Fractional calculus in beam deflection: Analyzing nonlinear systems with Caputo and conformable derivatives

1.   Introduction

The concept of embedded tensors initially emerged in the research on gauged supergravity theory ^[1]. Using embedding tensors, the $\mathcal{N} = 8$ supersymmetric gauge theories as well as the Bagger-Lambert theory of multiple M2-branes were investigated in ^[2]. See ^[3,4,5] and the references therein for a great deal of literature on embedding tensors and related tensor hierarchies. In ^[6], the authors first observed the mathematical essence behind the embedding tensor and proved that the embedding tensor naturally produced Leibniz algebra. In the application of physics, they observed that in the construction of the corresponding gauge theory, they focused more on Leibniz algebra than on embedding tensor.

In ^[7], Sheng et al. considered cohomology, deformations, and homotopy theory for embedding tensors and Lie-Leibniz triples. Later on, the deformation and cohomology theory of embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras were extensively elaborated in ^[8]. Tang and Sheng ^[9] first proposed the concept of a nonabelian embedding tensor on Lie algebras, which is a nonabelian generalization of the embedding tensors, and gave the algebraic structures behind the nonabelian embedding tensors as Leibniz-Lie algebras. This generalization for embedding tensors on associative algebras has been previously explored in ^[10,11], where they are referred to as average operators with any nonzero weights. Moreover, the nonabelian embedding tensor on Lie algebras has been extended to the Hom setting in ^[12].

On the other hand, Filippov ^[13] first introduced the concepts of 3-Lie algebras and, more generally, $n$-Lie algebras (also called Filippov algebras). Over recent years, the study and application of 3-Lie algebras have expanded significantly across the realms of mathematics and physics, including string theory, Nambu mechanics ^[14], and M2-branes ^[15,16]. Further research on 3-Lie algebras could be found in ^[17,18,19] and references cited therein.

Drawing inspiration from Tang and Sheng's ^[9] terminology of nonabelian embedding tensors and recognizing the significance of 3-Lie algebras, cohomology, and deformation theories, this paper primarily investigates the nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras, along with their fundamental algebraic structures, cohomology, and deformations.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 first recalls some basic notions of 3-Lie algebras and 3-Leibniz algebras. Then we introduce the coherent action of a 3-Lie algebra on another 3-Lie algebra and the notion of nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras with respect to a coherent action. In Section 3, the concept of 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra is presented as the fundamental algebraic structure for a nonabelian embedding tensor on the 3-Lie algebra. Naturally, a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra induces a 3-Leibniz algebra. Subsequently, we study 3-Leibniz-Lie algebras induced by Leibniz-Lie algebras. In Section 4, the cohomology theory of nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras is introduced. As an application, we characterize the infinitesimal deformation using the first cohomology group.

All vector spaces and algebras considered in this paper are on the field $\mathbb{K}$ with the characteristic of 0.

2.   Nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras

This section recalls some basic notions of 3-Lie algebras and 3-Leibniz algebras. After that, we introduce the coherent action of a 3-Lie algebra on another 3-Lie algebra, and we introduce the concept of nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras by its coherent action as a nonabelian generalization of embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras ^[8].

Definition 2.1. (see ^[13]) A 3-Lie algebra is a pair $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ consisting of a vector space $L$ and a skew-symmetric ternary operation $[−, −, −]_L: \wedge^3 L\rightarrow L$ such that

for all $l_i\in L, \; 1\leq i\leq 5$.

A homomorphism between two 3-Lie algebras $(L_1, [−, −, −]_{L_1})$ and $(L_2, [−, −, −]_{L_2})$ is a linear map $f: L_1\rightarrow L_2$ that satisfies $f([l_1, l_2, l_3]_{L_1}) = [f(l_1), f(l_2), f(l_3)]_{L_2},$ for all $l_1, l_2, l_3\in L_1.$

Definition 2.2. 1) (see ^[20]) A representation of a 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ on a vector space $H$ is a skew-symmetric linear map $\rho: \wedge^2 L \rightarrow \mathrm{End}(H)$, such that

for all $l_1, l_2, l_3, l_4\in L$. We also denote a representation of $L$ on $H$ by $(H; \rho)$.

2) A coherent action of a 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ on another 3-Lie algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ is defined by a skew-symmetric linear map $\rho: \wedge^2 L \rightarrow \mathrm{Der}(H)$ that satisfies Eqs (2.2) and (2.3), along with the condition that

for all $l_1, l_2\in L$ and $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$. We denote a coherent action of $L$ on $H$ by $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger}).$

Note that Eq (2.4) and $\rho(l_1, l_2)\in \mathrm{Der}(H)$ imply that

Example 2.3. Let $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ be a 3-Lie algebra. Define $ad: \wedge^2 H \rightarrow \mathrm{Der}(H)$ by

Then $(H; ad)$ is a representation of $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$, which is called the adjoint representation. Furthermore, if the $ad$ satisfies

then $(H, [−, −, −]_H; ad^{\dagger})$ is a coherent adjoint action of $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$.

Definition 2.4. (see ^[21]) A 3-Leibniz algebra is a vector space $\mathcal{L}$ together with a ternary operation $[−, −, −]_{\mathcal{L}}: \mathcal{L}\otimes \mathcal{L}\otimes \mathcal{L} \rightarrow \mathcal{L}$ such that

for all $l_i\in \mathcal{L}, 1\leq i\leq 5$.

Proposition 2.5. Let $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ and $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ be two 3-Lie algebras, and let $\rho$ be a coherent action of $L$ on $H$. Then, $L \oplus H$ is a 3-Leibniz algebra under the following map:

for all $l_1, l_2, l_3\in L$ and $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$. This 3-Leibniz algebra $(L \oplus H, [−, −, −]_{\rho})$ is called the nonabelian hemisemidirect product 3-Leibniz algebra, which is denoted by $L\ltimes_{\rho}H$.

Proof. For any $l_1, l_2, l_3, l_4, l_5 \in L$ and $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$, by Eqs (2.1)–(2.5), we have

Thus, $(L \oplus H, [−, −, −]_{\rho})$ is a 3-Leibniz algebra. □

Definition 2.6. 1) A nonabelian embedding tensor on a 3-algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ with respect to a coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$ is a linear map $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$ that satisfies the following equation:

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$.

2) A nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra is a triple $(H, L, \Lambda)$ consisting of a 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$, a coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$ of $L$ and a nonabelian embedding tensor $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$. We denote a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra $(H, L, \Lambda)$ by the notation $H\stackrel{\Lambda}{\longrightarrow}L$.

3) Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ and $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$ be two nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebras. Then, a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$ consists of two 3-Lie algebras homomorphisms $f_L:L\rightarrow L$ and $f_{H}:H\rightarrow H$, which satisfy the following equations:

for all $l_1, l_2\in L$ and $h\in H.$ Furthermore, if $f_L$ and $f_{H}$ are nondegenerate, $(f_L, f_{H})$ is called an isomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$.

Remark 2.7. If $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ is an abelian 3-Lie algebra, then we can get that $\Lambda$ is an embedding tensor on 3-Lie algebra (see ^[8]). In addition, If $\rho = 0$, then $\Lambda$ is a 3-Lie algebra homomorphism from $H$ to $L$.

Example 2.8. Let $H$ be a 4-dimensional linear space spanned by $\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3$ and $\alpha_4$. We define a skew-symmetric ternary operation $[−, −, −]_H:\wedge^3 H\rightarrow H$ by

Then $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ is a 3-Lie algebra. It is obvious that $(H, [−, −, −]_H; ad^{\dagger})$ is a coherent adjoint action of $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$. Moreover,

is a nonabelian embedding tensor on $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$.

Next, we use graphs to describe nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras.

Theorem 2.9. A linear map $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$ is a nonabelian embedding tensor on a 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ with respect to the coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$ if and only if the graph $Gr(\Lambda) = \{\Lambda h+h\; |\; h\in H\}$ forms a subalgebra of the nonabelian hemisemidirect product 3-Leibniz algebra $L\ltimes_{\rho}H$.

Proof. Let $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$ be a linear map. Then, for any $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$, we have

Thus, the graph $Gr(\Lambda) = \{\Lambda h+h \; |\; h\in H\}$ is a subalgebra of the nonabelian hemisemidirect product 3-Leibniz algebra $L\ltimes_{\rho}H$ if and only if $\Lambda$ satisfies Eq (2.6), which implies that $\Lambda$ is a nonabelian embedding tensor on $L$ with respect to the coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$. □

Because $H$ and $Gr(\Lambda)$ are isomorphic as linear spaces, there is an induced 3-Leibniz algebra structure on $H$.

Corollary 2.10. Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda}{\longrightarrow}L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra. If a linear map $[−, −, −]_\Lambda: \wedge^3 H\rightarrow H$ is given by

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$, then $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ is a 3-Leibniz algebra. Moreover, $\Lambda$ is a homomorphism from the 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ to the 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$. This 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ is called the descendent 3-Leibniz algebra.

Proposition 2.11. Let $(f_L, f_{H})$ be a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$. Then $f_{H}$ is a homomorphism of descendent 3-Leibniz algebra from $(H, [−, −, −]_{\Lambda_1})$ to $(H, [−, −, −]_{\Lambda_2})$.

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H,$ by Eqs (2.7)–(2.9), we have

The proof is finished. □

3.   3-Leibniz-Lie algebras

In this section, we present the concept of the 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra, which serves as the fundamental algebraic framework for the nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra. Then we study 3-Leibniz-Lie algebras induced by Leibniz-Lie algebras.

Definition 3.1. A 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_H)$ encompasses a 3-Lie algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ and a ternary operation $\{-, -, -\}_H: \wedge^3 H\rightarrow H$, which satisfies the following equations:

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$.

A homomorphism between two 3-Leibniz-Lie algebras $(H_1, [−, −, −]_{H_1}, \{-, -, -\}_{H_1})$ and $(H_2, [−, −, −]_{H_2}, \{-, -, -\}_{H_2})$ is a 3-Lie algebra homomorphism $f: (H_1, [−, −, −]_{H_1})\rightarrow (H_2, [−, −, −]_{H_2})$ such that $f(\{h_1, h_2, h_3\}_{H_1}) = \{f(h_1), f(h_2), f(h_3)\}_{H_2},$ for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H_1.$

Remark 3.2. A 3-Lie algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ naturally constitutes a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra provided that the underlying ternary operation $\{h_1, h_2, h_3\}_H = 0$, for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$.

Example 3.3. Let $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ be a 4-dimensional 3-Lie algebra given in Example 2.8. We define a nonzero operation $\{-, -, -\}_H: \wedge^3 H\rightarrow H$ by

Then $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_H)$ is a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra.

The subsequent theorem demonstrates that a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra inherently gives rise to a 3-Leibniz algebra.

Theorem 3.4. Let $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_H)$ be a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra. Then the ternary operation $\langle-, -, -\rangle_H: \wedge^3 H\rightarrow H$, defined as

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H,$ establishes a 3-Leibniz algebra structure on $H$. This structure is denoted by $(H, \langle-, -, -\rangle_H)$ and is referred to as the subadjacent 3-Leibniz algebra.

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$, according to $(H, [−, −, −]_H)$ is a 3-Lie algebra and Eqs (3.2)–(3.4), we have

Hence, $(H, \langle-, -, -\rangle_H)$ is a 3-Leibniz algebra. □

The following theorem shows that a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra induces a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra.

Theorem 3.5. Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda}{\longrightarrow}L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra. Then $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_{\Lambda})$ is a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra, where

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$.

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$, by Eqs (2.3), (2.6), and (3.5), we have

Furthermore, by Eqs (2.4), (2.5), and (3.5), we have

Thus, $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_\Lambda)$ is a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra. □

Proposition 3.6. Let $(f_L, f_{H})$ be a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$. Then $f_{H}$ is a homomorphism of 3-Leibniz-Lie algebras from $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_{\Lambda_1})$ to $(H, [−, −, −]_H, \{-, -, -\}_{\Lambda_2})$.

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$, by Eqs (2.7), (2.8), and (3.5), we have

The proof is finished. □

Motivated by the construction of 3-Lie algebras from Lie algebras ^[17], at the end of this section, we investigate 3-Leibniz-Lie algebras induced by Leibniz-Lie algebras.

Definition 3.7. (see ^[9]) A Leibniz-Lie algebra $(H, [-, -]_H, \rhd)$ encompasses a Lie algebra $(H, [-, -]_H)$ and a binary operation $\rhd:H\otimes H\rightarrow H$, ensuring that

for all $h_1, h_2, h_3\in H$.

Theorem 3.8. Let $(H, [-, -]_H, \rhd)$ be a Leibniz-Lie algebra, and let $\varsigma\in H^\ast$ be a trace map, which is a linear map that satisfies the following conditions:

Define two ternary operations by

Then $(H, [−, −, −]_{H_\varsigma}, \{-, -, -\}_{H_\varsigma})$ is a 3-Leibniz-Lie algebra.

Proof. First, we know from ^[17] that $(H, [−, −, −]_{H_\varsigma})$ is a 3-Lie algebra. Next, for any $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$, we have

and

Similarly, we obtain

and

Hence Eqs (3.1)–(3.3) hold and we complete the proof. □

4.   Cohomology and infinitesimal deformations of nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras

In this section, we revisit fundamental results pertaining to the representations and cohomologies of 3-Leibniz algebras. We construct a representation of the descendent 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ on the vector space $L$ and define the cohomologies of a nonabelian embedding tensor on 3-Lie algebras. As an application, we characterize the infinitesimal deformation using the first cohomology group.

Definition 4.1. (see ^[22]) A representation of the 3-Leibniz algebra $(\mathcal{H}, [−, −, −]_{\mathcal{H}})$ is a vector space $V$ equipped with 3 actions

satisfying for any $a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_5\in \mathcal{H}$ and $u\in V$

For $n\geq 1$, denote the $n$-cochains of 3-Leibniz algebra $(\mathcal{H}, [−, −, −]_{\mathcal{H}})$ with coefficients in a representation $(V; \mathfrak{l}, \mathfrak{m}, \mathfrak{r})$ by

The coboundary map $\delta:\mathcal{C}^n_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(\mathcal{H}, V)\rightarrow \mathcal{C}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(\mathcal{H}, V)$, for $A_i = a_i\wedge b_i\in \wedge^2 \mathcal{H}, 1\leq i\leq n$ and $c\in \mathcal{H}$, as

It was proved in ^[23,24] that $\delta^2 = 0$. Therefore, $(\oplus_{n = 1}^{+\infty}\mathcal{C}^n_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(\mathcal{H}, V), \delta)$ is a cochain complex.

Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda}{\longrightarrow}L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra. By Corollary 2.10, $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ is a 3-Leibniz algebra. Next we give a representation of $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ on $L$.

Lemma 4.2. With the above notations. Define 3 actions

by

for all $h_1, h_2\in H, l\in L.$ Then $(L; \mathfrak{l}_\Lambda, \mathfrak{m}_\Lambda, \mathfrak{r}_\Lambda)$ is a representation of the descendent 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$.

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2, h_3, h_4, h_5\in H$ and $l\in L$, by Eqs (2.1), (2.3)–(2.6), and (2.9), we have

and

which imply that Eqs (4.1) and (4.2) hold. Similarly, we can prove that Eqs (4.3)–(4.5) are true. The proof is finished. □

Proposition 4.3. Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ and $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$ be two nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebras and $(f_L, f_{H})$ a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$. Then the induced representation $(L; \mathfrak{l}_{\Lambda_1}, \mathfrak{m}_{\Lambda_1}, \mathfrak{r}_{\Lambda_1})$ of the descendent 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_{\Lambda_1})$ and the induced representation $(L; \mathfrak{l}_{\Lambda_2}, \mathfrak{m}_{\Lambda_2}, \mathfrak{r}_{\Lambda_2})$ of the descendent 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_{\Lambda_2})$ satisfying the following equations:

for all $h_1, h_2\in H, l\in L.$ In other words, the following diagrams commute:

Proof. For any $h_1, h_2\in H, l\in L,$ by Eqs (2.7) and (2.8), we have

And the other equation is similar to provable. □

For $n\geq 1$, let $\delta_\Lambda: \mathcal{C}^n_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)\rightarrow \mathcal{C}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)$ be the coboundary operator of the 3-Leibniz algebra $(H, [−, −, −]_\Lambda)$ with coefficients in the representation $(L; \mathfrak{l}_\Lambda, \mathfrak{m}_\Lambda, \mathfrak{r}_\Lambda)$. More precisely, for all $\phi\in \mathcal{C}^n_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L), \mathfrak{H}_i = u_i\wedge v_i\in \wedge^2 H, 1\leq i\leq n$ and $w\in H$, we have

In particular, for $\phi\in \mathcal{C}^1_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L): = \mathrm{Hom}(H, L)$ and $u_1, v_1, w\in H,$ we have

For any $(a_1, a_2)\in \mathcal{C}^0_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L): = \wedge^2 L$, we define $\delta_\Lambda: \mathcal{C}^0_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)\rightarrow \mathcal{C}^1_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L), (a_1, a_2)\mapsto \delta_\Lambda(a_1, a_2)$ by

Proposition 4.4. Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda}{\longrightarrow}L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebra. Then $\delta_\Lambda(\delta_\Lambda(a_1, a_2)) = 0$, that is, the composition $\mathcal{C}^0_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)\stackrel{\delta_\Lambda}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}^1_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)\stackrel{\delta_{\Lambda}}{\longrightarrow} \mathcal{C}^2_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L)$ is the zero map.

Proof. For any $u_1, v_1, w\in V,$ by Eqs (2.1)–(2.6) and (2.9) we have

Therefore, we deduce that $\delta_\Lambda (\delta_\Lambda(a_1, a_2)) = 0.$ □

Now we develop the cohomology theory of a nonabelian embedding tensor $\Lambda$ on the 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ with respect to the coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$.

For $n\geq 0$, define the set of $n$-cochains of $\Lambda$ by $\mathcal{C}^n_\Lambda(H, L): = \mathcal{C}^n_{\mathrm{3Leib}}(H, L).$ Then $(\oplus_{n = 0}^{\infty}\mathcal{C}^n_\Lambda(H, L), \delta_\Lambda)$ is a cochain complex.

For $n\geq 1$, we denote the set of $n$-cocycles by ${\bf Z}^n_\Lambda(H, L)$, the set of $n$-coboundaries by ${\bf B}^n_\Lambda(H, L)$, and the $n$-th cohomology group of the nonabelian embedding tensor $\Lambda$ by

Proposition 4.5. Let $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ and $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$ be two nonabelian embedding tensor 3-Lie algebras and let $(f_L, f_{H})$ be a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_1}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda_2}{\longrightarrow}L$ in which $f_H$ is invertible. We define a map $\Psi:\mathcal{C}^{n}_{\Lambda_1}(H, L)\rightarrow \mathcal{C}^{n}_{\Lambda_2}(H, L)$ by

for all $\phi\in \mathcal{C}^{n}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_1}}(H, L), \mathfrak{H}_i = u_i\wedge v_i\in \wedge^2 H, 1\leq i\leq {n-1}$, and $w\in H$. Then $\Psi: (\mathcal{C}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_1}}(H, L), \delta_{\Lambda_1})\rightarrow (\mathcal{C}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_2}}(H, L), \delta_{\Lambda_2})$ is a cochain map.

That is, the following diagram commutes:

Consequently, it induces a homomorphism $\Psi^*$ from the cohomology group $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_1}}(H, L)$ to $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_2}}(H, L)$.

Proof. For any $\phi\in \mathcal{C}^{n}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_1}}(H, L), \mathfrak{H}_i = u_i\wedge v_i\in \wedge^2 H, 1\leq i\leq {n}$, and $w\in H$, by Eqs (4.6)–(4.8) and Proposition 2.11, we have

Hence, $\Psi$ is a cochain map and induces a cohomology group homomorphism $\Psi^*: \mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_1}}(H, L)$ $\rightarrow \mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}^{n+1}_{\mathrm{\Lambda_2}}(H, L)$. □

At the conclusion of this section, we employ the well-established cohomology theory to describe the infinitesimal deformations of nonabelian embedding tensors on 3-Lie algebras.

Definition 4.6. Let $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor on a 3-Lie algebra $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ with respect to a coherent action $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^\dagger)$. An infinitesimal deformation of $\Lambda$ is a nonabelian embedding tensor of the form $\Lambda_t = \Lambda+t\Lambda_1$, where $t$ is a parameter with $t^2 = 0.$

Let $\Lambda_t = \Lambda+t\Lambda_1$ be an infinitesimal deformation of $\Lambda$, then we have

for all $u_1, u_2, u_3\in H.$ Therefore, we obtain the following equation:

It follows from Eq (4.9) that $\Lambda_1\in \mathcal{C}_\Lambda^1(H, L)$ is a 1-cocycle in the cohomology complex of $\Lambda$. Thus the cohomology class of $\Lambda_1$ defines an element in $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}_\Lambda^1(H, L)$.

Let $\Lambda_t = \Lambda+t\Lambda_1$ and $\Lambda'_t = \Lambda+t\Lambda'_1$ be two infinitesimal deformations of $\Lambda$. They are said to be equivalent if there exists $a_1\wedge a_2\in \wedge^2 L$ such that the pair $(id_L+tad(a_1, a_2), id_H+t\rho(a_1, a_2))$ is a homomorphism from $H\stackrel{\Lambda_t}{\longrightarrow}L$ to $H\stackrel{\Lambda'_t}{\longrightarrow}L$. That is, the following conditions must hold:

1) The maps $id_L+tad(a_1, a_2):L\rightarrow L$ and $id_H+t\rho(a_1, a_2): H\rightarrow H$ are two 3-Lie algebra homomorphisms,

2) The pair $(id_L+tad(a_1, a_2), id_H+t\rho(a_1, a_2))$ satisfies:

for all $a, b\in L, u\in H.$ It is easy to see that Eq (4.10) gives rise to

This shows that $\Lambda_1$ and $\Lambda'_1$ are cohomologous. Thus, their cohomology classes are the same in $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}_\Lambda^1(H, L)$.

Conversely, any 1-cocycle $\Lambda_1$ gives rise to the infinitesimal deformation $\Lambda+t\Lambda_1$. Furthermore, we have arrived at the following result.

Theorem 4.7. Let $\Lambda: H\rightarrow L$ be a nonabelian embedding tensor on $(L, [−, −, −]_L)$ with respect to $(H, [−, −, −]_H; \rho^{\dagger})$. Then, there exists a bijection between the set of all equivalence classes of infinitesimal deformations of $\Lambda$ and the first cohomology group $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{H}_\Lambda^1(H, L)$.

Use of AI tools declaration

The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

Acknowledgments

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12361005) and the Universities Key Laboratory of System Modeling and Data Mining in Guizhou Province (Grant No. 2023013).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare there is no conflicts of interest.