Research article

A stochastic computational scheme for the computer epidemic virus with delay effects

  • Received: 13 July 2022 Revised: 19 August 2022 Accepted: 01 September 2022 Published: 27 September 2022
  • MSC : 60H35, 92B20

  • This work aims to provide the numerical performances of the computer epidemic virus model with the time delay effects using the stochastic Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural networks (LMBP-NNs). The computer epidemic virus model with the time delay effects is categorized into four dynamics, the uninfected S(x) computers, the latently infected L(x) computers, the breaking-out B(x) computers, and the antivirus PC's aptitude R(x). The LMBP-NNs approach has been used to numerically simulate three cases of the computer virus epidemic system with delay effects. The stochastic framework for the computer epidemic virus system with the time delay effects is provided using the selection of data with 11%, 13%, and 76% for testing, training, and verification together with 15 neurons. The proposed and data-based Adam technique is overlapped to execute the LMBP-NNs method's exactness. The constancy, authentication, precision, and capability of the LMBP-NNs scheme are perceived with the analysis of the state transition measures, regression actions, correlation performances, error histograms, and mean square error measures.

    Citation: Wajaree Weera, Thongchai Botmart, Teerapong La-inchua, Zulqurnain Sabir, Rafaél Artidoro Sandoval Núñez, Marwan Abukhaled, Juan Luis García Guirao. A stochastic computational scheme for the computer epidemic virus with delay effects[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(1): 148-163. doi: 10.3934/math.2023007

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  • This work aims to provide the numerical performances of the computer epidemic virus model with the time delay effects using the stochastic Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural networks (LMBP-NNs). The computer epidemic virus model with the time delay effects is categorized into four dynamics, the uninfected S(x) computers, the latently infected L(x) computers, the breaking-out B(x) computers, and the antivirus PC's aptitude R(x). The LMBP-NNs approach has been used to numerically simulate three cases of the computer virus epidemic system with delay effects. The stochastic framework for the computer epidemic virus system with the time delay effects is provided using the selection of data with 11%, 13%, and 76% for testing, training, and verification together with 15 neurons. The proposed and data-based Adam technique is overlapped to execute the LMBP-NNs method's exactness. The constancy, authentication, precision, and capability of the LMBP-NNs scheme are perceived with the analysis of the state transition measures, regression actions, correlation performances, error histograms, and mean square error measures.



    In 1903, Mittag-Leffler [22] provided the function Eσ(z) defined by

    Eσ(z)=j=0 zjΓ(σj+1),(σ,zC,R(σ)>0),

    where Γ is the gamma function and R means the real part.

    Wiman [34] introduced the following generalized Mittag-Leffler function

    Eσ,μ(z)=j=0 zjΓ(σj+μ),(σ,μ,zC,[R(σ),R(μ)]>0).

    Prabhakar [25] introduced the following function Eρσ,μ(z) in the form

    Eρσ,μ(z)=j=0 (ρ)jΓ(μ+σj).zjj!,   (σ,μ,ρ,zC,[R(σ),R(μ),R(ρ)]>0).

    Later, Shukla and Prajapati [27] (see also [32]) defined another generalized Mittag-Leffler function

    Eρ,kσ,μ(z)=j=0 (ρ)kjΓ(μ+σj)zjj!,(σ,μ,ρ,zC,[R(σ),R(μ),R(ρ)]>0)

    where k(0,1)N and (ρ)kj=Γ(ρ+kj)Γ(ρ) is the generalized Pochhammer symbol defined as

    kkjkm=1(ρ+m1k)j if kN.

    Bansal and Prajapat [5] and Srivastava and Bansal [31] investigated geometric properties of the Mittag-Leffler function Eσ,μ(z), including starlikeness, convexity, and close-to-convexity (see [1,4,6,8,12,13,17,28,29]). In reality, the generalized Mittag-Leffler function Eσ,μ(z) and its extensions are still widely used in geometric function theory and in a variety of applications (see, for details, [2,3,7,16,24]).

    Let S(p) be the class of functions of the form

    f(z)=zp+j=p+1ajzj, (1.1)

    where f is holomorphic and multivalent in the open unit disk O={z:|z|<1}.

    Let f and F be two functions in S(p). Then the convolution (or Hadamard product), denoted by fF, is defined as

    (fF)(z)=zp+j=p+1ajdjzj=(Ff)(z),

    where f(z) is in (1.1) and F(z)=zp+j=p+1djzj.

    Let f(z) and h(z) be two analytic functions defined in O. The function f(z) is called subordinate to h(z), or h(z) is superordinate to f(z), denoted by f(z)h(z) and h(z)f(z), respectively, if there is a Schwarz function φ with φ(z)=0,|φ(z)|<1 and f(z)=h(φ(z)). If the function h is univalent in O, then the following equivalence is true if

    f(z)h(z)  (zO)f(0)=h(0) and f(O)h(O).

    Definition 1.1. ([18]). Let 0<q<1. Then [j]q! denotes the q-factorial, which is defined as follows:

    [j]q!={[j]q[j1]q[2]q[1]q,    j=1,2,3,1,    j=0

    where [j]q=1qj1q=1+j1m=1 qm and [0]q=0.

    Definition 1.2 ([18]). The q-generalized Pochhammer symbol [ρ]j,q, ρC, is given as

    [ρ]j,q=[ρ]q[ρ+1]q[ρ+2]q[ρ+j1]q,

    and the q-Gamma function is defined as

    Γq(ρ+1)=[ρ]qΓq(ρ) and Γq(1)=1.

    It follows that Γq(j+1)=[j]q!.

    Lately, many results have been given for some related special functions such as the Wright function [3] and multivalent functions (see [10,23,26]).

    Here, we propose a q-extension of specific extensions of the Mittag-Leffler function, motivated by the success of Mittag-Leffler function applications in physics, biology, engineering, and applied sciences. We generalize the Mittag-Leffler function given by Shukla and Prajapati [27] and obtain a new generalized q-Mittag-Leffler function.

    Now, we present a new generalized q-Mittag-Leffler function as follows

    Eρσ,μ(q;z)=z+j=2 (ρ)kjΓq(μ+σj)zjj!. (1.2)

    It is obvious that, when q1, the resulting function is the generalized Mittag-Leffler function, which is given by Shukla and Prajapati [27].

    Corresponding to the function Eρσ,μ(q;z) in (1.2), we establish the following generalized q-Mittag-Leffler function Eρσ,μ(p,q;z) in multivalent functions S(p), as given below

    Eρσ,μ(p,q;z)=zp+j=p+1 (ρ)k(jp)Γq(μ+σ(jp))zj(jp)!. (1.3)

    Again, using the new function (1.3), we define the following function:

    Gρσ,μ(p,q;z):=zpΓq(μ)Eρσ,μ(p,q;z)=zp+j=p+1 Γq(μ)(ρ)k(jp)Γq(μ+σ(jp))zj(jp)!. (1.4)

    Definition 1.3. For fS(p), we define the new linear operator Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z):S(p)S(p) by

    Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)=Gρσ,μ(p,q;z)f(z)=zp+j=p+1 χjajzj, (1.5)

    where χj=Γq(μ)(ρ)kjΓq(μ+σj)j!.

    We now define a subclass Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) of the family S(p) using the multivalent linear operator in (1.5) and the subordination concept.

    Definition 1.4. Let Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z) be an operator in (1.5). A function f(z)S(p) is said to be in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) if satisfies the following subordination condition:

    1pτ(z(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)τ)1+Mz1+Nz,  (zO) (1.6)

    or equivalently

    z(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)p+(pN+(MN)(pτ))z1+Nz,  (zO)

    and

    |z(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)pNz(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)[pN+(MN)(pτ)]|<1, (1.7)

    where 1M<N1, 0τ<p, and pN.

    Remark 1.1. Some well-known special classes of the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) can be obtained by choosing the values of the parameters ς,μ,ρ;τ,k,p,q, M, and N.

    (1) Q0,0,10,1(M,N;τ,p)=Sp(M,N;τ,p) was provided by Aouf [2].

    (2) Q0,0,10,1(M,N;0,p)=Sp(M,N;p) was provided by Goel and Sohi [16].

    In this work, we introduce a new subclass of multivalent functions Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) defined by the new linear operator Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z). And we study some geometric properties for the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) such as the coefficient estimates, convexity and convex linear combination. Finally, the radius theorems associated with the generalized Srivastava-Attiya integral operator will be investigated.

    The first theorem in this section presents the necessary and sufficient condition for the function f(z) in (1.1) belong to the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    Theorem 2.1. A function f(z) is in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) if and only if

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj|aj|(MN)(pτ), (2.1)

    where 1M<N1, 0τ<p, and pN.

    Proof. Assume that the condition (2.1) is true. Then by (1.7), we have

    |z(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))pAμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)||Nz(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))[(MN)(pτ)+pN]Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)|=|j=p+1(jp)χjajzj||(MN)(pτ)zjj=p+1[Nj((MN)(pτ)+pN)]χjajzj|(MN)(pτ)+j=p+1[(1+N)(jp)+((MN)(pτ))]χj|aj|0.

    By maximum modulus theorem [11], we get f(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    Conversely, suppose that f(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p). Then

    |z(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)pNz(Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z))Aμ,ρ;kσ;p,qf(z)[pN+(MN)(pτ)]|=|j=p+1(jp)χjajzj(MN)(pτ)zjj=p+1[Nj((MN)(pτ)+pN)]χjajzj|<1.

    Since R(z)|z|, we get

    R{j=p+1(jp)χjajzj(MN)(pτ)zjj=p+1[Nj((MN)(pτ)+pN)]χjajzj}<1.

    Taking z1, we have

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj|aj|(MN)(pτ).

    This completes the proof.

    Theorem 2.2. Let f1 and f2 be analytic functions in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p). Then f1f2Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p), where

    τ1=p(1p)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(1p)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]2(MN)2(pτ)2χ1, (2.2)

    where χ1=Γq(μ)(ρ)kΓq(μ+ς).

    Proof. We will show that τ1 is the largest satisfying

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χj(MN)(pτ1)aj,1aj,21. (2.3)

    Since f1,f2Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p), by the condition (2.1) and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we get

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)aj,1aj,21. (2.4)

    From (2.3) and (2.4), we observe that

    aj,1aj,2[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj](pτ1)[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χj](pτ).

    From (2.4), it is necessary to prove

    (MN)(pτ)((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj](pτ1)[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χj](pτ). (2.5)

    Furthermore, from the inequality (2.5) it follows that

    τ1p(jp)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χj[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χj]2(MN)2(pτ)2χj.

    Now, set

    E(j)=p(jp)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χj[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χj]2(MN)2(pτ)2χj.

    We observe that the function E(j) is increasing for jN. Putting j=1, we have

    τ1=E(1)=p(1p)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(1p)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]2(MN)2(pτ)2χ1.

    This completes the proof.

    Theorem 2.3. Let f1 and f2 be analytic functions in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) of forms given in (1.1) with aj,1 and aj,2, respectively. Then

    w(z)=zp+j=p+1(a2j,1+a2j,2)zjQμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p),

    where

    η=p(1p)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(1p)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]2(MN)2(pτ)2χ1.

    Proof. By Theorem 2.1, we have

    j=p+1 [((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)]2a2j,sj=p+1 [((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)aj,s]21, (s=1,2).

    From the above inequality, we obtain

    j=p+1 12[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)]2(a2j,1+a2j,2)1.

    Therefore, the largest η can be obtained such that

    ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)12[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)]2.

    That is,

    ηp2(jp)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]22(MN)2(pτ)2χ1.

    Now, set

    E(j)=p2(jp)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]22(MN)2(pτ)2χ1.

    We observe that the function E(j) is increasing for jN. Putting j=1, we have

    η=E(1)=p2(1p)(1+N)(MN)(pτ)2χ1[((1+N)(1p)+(MN)(pτ1))χ1]22(MN)2(pτ)2χ1.

    This completes the proof.

    Theorem 2.4. Let f1,f2Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p). Then for γ[0,1], the function F(z)=(1γ)f1+γf2 belongs to the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    Proof. Since the functions f1 and f2 belong to the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p),

    F(z)=(1γ)f1+γf2=zp+j=p+1ηjzj,

    where ηj=(1γ)aj,1+γaj,2.

    By (2.1), we observe that

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj[(1γ)aj,1+γaj,2]=(1γ)j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χjaj,1+γj=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χjaj,2(1γ)(MN)(pτ)+γ(MN)(pτ).

    Hence F(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    Theorem 2.5. Let fs(z)=zp+j=p+1aj,szj be in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) for s=1,2,,m. Then the function P(z)=ms=1sfs, where ms=1s=1, is also in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    Proof. By Theorem 2.1, we have

    j=p+1 ((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)aj,s1.

    Since

    P(z)=ms=1sfs=ms=1s(zp+j=p+1aj,szj)=zp+j=p+1(ms=1saj,s)zj,
    j=p+1((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ)ms=1saj,s1.

    Thus P(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p).

    In this section, we investigate radii of multivalent starlikeness, multivalent convexity, and multivalent close-to-convex for the function f(z) in the class Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) with the generalized integral operator of Srivastava-Attiya.

    Jung et al. [19] introduced an integral operator with one parameter as follows:

    Iδ(f)(z):=2δzΓ(δ)z0 (log(zv) )δ1f(v)dv=z+j=2 (2j+1)δajzj(δ>0;fS).

    In 2007, Srivastava and Attiya [30] investigated a new integral operator, which is called Srivastava-Attiya operator, given by

    Ju,mf(z)=z+j=1(1+uj+u)δajzj.

    Many studies are concerned with the study of the operator of Srivastava-Attiya (see [9,14,15,20]).

    Mishra and Gochhayat [21] (also [33]) provided a fractional differintegral operator Jmu,pf(z):S(p)S(p) which is called a generalized of Srivastava-Attiya integral operator, defined by

    Jmu,pf(z)=zp+j=p+1(p+uj+u)δajzj. (3.1)

    Theorem 3.1. If f(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) and 0τ<p, then Jmu,pf(z) in (3.1) is multivalent starlike of order τ in |z|r1, where

    r1=infjp+1{((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(j+u)δ(MN)(j2p+τ)(p+u)δ}. (3.2)

    Proof. According to the definition of a starlike function in [28], we have

    |z(Jmu,pf(z))Jmu,pf(z)p|pτ, (3.3)
    |z(Jmu,pf(z))Jmu,pf(z)p|=|j=p+1(jp)(p+uj+u)δajzjj=p+1(p+uj+u)δajzj|j=p+1(jp)(p+uj+u)δaj|z|jj=p+1(p+uj+u)δaj|z|j.

    By (3.2), we have

    j=p+1(j2p+τ)(p+u)δaj|z|j(pτ)(j+u)δ1.

    By (2.1) in Theorem 2.1, it is clear that

    (j2p+τ)(p+u)δ(pτ)(j+u)δ|z|j((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(MN)(pτ).

    Therefore,

    |z|{((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(j+u)δ(MN)(j2p+τ)(p+u)δ}1j.

    This completes the proof.

    Theorem 3.2. If f(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) and 0τ<p, then Jmu,pf(z) in (3.1) is multivalent convex of order τ in |z|r2, where

    r2=infjp+1{((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χjp(j+u)δ(MN)[j(j2p+τ)](p+u)δ}. (3.4)

    Proof. To verify (3.4), it is necessary to prove

    |(1+z(Jmu,pf(z))(Jmu,pf(z)))p|pτ,

    but the result is obtained by repeating the steps in Theorem 3.1.

    Corollary 3.1. If f(z)Qμ,ρ;kσ;q(M,N;τ,p) and 0τ<p, then Jmu,pf(z) in (3.1) is multivalent close-to-convex of order τ in |z|r3, where

    r3=infj1{((1+N)(jp)+(MN)(pτ))χj(j+u)δ(MN)j(p+u)δ}. (3.5)

    In this work, we established and investigated a new generalized Mittag-Leffler function, which is a generalization of q-Mittag-Leffler function defined by Shukla and Prajapati [27]. Also, we studied some of the geometric properties of a certain subclass of multivalent functions. In addition, we introduced radius theorem using a generalized Srivastava-Attiya integral operator. Since the Mittag-Leffler function is of importance, it is related to a wide range of problems in mathematical physics, engineering, and the applied sciences. The results obtained in this article may have many other applications in special functions.

    The authors express many thanks to the Editor-in-Chief, handling editor, and the reviewers for their outstanding comments that improve our paper.

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests concerning the publication of this article.



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