.13)

$\begin{align} v(x_1, 0, t) = v(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.14)

$\begin{align} v_n(x_1, 0, t) = v_n(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.15)

$\begin{align} T(x_1, 0, t) = T(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.16)

$\begin{align} C(x_1, 0, t) = C(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.17)

$\begin{align} v(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{F}_1(x_2, t) = \int_0^{x_2}F_1(s, t)ds, \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.18)

$\begin{align} v_{, 1}(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{F}_2(x_2, t) = -F_2(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.19)

$\begin{align} T(a, x_2, t) = H(x_2, t), \ C(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{H}(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(1.20)

$\begin{align} T(x_1, x_2, 0) = T_0(x_1, x_2), \ C(x_1, x_2, 0) = C_0(x_1, x_2), \ &(x_1, x_2)\in R, \end{align}$

(1.21)

where $v_n$ is the outward normal derivative of $v$ , $\boldsymbol{g} = (g_1, g_2), \ \boldsymbol{h} = (h_1, h_2)$ and $\nabla^\bot = (\partial_{x_2}, -\partial_{x_1})$ .

In the next section, we give several lemmas that have been derived in the literature. In Section 3, we derive an important lemma that can be used to derive our main result. In Section 4, we obtain the convergence result on the Soret coefficient and give some concrete examples. Section 5 shows the summary and outlook of this paper.

2. Preliminary

We also introduce the notations

$R_z = \Big\{(x_1, x_2)|x_1\geq z > a, 0 < x_2 < h(x_1)\Big\},$

$L_z = \Big\{(x_1, x_2)|x_1 = z\geq a, 0 < x_2 < h(z)\Big\},$

where $z$ is a running variable along the $x_1$ axis.

Here are some lemmas that will be often used in this paper.

Lemma 2.1 (see ^[5,22]) If $w(x_1, 0) = w(x_1, h) = 0$ and $w_n(x_1, 0) = w_n(x_1, h) = 0,$ then the following Wirtinger type inequality holds

$\begin{align*} \int_{L_z} w^2dx_2\leq\frac{h^2}{\pi^2}\int_{L_z}(w_{, 2})^2dx_2, \end{align*}$

where $z > 0$ is a moving point on the $x_1$ axis.

Lemma 2.2 If $\varphi(x_1, 0) = \varphi(x_1, h) = 0$ and $\varphi\rightarrow0,$ as $x_1\rightarrow \infty$ , then

$\begin{align*} \int_{R_z}\varphi^4dx_2d\xi\leq\Big(\int_{R_z}\varphi^2dx_2d\xi\Big) \Big(\int_{R_z}\varphi_{, \alpha}\varphi_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi\Big). \end{align*}$

Proof. Since $\varphi(x_1, 0) = \varphi(x_1, h) = 0,$ we have

$\begin{align} \varphi^2(x_1, x_2) = 2\int_0^{x_2}\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial \zeta}\varphi(x_1, \zeta)d\zeta = -2\int^h_{x_2}\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial \zeta}\varphi(x_1, \zeta)d\zeta\leq\int_0^{h}\Big|\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial x_2}\varphi(x_1, x_2)\Big|dx_2. \end{align}$

(2.1)

Since $\varphi\rightarrow0,$ as $x_1\rightarrow \infty$ , we have

$\begin{align} \varphi^2(x_1, x_2) = -2\int_{x_1}^{\infty}\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}\varphi(\xi, x_2)d\xi \leq2\int_{x_1}^{\infty}\Big|\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}\varphi(\xi, x_2)\Big|d\xi. \end{align}$

(2.2)

Combining Eqs (2.1) and (2.2) and integrating over $R_z$ , we obtain

$\begin{align*} \int_{R_z}\varphi^4(\xi, x_2)dx_2d\xi&\leq2\Big[\int_{R_z}\Big|\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial x_2}\varphi(\xi, x_2)\Big|dx_2d\xi\Big]\Big[\int_{R_z}\Big|\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}\varphi(\xi, x_2)\Big|dx_2d\xi\Big] \nonumber\\ &\leq2\int_{R_z}\varphi^2dx_2d\xi\Big(\int_{R_z}\Big(\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial \xi}\Big)^2 dx_2d\xi\Big)^\frac{1}{2}\Big(\int_{R_z}\Big(\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial x_2}\Big)^2 dx_2d\xi\Big)^\frac{1}{2}. \end{align*}$

Using Young's inequality, we can obtain Lemma 2.2.

Using a similar method of papers ^[9,23,24], we can have the following lemma.

Lemma 2.3 Assume that $T_0, H\in L^\infty$ , then

$\sup\limits_{[0, \tau]}||T||_\infty\leq T_m,$

where $T_m = \max\Big\{||T_0||_\infty, \ \sup_{[0, \tau]}H_\infty(\eta)\Big\}.$

If $C_0, \widetilde{H}\in L^\infty$ and $\sigma = 0$ in (1.4), we can also have

$\begin{align} \sup\limits_{[0, \tau]}||C||_\infty\leq C_m, \end{align}$

(2.3)

where $C_m = \max\Big\{||C_0||_\infty, \ \sup_{[0, \tau]}\widetilde{H}_\infty(\eta)\Big\}.$

To obtain our main result, we shall use the following result which can be written as follows.

Lemma 2.4 (see ^[3]) Let $(v, T, C)$ be a solution of the Eqs (1.1)–(1.10) in $R$ and $\forall\ z\geq a$ such that $F(z, t) < 0$ . Then for any fixed $t$

$\begin{align*} \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}&\Big[\frac{1}{4}\beta_2\omega T^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega C^2+\frac{1}{2}\beta_1 v_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}+\frac{1}{2}\beta_2T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}+\frac{1}{2}C_{, \alpha}C_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2}e^{-\omega t}\int_z^\infty\int_{L_\xi}\Big[\beta_2 T^2+C^2\Big]dx_2d\xi\\ &\leq m_1e^{-2m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}+m_2e^{-m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \end{align*}$

holds, where $\beta_1, \beta_2, \omega, m_1, m_2$ and $m_3$ are positive constants which depends on the middle parameter $\sigma$ and boundary conditions of the equation; also $F(z, t)$ has been defined as

$\begin{align*} F(z, t)& = \int_{0}^{t}\int_{L_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[\beta_1 vv_{, 1}+\beta_2 TT_{, 1}+CC_{, 1}\Big]dx_2d\eta\\ &+\beta_1\int_{0}^{t}\int_{L_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[g_2Tv+h_2Cv\Big]dx_2d\eta\\ &+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{L_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[-\frac{1}{2}\beta_2 T^2v_{, 2}-\frac{1}{2}C^2v_{, 2}+\sigma CT_{, 1}\Big]dx_2d\eta. \end{align*}$

Remark 2.1 Lemma 2.4 shows that the solution of Eqs (1.11)–(1.21) decays exponentially with $z\rightarrow \infty$ . Only in this case, the study of structural stability is meaningful. Lemma 2.4 will also provide a priori bounds for the estimate of nonlinear terms (see e.g., (3.55) and (3.56)).

Remark 2.2 Li and Chen ^[3] considered several special cases of $h(z)$ , e.g., $h(z) = h$ a constant, $h(z)\leq k_1z^{\tau_1}$ and $h(z)\leq k_2z(lnz)^{\tau_2}$ , where $k_1, k_2 > 0$ and $0 < \tau_1, \tau_2\leq1.$ In the fourth section, we will also consider several special cases with $h(z) = h$ as a constant, $\tau_1 = \frac{1}{2}, k_1 = 1$ and $\tau_1 = \frac{2}{3}, k_1 = 1$ .

Lemma 2.5 (see ^[3]) Assume that $(v, T, C)$ are solutions of Eqs (1.1)–(1.10). If $F(z, t) < 0$ for any $z\geq a$ , then

$\begin{align} \int_0^t\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}&\Big[\frac{1}{4}\beta_2\omega T^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega C^2+\frac{1}{2}\beta_1 v_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}+\frac{1}{2}\beta_2T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}+\frac{1}{2}C_{, \alpha}C_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2}e^{-\omega t}\int_R\Big[\beta_2 T^2+C^2\Big]dx_2d\xi\leq r(t), \end{align}$

where $r(t)$ is a positive known function which depends only on $t$ .

Now, we derive a bound of $\int_Rv_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi$ .

Lemma 2.6 Assume that $\widetilde{F}_1, \widetilde{F}_2, H, \widetilde{H}\in L^\infty(R)$ , then

$\begin{align} \int_Rv_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi\leq \epsilon_1, \end{align}$

(2.4)

where

$\begin{align*} \epsilon_1& = 2\sup\limits_{[0, \tau]}\Big\{\int_{L_a}|\widetilde{F}_1\widetilde{F}_2|dx_2d\xi +\int_{L_a}|g_2H\widetilde{F}_1|dx_2d\xi+\int_{L_a}|h_2\widetilde{H}\widetilde{F}_1|dx_2d\xi\Big\} +4\max\{\frac{1}{\beta_2}, 1\}r^*e^{\omega \tau}. \end{align*}$

Additionally, $r^*$ is the maximum value of $r(t)$ in $[0, \tau]$ .

Proof. Using Eq (1.11), we have

$\int_R\Big[\Delta v+\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{g}}T+{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot T+\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{h}}C+{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot C\Big]vdx_2d\xi = 0.$

Using Eqs (1.18)–(1.20) it follows that

$\begin{align} \int_Rv_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi& = -\int_{L_a}\widetilde{F}_1\widetilde{F}_2dx_2d\xi -\int_{L_a}g_2H\widetilde{F}_1dx_2d\xi-\int_{L_a}h_2\widetilde{H}\widetilde{F}_1dx_2d\xi \\ &-\int_R\nabla^\bot v\cdot {\boldsymbol{g}}Tdx_2d\xi-\int_R\nabla^\bot v\cdot {\boldsymbol{h}}Cdx_2d\xi \\ &\leq\int_{L_a}|\widetilde{F}_1\widetilde{F}_2|dx_2d\xi +\int_{L_a}|g_2H\widetilde{F}_1|dx_2d\xi+\int_{L_a}|h_2\widetilde{H}\widetilde{F}_1|dx_2d\xi \\ &+\frac{1}{2}\int_Rv_{, \alpha}v_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi+\int_RT^2dx_2d\xi+\int_RC^2dx_2d\xi. \end{align}$

(2.5)

Using Lemma 2.5 in Eq (2.5), we can get Lemma 2.6.

3. Important lemma

In this section, we derive the convergence result when the Soret coefficient $\sigma\rightarrow0$ . To do this, we let $(v, T, C)$ be the solution of Eqs (1.11)–(1.21). Furthermore, let $(v^*, T^*, C^*)$ be the solution to the following equations

$\begin{align} \Delta v^* = -\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{g}}T^*-{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot T^*-\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{h}}C^*-{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot C^*, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.1)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}T^*+\nabla^\bot v^*\cdot\nabla T^* = \Delta T^*, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.2)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}C^*+\nabla^\bot v^*\cdot\nabla C^* = \Delta C^*, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.3)

$\begin{align} v^*(x_1, 0, t) = v^*(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.4)

$\begin{align} v^*_n(x_1, 0, t) = v_n^*(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.5)

$\begin{align} T^*(x_1, 0, t) = T^*(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.6)

$\begin{align} C^*(x_1, 0, t) = C^*(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.7)

$\begin{align} v^*(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{F}_1(x_2, t) = \int_0^{x_2}F_1(s, t)ds, \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.8)

$\begin{align} v^*_{, 1}(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{F}_2(x_2, t) = -F_2(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.9)

$\begin{align} T^*(a, x_2, t) = H(x_2, t), \ C^*(a, x_2, t) = \widetilde{H}(x_2, t), \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.10)

$\begin{align} T^*(x_1, x_2, 0) = T_0(x_1, x_2), \ C^*(x_1, x_2, 0) = C_0(x_1, x_2), \ &(x_1, x_2)\in R. \end{align}$

(3.11)

Remark 3.1 We note that Lemmas 2.4 and 2.5 also hold for $(v^*, T^*, C^*)$ .

Now, we let

$w = v-v^*, \ \theta = T-T^*, \ \Sigma = C-C^*.$

Then $(w, \theta, \Sigma)$ satisfies

$\begin{align} \Delta w = -\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{g}}\theta-{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot \theta-\nabla^\bot\cdot {\boldsymbol{h}}\Sigma-{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot \Sigma, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.12)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}\theta+\nabla^\bot w\cdot\nabla T+\nabla^\bot v^*\cdot\nabla\theta = \Delta \theta, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.13)

$\begin{align} \partial_{t}\Sigma+\nabla^\bot v\cdot\nabla \Sigma+\nabla^\bot w\cdot\nabla C^* = \Delta \Sigma+\sigma\Delta T, \ &in\ R\times(0, \tau), \end{align}$

(3.14)

$\begin{align} w(x_1, 0, t) = w(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.15)

$\begin{align} w_n(x_1, 0, t) = w_n(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.16)

$\begin{align} \theta(x_1, 0, t) = \theta(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.17)

$\begin{align} \Sigma(x_1, 0, t) = \Sigma(x_1, h(x_1), t) = 0, \ & x_1\geq a, 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.18)

$\begin{align} w(a, x_2, t) = w_{, 1}(a, x_2, t) = 0, \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.19)

$\begin{align} \theta(a, x_2, t) = \Sigma(a, x_2, t) = 0, \ & 0 < x_2 < h(a), 0 < t < \tau, \end{align}$

(3.20)

$\begin{align} \theta(x_1, x_2, 0) = \Sigma(x_1, x_2, 0) = 0, \ &(x_1, x_2)\in R. \end{align}$

(3.21)

We establish the following auxiliary functions

$\begin{align} E_1(z, t)& = -\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}ww_{, 1}dx_2d\xi d\eta+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}g_2\theta wdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}h_2\Sigma wdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\doteq A_1(z, t)+A_2(z, t)+A_3(z, t), \end{align}$

(3.22)

$\begin{align} E_2(z, t)& = \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta\theta_{, 1}dx_2d\xi d\eta -\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2v^*_{, 2}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta Tw_{, 2}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\theta Tdx_2d\xi d\eta \\ &\doteq B_1(z, t)+B_2(z, t)+B_3(z, t)+B_4(z, t), \end{align}$

(3.23)

$\begin{align} E_3(z, t)& = \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma\Sigma_{, 1}dx_2d\xi d\eta-\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^2v_{, 2}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &-\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, 2}C^*\Sigma dx_2d\xi d\eta+ \sigma\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma T_{, 1}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\Sigma C^* dx_2d\xi d\eta+\sigma\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)T_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\doteq C_1(z, t)+C_2(z, t)+C_3(z, t)+C_4(z, t)+C_5(z, t)+C_6(z, t), \end{align}$

(3.24)

where $\omega$ is an arbitrary positive constant.

Using the divergence theorem and Eqs (3.12)-(3.21), we have

$\begin{align} E_1(z, t)& = -\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)_{, \alpha}ww_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}g_2\theta wdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}h_2\Sigma wdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ & = \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\theta dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ & +\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\Sigma dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.25)

Similarly, we have

$\begin{align} E_2(z, t)& = \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Big[\frac{1}{2}\omega \theta^2+\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{2}e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}(\xi-z)\theta^2dx_2d\xi, \end{align}$

(3.26)

and

$\begin{align} E_3(z, t)& = \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Big[\frac{1}{2}\omega \Sigma^2+\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{2}e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi. \end{align}$

(3.27)

We also define

$\begin{align} E(z, t)& = E_1(z, t)+\delta_2E_2(z, t)+\delta_3E_3(z, t)\\ & = \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Big[\frac{1}{2}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{2}\delta_3 \omega \Sigma^2+ w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}+\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}(\xi-z)\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2\\ &+\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\theta dx_2 d\xi d\eta+\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\Sigma dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.28)

where $\delta_2$ and $\delta_3$ are positive constants.

Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have

$\begin{align} \Big|\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\theta dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big| &\leq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{4}\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.29)

$\begin{align} \Big|\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z){\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\Sigma dx_2 d\xi d\eta\Big| &\leq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{4}\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.30)

Inserting Eqs (3.29) and (3.30) into Eq (3.28) and choosing $\omega = \max\{\frac{4}{\delta_3}, \frac{4}{\delta_2}\}$ , we have

$\begin{align} E(z, t)&\geq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}(\xi-z)\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi. \end{align}$

(3.31)

From Eq (3.28), we have

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(z, t)& = \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[\frac{1}{2}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{2}\delta_3 \omega \Sigma^2+ w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}+\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi\\ &+\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\theta dx_2 d\xi d\eta+\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\Sigma dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.32)

Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have

$\begin{align} &\Big|\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}{\boldsymbol{g}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\theta dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big| \leq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{4}\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.33)

$\begin{align} &\Big|\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}{\boldsymbol{h}}\cdot\nabla^\bot w\Sigma dx_2 d\xi d\eta\Big| \leq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{4}\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.34)

Inserting Eqs (3.33) and (3.34) into Eq (3.32), we have

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(z, t)&\leq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[\frac{3}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{3}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{3}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi, \end{align}$

(3.35)

and

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(z, t)&\geq\int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi. \end{align}$

(3.36)

Based on Eqs (3.22)–(3.24) and using Eq (3.36), we have the following lemma.

Lemma 3.1. Assume that $T_0, C_0, H, \widetilde{H}\in C^\infty$ , $\frac{1}{h(z)}\in C(R)$ and the function $E(z, t)$ is defined in Eq (3.28). Then $E(z, t)$ satisfies

$\begin{align} E(z, t)&\leq n_1h(z)\Big[-\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(z, t)\Big]\\ &+\frac{4\sigma^2\delta_3}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_1e^{-2m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} +\frac{4\sigma^2\delta_3}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_2e^{-m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\\ & +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_1\int_z^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_2\int_z^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi, \end{align}$

(3.37)

where $n_1$ is a positive constant.

Proof. Using the Hölder inequality, Young's inequality and Lemma 2.1, we have

$\begin{align} A_{1}(z, t)&\leq\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi}\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.38)

$\begin{align} A_2(z, t)&\leq\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{2\sqrt{2}h}{\pi\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}}\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \cdot\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{\sqrt{2}h}{\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}\pi}\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+ \frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta} \theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big], \end{align}$

(3.39)

$\begin{align} A_3(z, t)&\leq \frac{\sqrt{2}h}{\sqrt{\delta_3\omega}\pi}\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+ \frac{1}{4}\omega\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta} \Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]. \end{align}$

(3.40)

Combining Eqs (3.22) and (3.38)–(3.40), we obtain

$\begin{align} E_1(z, t)&\leq\frac{h}{\pi}\Big[1+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\delta_3\omega}}\Big] \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{\sqrt{2}h}{\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}\pi}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{\sqrt{2}h}{\sqrt{\delta_3\omega}\pi}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\frac{1}{4}\omega\delta_3\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.41)

Using the Hölder inequality, Young's inequality, Lemmas 2.1, 2.3, 2.5 and Eq (2.5), we have

$\begin{align} B_{1}(z, t)&\leq\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\theta_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2} \\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi}\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\theta_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\theta_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi\delta_2}\cdot\frac{1}{2}\delta_2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.42)

$\begin{align} B_2(z, t) &\leq\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\Big[\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(v^*_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi \int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^4dx_2d\xi\Big]^\frac{1}{2}d\eta \\ &\leq\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\Big[\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}(v^*_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi \int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi\Big]^\frac{1}{2}d\eta \\ &\leq\frac{\sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_2 \pi}\int_{0}^{t}\Big[ \int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi\Big]^\frac{1}{2}d\eta \\ &\leq\frac{h \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_2 \pi} \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\delta_2 \theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.43)

$\begin{align} B_3(z, t)&\leq T_m\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2} \Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{\delta_2}} T_m\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2} \Big[\delta_2 \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2} \\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_2}} T_m \Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+\delta_2 \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]. \end{align}$

(3.44)

Using Lemma 2.3, we have

$\begin{align} B_{4}(z, t) \leq\frac{1}{2}T_m^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.45)

Inserting Eqs (3.42) and (3.45) into Eq (3.23), we obtain

$\begin{align} E_{2}(z, t) &\leq \Big[\frac{h}{\pi\delta_2}+\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_2}} T_m+\frac{h \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_2 \pi}\Big] \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\delta_2 \theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_2}} T_m\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]\\ &+\frac{1}{2}T_m^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.46)

Similarly, we have

$\begin{align} C_{1}(z, t)&\leq\frac{h}{\pi}\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\Sigma_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\Sigma_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{2\delta_3\pi}\cdot\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.47)

$\begin{align} C_2(z, t)&\leq\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\Big[\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(v^*_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi \int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^4dx_2d\xi\Big]^\frac{1}{2}d\eta\\ &\leq\frac{h \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_3 \pi}\cdot \delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.48)

$\begin{align} C_3(z, t)&\leq C_m\Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(w_{, 2})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2} \Big[\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]^\frac{1}{2}\\ &\leq\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_3}}C_m\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta+\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big], \end{align}$

(3.49)

$\begin{align} C_4(z, t) &\leq\frac{1}{4}\omega\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{\sigma^2}{\beta_3\omega}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(T_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.50)

$\begin{align} C_5(z, t) &\leq\frac{1}{4\delta_3}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +C_m^2\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta \end{align}$

(3.51)

and

$\begin{align} C_6(z, t) &\leq\frac{1}{\delta_3}\sigma^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{4}\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.52)

Inserting Eqs (3.47)–(3.52) into Eq (3.24), we obtain

$\begin{align} E_3(z, t)&\leq\Big[\frac{h}{2\delta_3\pi}+\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_3}}C_m+\frac{h \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_3 \pi}\Big]\cdot\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta \\ &+\frac{h}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_3}}C_m\Big[\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\Big]+\frac{1}{4}\omega\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma^2dx_2d\xi d\eta \\ &+\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_3+C_m^2\delta_3\Big]\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{4\delta_3}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{\sigma^2}{\beta_3\omega}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(T_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{\delta_3}\sigma^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(3.53)

Now, inserting Eqs (3.41), (3.46) and (3.53) into Eq (3.28), choosing $\delta_2 < \frac{1}{2 T_m^2}, \delta_3 < \frac{1}{4C_m^2}$ and noting Eqs (3.36) and (3.31), we obtain

$\begin{align} E(z, t)&\leq\frac{1}{2}E(z, t)+\frac{1}{2}n_1h(z)\Big[-\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(z, t)\Big]\\ &+\frac{\sigma^2\delta_3}{\beta_3\omega}\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(T_{, 1})^2dx_2d\xi d\eta +\sigma^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(3.54)

where

$\begin{align*} \frac{1}{2}n_{1} &\geq\max\Big\{\frac{1}{\pi}\Big[1+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\delta_3\omega}}\Big] +\frac{T_m}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_2}}+\frac{C_m}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_3}}, 1+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{\delta_2\omega}\pi}, \\ &\frac{1}{2\delta_3\pi}+\frac{1}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_3}}C_m+\frac{ \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_3 \pi}, \frac{h}{\pi\delta_2}+\frac{1}{\pi\sqrt{2\delta_2}} T_m+\frac{ \sqrt{\epsilon_1}}{2\delta_2 \pi}\Big\}. \end{align*}$

From Lemma 2.4, we have

$\begin{align} \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\leq \frac{2}{\beta_2}m_1e^{-2m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}+\frac{2}{\beta_2}m_2e^{-m_3\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}. \end{align}$

(3.55)

Integrating Eq (3.55) from $z$ to $\infty$ , we get

$\begin{align} \int_{0}^{t}\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta&\leq \frac{2}{\beta_2}m_1\int_z^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi\\ &+\frac{2}{\beta_2}m_2\int_z^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi. \end{align}$

(3.56)

Combining Eqs (3.54)–(3.56), we can obtain Lemma 3.1.

4. Convergence results on the Soret coefficient

Based on Lemma 3.1, we derive our main results in this section. To do this, integrating Eq (3.37) from $a$ to $z$ , we obtain

$\begin{align} E(z, t)&\leq E(a, t)e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\\ &+\frac{4 m_1\delta_3\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{2m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi\\ &+\frac{4 m_2\sigma^2\delta_3}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi\\ & +\frac{4m_1\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1} \int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau\\ &+\frac{4m_2\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau. \end{align}$

(4.1)

To get the convergence results on the Soret coefficient, we have to derive the upper bound for $E(a, t)$ . To do this, we choose $z = a$ in Eq (3.37) to get

$\begin{align} E(a, t)&\leq n_1h(a)\Big[-\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)\Big]+\frac{4\delta_3\sigma^2}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_1 +\frac{4\delta_3\sigma^2}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_2\\ & +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_1\int_a^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_2\int_a^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi. \end{align}$

(4.2)

By differentiating Eqs (3.22)–(3.24), then choosing $z = a$ and using Eqs (3.19) and (3.20), it can be obtained that

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)& = -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E_1(a, t)-\delta_2\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E_2(a, t) -\delta_3\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E_3(a, t)\\ & = \delta_2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\theta Tdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\Sigma C^*dx_2d\xi d\eta+\delta_3\sigma\int_0^t\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}T_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(4.3)

Using the Hölder inequality, Young's inequality and Lemmas 2.3 and 2.5, we have

$\begin{align} \delta_2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}&\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\theta Tdx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\leq\frac{1}{2}\delta_2T_m^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{2}\delta_2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(4.4)

$\begin{align} \delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}&\nabla^\perp w\cdot\nabla\Sigma C^*dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\leq\delta_3C_m^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{4}\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta, \end{align}$

(4.5)

$\begin{align} \delta_3\sigma\int_0^t\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}&T_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\leq\delta_3\sigma^2\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}T_{, \alpha}T_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta +\frac{1}{4}\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &\leq\frac{2}{\beta_2}\delta_3\sigma^2r(t) +\frac{1}{4}\delta_3\int_{0}^{t}\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}dx_2d\xi d\eta. \end{align}$

(4.6)

On the other hand, we choose $z = a$ in Eq (3.36) to get

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)&\geq\int_0^t\int_{R}e^{-\omega\eta}\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R}\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi. \end{align}$

(4.7)

Inserting Eqs (4.4)–(4.6) into Eq (4.3) and noting Eq (4.7), we get

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)\leq\frac{1}{2}\Big[-\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)\Big]+\frac{2}{\beta_2}\delta_3\sigma^2r(t), \end{align}$

$\begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial z}E(a, t)\leq\frac{4}{\beta_2}\delta_3\sigma^2r(t). \end{align}$

(4.8)

Inserting Eq (4.8) into Eq (4.2), we have

$\begin{align} E(a, t)&\leq n_2\sigma^2 +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_1\int_a^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi +\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_2\int_a^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi, \end{align}$

(4.9)

where $n_2 = n_1(h(a)+h^\frac{3}{2}(a))\frac{4}{\beta_2}\delta_3r(t)+\frac{4\delta_3}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_1 +\frac{4\delta_3}{\beta_3\beta_2\omega}m_2$ .

Now, inserting Eq (4.9) into Eq (4.1) and in light of Eq (3.31), we can obtain the following theorem.

Theorem 4.1 Letting $(w, \theta, \Sigma)$ is solution of Eqs (3.12)–(3.21) with $T_0, C_0, H, \widetilde{H}\in C^\infty$ , then

$(w, \theta, \Sigma)\rightarrow \boldsymbol{0}, \ as \ \sigma\rightarrow0.$

Specifically

$\begin{align} \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)&\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}(\xi-z)\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi\\ &\leq n_2\sigma^2e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \\ &+\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_1\int_a^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \\ &+\frac{4}{\beta_2}\sigma^2m_2\int_a^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\\ &+\frac{4 m_1\delta_3\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{2m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi\\ &+\frac{4 m_2\sigma^2\delta_3}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi\\ & +\frac{4m_1\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1} \int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau\\ &+\frac{4m_2\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2}e^{-\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau. \end{align}$

(4.10)

Next, we give some examples.

Remark 4.1 If $h(z) = h$ is a positive constant, then

$\begin{align*} \int_{a}^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta = \frac{1}{h}(z-a). \end{align*}$

Therefore, we have

$\begin{align} \int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi = \frac{h}{m_3}e^{-\frac{m_3}{h}(\tau-a)}, \ \int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi = \frac{h}{2m_3}e^{-\frac{2m_3}{h}(\tau-a)}. \end{align}$

(4.11)

Choosing $n_1$ such that $\frac{1}{n_1}\neq2m_3$ and $\frac{1}{n_1}\neq m_3$ , then

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi & = \frac{1}{h}\int_a^ze^{[\frac{1}{n_1h}-\frac{m_3}{h}](\xi-a)}d\xi \\ & = \frac{1}{[\frac{1}{n_1}-m_3]}\Big[e^{[\frac{1}{n_1h}-\frac{m_3}{h}](z-a)}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.12)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{2m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi & = \frac{1}{[\frac{1}{n_1}-2m_3]}\Big[e^{[\frac{1}{n_1h}-\frac{2m_3}{h}](z-a)}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.13)

and

(4.14)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}&e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau = \frac{h}{m_3[\frac{1}{n_1}-m_3]}\Big[e^{[\frac{1}{n_1h}-\frac{m_3}{h}](z-a)}-1\Big]. \end{align}$

(4.15)

Inserting Eqs (4.11)–(4.15) into Eq (4.10), we get

(4.16)

where

$\begin{align*} n_3& = \frac{1}{n_1h}, n_4 = n_2+\frac{2m_1h}{m_3\beta_2}+\frac{4m_2h}{m_3\beta_2}, \\ n_5& = \frac{2 m_1\delta_3}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega} \frac{1}{[\frac{1}{n_1}-m_3]}+\frac{2m_1}{n_1\beta_2}\frac{h}{2m_3 [\frac{1}{n_1}-2m_3]} \\ n_6& = \frac{4 m_2\delta_3}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega} \frac{1}{[\frac{1}{n_1}-m_3]} +\frac{4m_2}{n_1\beta_2} \frac{h}{m_3[\frac{1}{n_1}-m_3]}. \end{align*}$

From Eq (4.16), we can conclude that Theorem 4.1 not only shows the convergence of the solutions of Eqs (3.12)–(3.21) on the coefficient $\sigma$ , but it also shows a exponentially decay result as $z\rightarrow \infty$ .

Remark 4.2. If $h(z) = \sqrt{z}$ , then

$\begin{align*} \int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta& = \int_a^z\frac{1}{\sqrt{\zeta}}d\zeta = 2(\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}). \end{align*}$

Therefore

$\begin{align} \int_z^\infty e^{-m_3\int_{a}^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi& = \int_z^\infty e^{-2m_3[\sqrt{\xi}-\sqrt{a}]}d\xi \\ & = -\int_z^\infty\frac{1}{m_3}\sqrt{\xi}d\Big\{e^{-2m_3[\sqrt{\xi}-\sqrt{a}]}\Big\} \\ &\leq\frac{1}{m_3}\sqrt{z}e^{-2m_3[\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}, \end{align}$

(4.17)

$\begin{align} \int_z^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_{a}^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi&\leq\frac{1}{2m_3}\sqrt{z}e^{-4m_3[\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}. \end{align}$

(4.18)

Moreover, we also have

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{2m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi & = \int_a^z \frac{1}{\sqrt{\xi}}e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3][\sqrt{\xi}-\sqrt{a}]}d\xi \\ & = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3} \Big[e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3][\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.19)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi & = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{n_1} -m_3} \Big[e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -m_3][\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.20)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau & = \frac{1}{2m_3}\int_a^z e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3][\sqrt{\tau}-\sqrt{a}]}d\tau \\ &\leq\frac{1}{2m_3[\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3]}\sqrt{z}\Big[e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -2m_3][\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.21)

and

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}&e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau \leq\frac{1}{m_3[\frac{1}{n_1} -m_3]}\sqrt{z}\Big[e^{2[\frac{1}{n_1} -m_3][\sqrt{z}-\sqrt{a}]}-1\Big]. \end{align}$

(4.22)

Inserting Eqs (4.19)–(4.22) into Eq (4.10), we obtain

(4.23)

where

$\begin{align*} n_7& = n_2+\frac{2m_1\sqrt{a}}{m_3\beta_2}+\frac{4 m_2\sqrt{a}}{m_3\beta_2}. \end{align*}$

From Eq (4.23), we can conclude that Theorem 4.1 not only shows the convergence of the solutions of Eqs (3.12)–(3.21) on the coefficient $\sigma$ , but it also shows a exponentially decay result as $z\rightarrow \infty$ . Obviously, the decay rate is slightly slower than that in Remark 3.1.

Remark 4.3. If $h(z)$ satisfies

$\begin{align} h(z) = z^\frac{2}{3}, \end{align}$

(4.24)

then

$\begin{align*} \int_{a}^z\frac{1}{h}d\zeta& = \int_{a}^z\frac{1}{\zeta^\frac{2}{3}}d\zeta = 3\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]. \end{align*}$

Therefore, we have

$\begin{align} \int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi& = \int_\tau^\infty e^{-6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}d\xi \\ & = -\frac{1}{2m_3}\int_\tau^\infty \xi^\frac{2}{3}d\Big[e^{-6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}\Big] \\ &\leq-\frac{1}{2m_3}\tau^\frac{2}{3}\int_\tau^\infty d\Big[e^{-6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}\Big] \\ & = \frac{1}{2m_3}\tau^\frac{2}{3}e^{-6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\tau}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}, \end{align}$

(4.25)

$\begin{align} \int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi &\leq\frac{1}{m_3}\tau^\frac{2}{3}e^{-3m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\tau}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}. \end{align}$

(4.26)

Choosing $n_1 > 3$ , we get

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{2m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi & = \int_a^z \frac{1}{\xi^\frac{2}{3}}e^{[\frac{3}{n_1} -6m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}d\xi \\ & = \frac{3}{\frac{3}{n_1} -6m_3} \Big[e^{[\frac{3}{n_1} -6m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.27)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\xi)}e^{\int_a^\xi\{\frac{1}{n_1h(\zeta)}-\frac{m_3}{h(\zeta)}\}d\zeta}d\xi &\leq\frac{3}{\frac{3}{n_1} -3m_3} \Big[e^{[\frac{3}{n_1} -3m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.28)

and

$\begin{align} \int_a^z \frac{1}{h(\tau)}&e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-2m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau \\ & = \frac{1}{2m_3}\int_a^z e^{[\frac{3}{n_1}-6m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\tau}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}d\tau \\ &\leq\frac{1}{2m_3[\frac{3}{n_1}-6m_3]}z^\frac{2}{3}\Big[e^{[\frac{3}{n_1}-6m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\tau}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-1\Big], \end{align}$

(4.29)

$\begin{align} \int_a^z\frac{1}{h(\tau)}&e^{\frac{1}{n_1}\int_a^\tau\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}\int_\tau^\infty e^{-m_3\int_a^\xi\frac{1}{h(\zeta)}d\zeta}d\xi d\tau \\ &\leq\frac{1}{2m_3[\frac{3}{n_1}-3m_3]}z^\frac{2}{3}\Big[e^{[\frac{3}{n_1}-3m_3]\Big(\sqrt[3]{\tau}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-1\Big]. \end{align}$

(4.30)

Inserting Eqs (4.27)–(4.30) into Eq (4.10), we obtain

$\begin{align} \int_0^t\int_{R_z}e^{-\omega\eta}(\xi-z)&\Big[\frac{1}{4}\delta_2\omega \theta^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega \delta_3\Sigma^2+\frac{1}{2}w_{, \alpha}w_{, \alpha}+\delta_2\theta_{, \alpha}\theta_{, \alpha} +\delta_3\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Sigma_{, \alpha}\Big]dx_2d\xi d\eta\\ &+\frac{1}{2} e^{-\omega t}\int_{R_z}(\xi-z)\Big[\delta_2 \theta^2+\delta_3\Sigma^2\Big]dx_2d\xi\\ &\leq n_8\sigma^2e^{-\frac{3}{n_1}\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]} \\ &+\frac{4 m_1\delta_3\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega} \frac{3}{\frac{3}{n_1} -6m_3} \Big[e^{ -6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-e^{-\frac{3}{n_1}\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]}\Big] \\ &+\frac{4 m_2\sigma^2\delta_3}{n_1\beta_3\beta_2\omega} \frac{3}{\frac{3}{n_1} -3m_3} \Big[e^{ -3m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{\xi}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-e^{-\frac{3}{n_1}\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]}\Big] \\ & +\frac{4m_1\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2} \frac{1}{2m_3[\frac{3}{n_1}-6m_3]}z^\frac{2}{3}\Big[e^{-6m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)}-e^{-\frac{3}{n_1}\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]}\Big] \\ &+\frac{4m_2\sigma^2}{n_1\beta_2} \frac{1}{m_3[\frac{3}{n_1}-3m_3]}z^\frac{2}{3}\Big[e^{-3m_3\Big(\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big)} -e^{-\frac{3}{n_1}\Big[\sqrt[3]{z}-\sqrt[3]{a}\Big]}\Big], \end{align}$

(4.31)

where

$\begin{align*} n_8& = n_2+\frac{2m_1a^\frac{2}{3}}{m_3\beta_2}+\frac{4m_2a^\frac{2}{3}}{\beta_2m_3}. \end{align*}$

In this case, the inequality (Eq 4.31) not only shows the convergence of the solutions of Eqs (3.12)–(3.21) on the coefficient $\sigma$ , but it also shows a exponentially decay result as $z\rightarrow \infty$ .

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the convergence of the solutions of Eqs (3.12)–(3.21) on the coefficient $\sigma$ has been obtained and three examples have been given. Obviously, the convergence of various systems of partial differential equations defined on $R$ is rare. But Eq (1.1) is linear. It will be meaningful to study nonlinear equations (e.g., Brinkman equations, Forchheimer equations) by using the method in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their heartfelt thanks to the editors and referees who have provided some important suggestions. This work is supported by the Tutor System Rroject of Guangzhou Huashang College (2021HSDS16).

Conflict of interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria for providing an enabling environment for this study.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Author's contribution

Anthonia Oluduro: Conceptualization, Supervision and Project Administration; Anthonia Oluduro and Yetunde Adesiyan: Methodology, resources and Funding Acquisition; Anthonia Oluduro, Odeyemi Adebowale, Yetunde Adesiyan and Olumide Omoboye: Validation, Formal Analysis, Data curation and Visualization, Investigation; Yetunde Adesiyan and Olumide Omoboye: Writing Original Draft; Anthonia Oluduro, Odeyemi Adebowale and Olumide Omoboye: Writing Review and Editing.

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