To solve the problem of predicting and evaluating coal mine roof water inrush accidents, based on the background of Hongliu coal mine, the relevant weight values of the main control factors of water inrush were determined based on the water-richness index method, combined with the entropy method and FAHP two-factor method. The grid processing function of GIS and the kriging interpolation method are used to draw thematic maps of the main controlling factors, and the weight values of the water permeability indicators are coupled into the GIS. The FLAC3D numerical simulation software is used to analyze the water-conducting fracture zone after the mining of the Hongliu Coal Seam numerical simulation of development and water pressure distribution changes. The results show that the permeability hazard zoning map obtained by the EM-FAHP two-factor model is in line with the results of the damage height and the increased water pressure zone obtained by the numerical simulation.
Citation: Weitao Liu, Qiushuang Zheng, Lifu Pang, Weimeng Dou, Xiangxi Meng. Study of roof water inrush forecasting based on EM-FAHP two-factor model[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2021, 18(5): 4987-5005. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021254
[1] | Ruthie Su, Margaret P. Adam, Linda Ramsdell, Patricia Y. Fechner, Margarett Shnorhavorian . Can the external masculinization score predict the success of genetic testing in 46,XY DSD?. AIMS Genetics, 2015, 2(2): 163-172. doi: 10.3934/genet.2015.2.163 |
[2] | Roberta Risso, Silvia Einaudi, Chiara Crespi, Angela Caldarera, Francesca Verna, Emilio Merlini, Roberto Lala . Sex attribution, gender identity and quality of life in disorders of sex development due to 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: methods for clinical and psychosocial assessment. AIMS Genetics, 2015, 2(2): 127-147. doi: 10.3934/genet.2015.2.127 |
[3] | Alena V Malakhova, Olga I Rudko, Vladimir V Sobolev, Artemii V Tretiakov, Elena A Naumova, Zarema G Kokaeva, Julia E Azimova, Eugene A Klimov . PDE4B gene polymorphism in Russian patients with panic disorder. AIMS Genetics, 2019, 6(3): 55-63. doi: 10.3934/genet.2019.3.55 |
[4] |
Hossein Mozdarani, Sohail Mozdarani .
De novo cytogenetic alterations in spermatozoa of subfertile males might be due to genome instability associated with idiopathic male infertility: Experimental evidences and Review of the literature . AIMS Genetics, 2016, 3(4): 219-238. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.4.219 |
[5] | Jarrett Barnhill, James Bedford, James Crowley, Takahiro Soda . A search for the common ground between Tic; Obsessive-compulsive and Autism Spectrum Disorders: part I, Tic disorders. AIMS Genetics, 2017, 4(1): 32-46. doi: 10.3934/genet.2017.1.32 |
[6] | Sraboni Chaudhury . Epigenetic regulation in Autism spectrum disorder. AIMS Genetics, 2016, 3(4): 292-299. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.4.292 |
[7] | Eun Jeong Kim, Yong-Ku Kim . Panic disorders: The role of genetics and epigenetics. AIMS Genetics, 2018, 5(3): 177-190. doi: 10.3934/genet.2018.3.177 |
[8] | M. Reza Jabalameli, Ignacio Briceno, Julio Martinez, Ignacio Briceno, Reuben J. Pengelly, Sarah Ennis, Andrew Collins . Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. AIMS Genetics, 2016, 3(1): 49-59. doi: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.49 |
[9] | Neha Mittal, Anand kumar Srivastava . Cd2++Cr6+causes toxic effects on chromosomal development of microspore in Carthamus tinctorius. AIMS Genetics, 2019, 6(1): 1-10. doi: 10.3934/genet.2019.1.1 |
[10] | Carlos García-Padilla, Amelia Aránega, Diego Franco . The role of long non-coding RNAs in cardiac development and disease. AIMS Genetics, 2018, 5(2): 124-140. doi: 10.3934/genet.2018.2.124 |
To solve the problem of predicting and evaluating coal mine roof water inrush accidents, based on the background of Hongliu coal mine, the relevant weight values of the main control factors of water inrush were determined based on the water-richness index method, combined with the entropy method and FAHP two-factor method. The grid processing function of GIS and the kriging interpolation method are used to draw thematic maps of the main controlling factors, and the weight values of the water permeability indicators are coupled into the GIS. The FLAC3D numerical simulation software is used to analyze the water-conducting fracture zone after the mining of the Hongliu Coal Seam numerical simulation of development and water pressure distribution changes. The results show that the permeability hazard zoning map obtained by the EM-FAHP two-factor model is in line with the results of the damage height and the increased water pressure zone obtained by the numerical simulation.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (OMIM #300068) is an X-linked condition in which 46,XY individuals have varying degrees of undervirilization secondary to defects in androgen action due to mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene (OMIM#313700) [1]. There are three main types of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) and mild androgen insensitivity syndrome [1]. Individuals with CAIS have a 46,XY karyotype and due to the complete inaction of androgens in utero, infants are born with phenotypically normal female external genitalia. Internal structures typically consist of a short vagina ending in a blind pouch. Testes are present in the abdomen, but structures derived from the Wolffian ducts are absent, including the vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate [2]. The phenotypes associated with PAIS are wide-ranging due to varying degrees of androgen resistance [2]. Those with mild androgen insensitivity can have impaired spermatogenesis, impaired pubertal virilization or gynecomastia in puberty [1]. Mutations in the gene AR are the primary cause of AIS [1]. The estimated incidence of AIS (complete and partial) is at least one in 99,000 [3]. While genotype-phenotype correlations for CAIS are quite consistent, the phenotype in PAIS can show significant variation [3]. There are reports of individuals from families with the same AR mutation with a different sex of rearing and undergoing different reconstructive surgeries [3]. AIS due to somatic mosaicism has been reported as a rare cause of PAIS [4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
We present two males with PAIS due to somatic mosaicism, one caused by a novel nonsense mutation that has not previously been reported and another caused by a missense mutation that has been reported to cause CAIS [9], but not PAIS.
We reviewed the records of two individuals with known somatic mosaicism for an AR mutation. The case history was obtained by a Pediatric Endocrinologist and Clinical Geneticist. Approval for this case series was obtained from the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board and written informed consent was obtained.
Commercially available sequencing of the AR gene was performed in each case. In case one, sequencing was performed by GeneDx (www.genedx.com) and in case two, sequencing was performed by Denver Genetic Laboratories (www.denvergenetics.org). Following peripheral venipuncture, DNA was extracted and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Bidirectional Sanger (dideoxynucleotide chain termination) sequencing was performed of the eight coding exons of the AR gene and flanking intronic regions.
In cases one and two, LH and FSH were measured using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. In case one inhibin B and anti-müllerian hormone were measured using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In case one testosterone was measured using tandem mass spectrometry and in case two by competitive amino assay. In both cases dihydrotestosterone was measured using tandem mass spectrometry.
A full term infant presented with atypical genitalia and was assigned a female sex of rearing. The infant was born to a 23-year-old gravida 2 para 2 mother. No prenatal genetic studies or amniocentesis were performed. Family history was unremarkable and consanguinity was denied.
At the first well child examination, genital ambiguity was noted. Examination by an urologist, geneticist and endocrinologist at three months of age revealed a one centimeter phallus, dark, rugated and bifid labioscrotal folds, perineal hypospadias, palpable inguinal gonads and orthotopic anus.
Karyotype revealed 46,XY chromosomal complement. Studies obtained at 3 months of age included: follicle stimulating hormone 1.0 mIU/mL, luteinizing hormone 0.8 mIU/mL, inhibin B 425 pg/mL, anti-müllerian hormone of greater than 225 ng/mL, testosterone 12 ng/dL and dihydrotestosterone 7.8 ng/dL. AR sequencing revealed mosaicism for a nonsense mutation, c.1331T > A; p.Leu444Ter.
At five months of age, sex of rearing was reassigned to male and he was treated with intra-muscular testosterone cypionate 50 mg monthly for four months. Phallic length increased to four centimeters. He was also noted to develop Tanner II breast tissue after the testosterone injections.
Cystovaginoscopy performed at age 13 months demonstrated a normal bladder neck, a female urethra, rudimentary vagina measuring 1 cm in length and no evidence of a verumontanum or müllerian structures.
He subsequently underwent bilateral inguinal orchiopexy and herniorrhaphy. He then had a vaginectomy, first-stage hypospadias repair with labial mucosal graft, tunica albuginea plication and circumcision. At that time, findings were notable for perineal hypospadias, ventral penile angulation, a rudimentary vagina and bifid scrotum. Pathology revealed stratified squamous epithelium overlying a fibrovascular submucosa consistent with a rudimentary vagina. This was followed by second-stage hypospadias repair and scrotoplasty at 28 months of age. Parents report a male gender role at three years of age although he has not had formal assessment of either gender identity or gender role.
A now 20 year old male presented with atypical genitalia noted at one week of life. He was born in Iraq and initial medical records were not available. He had bilateral undescended testes and bilateral orchiopexies were performed in childhood. Family history was significant for a paternal uncle with undescended testes. There was no family history of consanguinity.
In the past, he had received testosterone injections while living in Iraq and Syria although exact doses and the ages at which he received the injections are not available. The patient reported that at age 20 years he noticed progression in male secondary sex characteristics including more facial hair, acne and deepening of his voice after receiving testosterone. However, he noted that his facial hair growth was asymmetric. He did not notice any enlargement of his penis or testes after testosterone. He reports a male gender identity and exhibits a male gender role although these have not been formally assessed.
Cystoscopy performed at age 20 years showed that his urethra started at the mid-bulbous region and extended into the membranous region. The prostate and verumontanum were absent.
Physical exam revealed a height of 172 cm (25th percentile for height on CDC growth curve), arm span 174 cm, mild acne on his face and chest, moderate axillary hair and no gynecomastia. Genitourinary exam was significant for tanner V pubic hair, a 4.5 cm phallus, no chordee, subcoronal hypospadias, partially bifid scrotum, non-palpable right gonad and 12 mL left testis in the scrotum.
Labs at age 20 years were significant for: follicle stimulating hormone 4.7 mIU/mL, luteinizing hormone 8.42 mIU/mL, total testosterone 1040 ng/dL and dihydrotestosterone 40 ng/dL. He was not on testosterone at the time these labs were drawn. AR sequencing revealed a mosaic missense mutation, c.2279 C > A; p.Ser760Tyr (Figure 1).
We present two males with PAIS due to somatic mosaicism for AR mutations. In the first case, the c.1331T > A; p.Leu444Ter nonsense mutation has not previously been reported in the literature or in a database of known mutations in the AR gene (http://androgendb.mcgill.ca/) [10]. This results in premature truncation of the protein. In the second case, the c.2279C > A; p.Ser760Tyr missense mutation has been reported to cause CAIS [9], but not PAIS. This is also a rare variant and is not found in population databases including 1000 Genomes, NHLBI Exome sequencing Project (ESP) Exome Variant Server or the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). Three in silico analysis programs predict this change is disease-causing. 46,XY individuals are hemizygous for AR, which is on the X chromosome and therefore a single nonsense mutation will result in complete resistance to the action of androgens. The androgen receptor is a nuclear receptor that is bound by either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. In the bound state, the androgen receptor regulates gene transcription to cause typical embryonic male development and typical male pubertal progression [11]. If only some tissues or cells carry a nonsense mutation or other null allele, then a phenotype of PAIS may result. Mosaicism, or the presence of a genetic variant in only a subset of cells, is presumed to result from a mitotic error in cell replication after fertilization. This is in contrast with germ line mutations or those that arise in meiosis, which are present in all cells of the body. In many genetic conditions, the resultant phenotype depends on which tissues carry the mutation and the percentage of mosaicism in those tissues [12]. For example, newer evidence suggests that Turner syndrome may represent mosaicism in every case th at is not lethal in utero [13].
Although nonsense mutations in AR are typically reported in CAIS [14, 15, 16, 17], mosaicism for both missense and nonsense mutations have been reported in PAIS [5, 6, 8]. As in case one, some individuals will have increase in phallic length after a course of testosterone, suggesting significant amounts of the functional wild-type receptor in genital tissue despite under-virilization at birth [8]. The child in case one was also noted to develop Tanner II breast tissue after the testosterone injections, likely from aromatization to estrogen. The male in case two did not have any penile growth after treatment with testosterone, suggesting that the genitalia did not have significant expression of the functional androgen receptor protein. However, he did report increase in facial hair, worsening of acne and deepening of his voice after testosterone injections, suggesting that those tissues may have more expression of functional androgen receptor protein. One limitation of this report is the lack of sequencing of AR in other tissues and no functional analysis of the protein.
Reports of PAIS caused by a somatic mutation of the AR gene are rare in the scientific literature but they represent an important subset of AIS cases [4, 5, 6, 7, 10]. There is a database of known mutations in the AR gene (http://androgendb.mcgill.ca/) and the number of individuals in the database with known somatic mosaicism for mutations is small [10]. Similar phenotypes may result from AR mutations that are present in a mosaic state with full loss of function or hypomorphic mutations that partially impair the function of the protein in either all tissues or in a mosaic state. Mutations in the AR gene may be under-represented since sequencing is usually only performed in blood. If another tissue is readily available, sequencing of AR in that tissue may be considered.
In case 1, the c.1331T > A; p.Leu444Ter nonsense mutation has not previously been reported. In case 2, the c.2279C > A; p.Ser760Tyr missense mutation has been reported to cause CAIS, but not PAIS. Both nonsense and missense mutations can cause mosaic PAIS and the phenotypes can be variable. These findings underscore the importance of considering somatic mosaicism as a genetic etiology for PAIS.
All authors declare no conflict of interest in this manuscript.
[1] |
B. L. Zhang, Z. B. Meng, Experimental study on floor failure of coal mining above confined water, Arabian J. Geosci., 12 (2019), 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s12517-018-4128-8
![]() |
[2] | Y. F. Gao, "Four-zone" model of rock mass movement and back analysis of dynamic displacement, J. China Coal Soc., 21 (1996), 51-56. |
[3] | Q. D. Qu, J. L. Xu, M. G. Qian, Study on influences of key strata movement on gas emissions of adjacent layers, Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 26 (2007), 1478-1484. |
[4] | S. R. Wang, J. N. Wang, Distinct element analysis on coal movement law and failure mechanism during mechanized top-coal caving in steep thick seam, J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 27 (2005), 5-8. |
[5] | W. Yuan, G. Deng, Z. R. Yang, Experimental study and numerical analysis of fluid-structure coupling vibration characteristics for the reciprocating compressor pipeline, in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 558 (2020), 022007. |
[6] | Q. Wu, Y. Z. Liu, W. F. Zhou, Evaluation of Water Inrush Vulnerability from Aquifers Overlying Coal Seams in the Menkeqing Coal Mine, China, Mine Water Environ., 34 (2015), 258-269. |
[7] | Q. Wu, W. F. Zhou, Prediction of inflow from overlying aquifers into coalmines: a case study in Jinggezhuang Coalmine, Kailuan, China, Environ. Geol., 55 (2008), 775-780. |
[8] |
V. M. Shik, Method of analyzing slabs to solve questions of mining pressure control, Sov. Min., 18 (1982), 432-437. doi: 10.1007/BF02528452
![]() |
[9] | Y. M. Qi, M. Z. Li, K. J, Spatiotemporal development of mine water inrush and its mechanism—a case study in Ganhe coal mine, Shanxi, China, Arabian J. Geosci., 10 (2017), 1-8. |
[10] | T. L. Saaty.An Exposition of the AHP in Reply to the Paper "Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process", Manage. Sci., 36 (1990), 259-268. |
[11] | M. DağDeviren, İ. Yüksel, Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model for behavior-based safety management, Inf. Sci., 178 (2008), 1717-1733. |
[12] |
W. L. Liu, Q. Z. Zhang, Y. Y. Zhao, A fuzzy identification method for persistent scatterers in PSInSAR technology, Math. Biosci. Eng., 17 (2020), 6928-6944. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020358
![]() |
[13] |
P. Manekar, T. Nandy, A. Sargaonkar, B. Rathi, M. Karthik, FAHP ranking and selection of pretreatment module for membrane separation processes in textile cluster, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (2011), 558-566. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.086
![]() |
[14] |
H. Wu, J. W. Wang, S. Liu, T. M. Yang, Research on decision-making of emergency plan for waterlogging disaster in subway station project based on linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy set and TOPSIS, Math. Biosci. Eng., 17 (2020), 4825-4851. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2020263
![]() |
[15] |
J. Yu, H. Y. Shen, J. H. Gou, X. G. Zhang, The Green Environment Measurement by Entropy Method: A Study Based on Minnan Coastal Area in China, J. Coastal Res., 103 (2020), 442-446. doi: 10.2112/SI103-090.1
![]() |
[16] | S. J. Yang, S. T. Shao, X. H. Zhao, Research On Comprehensive Assessment of Science And Technology Government Website Based On Factor Analysis, IEEE, 17 (2015), 5717-5720. |
[17] |
A. Vasseur, Y. Wang, The Inviscid Limit to a Contact Discontinuity for the Compressible Navier--Stokes--Fourier System Using the Relative Entropy Method, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 47 (2015), 4350-4359. doi: 10.1137/15M1023439
![]() |
[18] | R. Rodriguez, Models, methods, concepts and applications of the analytic hierarchy process, Interfaces, 32 (2002), 93. |
[19] |
T. L. Saaty, Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process, Int. J. Services Sci., 1 (2008), 83-98. doi: 10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590
![]() |
[20] |
Y. Choi, H. G. Kang, Y. S. Nam, Three skin zones in the Asian upper eyelid pertaining to the Asian blepharoplasty, J. Craniofacial Surg., 28 (2017), 892-897. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003511
![]() |
[21] |
H. Gvirtzman, M. Magaritz, Matrix and fissure water movement through unsaturated calcareous sandstone, Transp. Porous Media, 3 (1988), 343-356. doi: 10.1007/BF00233176
![]() |
[22] |
X. R. Meng, J. H. Wang, Z. N. Gao, Research on Coal Seam Floor Water Inrush Monitoring Based on Perception of IoT Coupled with GIS, Engineering, 4 (2012), 467-476. doi: 10.4236/eng.2012.48061
![]() |
[23] | Q. Wu, J. H. Wang, D. H. Liu, F. P. Cui, S. Q. Liu, A new practical methodology of the coal floor water bursting evaluating Ⅳ: the application of AHP vulnerable index method based on GIS, J. China Coal Soc., 34 (2009), 233-238. |
[24] | X. Y. Wu, J. Y. Wang, W. C. Wang, C. Tian, L. Z. Wu, Study on the stage failure mechanism and stability control of surrounding rock of repeated mining roadway, Adv. Civ. Eng., 2020 (2020), 1-16. |
[25] |
L. X. Zhang, Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics and Spatial Distribution of Rivers in Wanjiang Economic Belt Based on ArcGIS, Adv. Environ. Prot., 9 (2019), 511-519. doi: 10.12677/AEP.2019.93071
![]() |
[26] |
Z. X. Li, M. L. Han, J. T. Li, J. F. Yu, D. W. Lv, H. F. Liu, On the analysis of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulating law of jurassic in Ordos Basin, J. Coal Sci. Eng., 14 (2008), 85-91. doi: 10.1007/s12404-008-0018-0
![]() |
1. | Sarah Gold, Christina Huang, Rakan Radi, Pranav Gupta, Eric I. Felner, Jeehea Sonya Haw, Krista Childress, Nancy Sokkary, Vin Tangpricha, Michael Goodman, Howa Yeung, Dermatologic care of patients with differences of sex development, 2023, 9, 2352-6475, e106, 10.1097/JW9.0000000000000106 |