Entrepreneurship is a fundamental driver of economic growth, innovation, and sustainable development, and nascent entrepreneurial activity serves as a key indicator of economic dynamism. This study addresses critical gaps in the existing literature by leveraging advanced machine learning models embedded with mathematical equations (follow algorithms to achieve accuracy and predictability)—XGBoost, Random Forest, and Decision Tree—to predict total early-stage entrepreneurship levels based on inclusive ecosystem factors, including resources, governance, culture, and markets. While previous research has primarily relied on traditional statistical techniques to infer causality these methods are inherently limited in their ability to predict future trends due to their linear and static nature. By employing sophisticated machine learning algorithms, this study offers a novel approach to understand the complex and dynamic interactions between inclusive factors and entrepreneurial outcomes. Our findings highlight that Inclusive Resources are the most influential predictor across all models, followed by Inclusive Governance and Inclusive Markets, with Inclusive Culture playing a variable yet significant role. Among the models tested, Random Forest emerges as the most effective in predicting nascent entrepreneurship, achieving an optimal balance of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. These insights contribute to the academic discourse on entrepreneurship while offering practical implications for policymakers and practitioners that seek to foster sustainable economic growth in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By integrating machine learning into the entrepreneurial ecosystem theoretical framework within inclusive context, this study provides decision-makers with more precise tools to foster and promote entrepreneurial activity, ultimately supporting the development of more inclusive and resilient economies.
Citation: Kamran Hameed, Zohaib Ahmad, Teodora Odett Breaz, Reda Abdelfattah Mohammad. AI-driven insights into nascent entrepreneurship: exploring the role of inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem factors[J]. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2026, 22(6): 2697-2725. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026099
Entrepreneurship is a fundamental driver of economic growth, innovation, and sustainable development, and nascent entrepreneurial activity serves as a key indicator of economic dynamism. This study addresses critical gaps in the existing literature by leveraging advanced machine learning models embedded with mathematical equations (follow algorithms to achieve accuracy and predictability)—XGBoost, Random Forest, and Decision Tree—to predict total early-stage entrepreneurship levels based on inclusive ecosystem factors, including resources, governance, culture, and markets. While previous research has primarily relied on traditional statistical techniques to infer causality these methods are inherently limited in their ability to predict future trends due to their linear and static nature. By employing sophisticated machine learning algorithms, this study offers a novel approach to understand the complex and dynamic interactions between inclusive factors and entrepreneurial outcomes. Our findings highlight that Inclusive Resources are the most influential predictor across all models, followed by Inclusive Governance and Inclusive Markets, with Inclusive Culture playing a variable yet significant role. Among the models tested, Random Forest emerges as the most effective in predicting nascent entrepreneurship, achieving an optimal balance of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. These insights contribute to the academic discourse on entrepreneurship while offering practical implications for policymakers and practitioners that seek to foster sustainable economic growth in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By integrating machine learning into the entrepreneurial ecosystem theoretical framework within inclusive context, this study provides decision-makers with more precise tools to foster and promote entrepreneurial activity, ultimately supporting the development of more inclusive and resilient economies.
| [1] |
D. B. Audretsch, M. Belitski, Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions, J. Technol. Transf., 42 (2017), 1030–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8 doi: 10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8
|
| [2] |
D. Valliere, Measuring regional variations of entrepreneurial intent in India, J. Entrep., 25 (2016), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355716650362 doi: 10.1177/0971355716650362
|
| [3] |
Z. J. Acs, S. Estrin, T. Mickiewicz, L. Szerb, Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: An ecosystem perspective, Small Bus. Econ., 51 (2018), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9 doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9
|
| [4] |
S. Wennekers, A. V. Wennekers, R. Thurik, P. Reynolds, Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development, Small Bus. Econ., 24 (2005), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1994-8 doi: 10.1007/s11187-005-1994-8
|
| [5] |
D. B. Audretsch, A. N. Link, Entrepreneurship and innovation: Public policy frameworks, J. Technol. Transf., 37 (2012), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-011-9240-9 doi: 10.1007/s10961-011-9240-9
|
| [6] |
B. Spigel, The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems, Entrep. Theory Pract., 41 (2017), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167 doi: 10.1111/etap.12167
|
| [7] |
E. Stam, Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique, Eur. Plan. Stud., 23 (2015), 1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484 doi: 10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484
|
| [8] |
K. Hameed, K. Shahzad, N. Yazdani, Global incidences of inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem: Conceptualization and measurement framework, J. Knowl. Econ., 14 (2023), 5033–5064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01427-1 doi: 10.1007/s13132-023-01427-1
|
| [9] | T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, J. Friedman, The elements of statistical learning, Springer, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7 |
| [10] | D. W. E. Allen, The private governance of entrepreneurship: An institutional approach to entrepreneurial discovery, RMIT University, 2017. |
| [11] | D. J. Isenberg, How to start an entrepreneurial revolution, Harvard Bus. Rev., 88 (2010), 40–50. |
| [12] | E. Autio, L. Szerb, É. Komlósi, M. Tiszberger, The european index of digital entrepreneurship systems, JRC Technical Reports, 153 (2018), 39256. https://doi.org/10.2760/39256 |
| [13] |
J. Gupta, N. R. Pouw, M. A. Ros-Tonen, Towards an elaborated theory of inclusive development, Eur. J. Dev. Res., 27 (2015), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.30 doi: 10.1057/ejdr.2015.30
|
| [14] |
W. Easterly, J. Ritzen, R. Woolcock, Social cohesion, institutions, and growth, Econ. Politics, 18 (2006), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00165.x doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00165.x
|
| [15] |
E. Brynjolfsson, T. Mitchell, D. Rock, What can machines learn and what does it mean for occupations and the economy? AEA Pap. Proc., 108 (2018), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181019 doi: 10.1257/pandp.20181019
|
| [16] |
L. Einav, J. Levin, Economics in the age of big data, Science, 346 (2014), 1243089. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243089 doi: 10.1126/science.1243089
|
| [17] |
I. M. Cockburn, R. Henderson, S. Stern, The impact of artificial intelligence on innovation, National Bureau of Econ. Res., 2018. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24449 doi: 10.3386/w24449
|
| [18] |
S. L. Andresen, John mccarthy: Father of ai, IEEE Intell. Syst., 17 (2002), 84–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2002.1039837 doi: 10.1109/MIS.2002.1039837
|
| [19] |
S. Athey, G. W. Imbens, Machine learning methods that economists should know about, Annu. Rev. Econ., 11 (2019), 685–725. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053433 doi: 10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053433
|
| [20] |
D. Chalmers, R. Matthews, A. Hyslop, Blockchain as an external enabler of new venture ideas: Digital entrepreneurs and the disintermediation of the global music industry, J. Bus. Res., 125 (2021), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.002 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.002
|
| [21] |
N. Zhang, C. Y. Wu, Application of deep learning in career planning and entrepreneurship of college students, J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng., 24 (2024), 2927–2942. https://doi.org/10.3233/JCM-247531 doi: 10.3233/JCM-247531
|
| [22] |
E. Autio, M. Kenney, P. Mustar, D. Siegel, M. Wright, Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context, Res. Policy, 43 (2014), 1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015 doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015
|
| [23] |
C. Steyaert, J. Katz, Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social dimensions, Entrep. Reg. Dev., 16 (2004), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562042000197135 doi: 10.1080/0898562042000197135
|
| [24] |
T. Baker, R. E. Nelson, Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage, Adm. Sci. Q., 50 (2005), 329–366. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329 doi: 10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329
|
| [25] |
G. Daily, T. Söderqvist, S. Aniyar, K. Arrow, P. Dasgupta, P. R. Ehrlich, et al., The value of nature and the nature of value, Science, 289 (2000), 395–396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5478.395 doi: 10.1126/science.289.5478.395
|
| [26] |
P. Davidsson, J. H. Gruenhagen, Fulfilling the process promise: A review and agenda for new venture creation process research, Entrep. Theory Pract., 45 (2021), 1083–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720930991 doi: 10.1177/1042258720930991
|
| [27] | G. George, T. Baker, P. Tracey, H. Joshi, Inclusion and innovation: A call to action, Handbook of Inclusive Innovation, 2 (2019), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436016.00008 |
| [28] |
N. C. Churchill, W. D. Bygrave, The entrepreneurship paradigm (ii): Chaos and catastrophes among quantum jumps? Entrep. Theory Pract., 14 (1990), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879001400203 doi: 10.1177/104225879001400203
|
| [29] |
M. Obschonka, D. B. Audretsch, Artificial intelligence and big data in entrepreneurship: A new era has begun, Small Bus. Econ., 55 (2020), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00202-4 doi: 10.1007/s11187-019-00202-4
|
| [30] |
D. A. Shepherd, A. Majchrzak, Machines augmenting entrepreneurs: Opportunities (and threats) at the nexus of artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship, J. Bus. Ventur., 37 (2022), 106227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106227 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106227
|
| [31] |
N. A. Ahmad, M. S. Rasul, N. Othman, N. A. Jalaludin, Generating entrepreneurial ideas for business development, Sustainability, 14 (2022), 4905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094905 doi: 10.3390/su14094905
|
| [32] |
C. Allen, G. Metternicht, T. Wiedmann, Initial progress in implementing the sustainable development goals (sdgs): A review of evidence from countries, Sustain. Sci., 13 (2018), 1453–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0572-3 doi: 10.1007/s11625-018-0572-3
|
| [33] |
L. Dovleac, I. B. Chițu, E. Nichifor, G. Brătucu, Shaping the inclusivity in the new society by enhancing the digitainability of sustainable development goals with education, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043782 doi: 10.3390/su15043782
|
| [34] |
B. Kalkanci, M. Rahmani, L. B. Toktay, The role of inclusive innovation in promoting social sustainability, Prod. Oper. Manag., 28 (2019), 2960–2982. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13112 doi: 10.1111/poms.13112
|
| [35] |
B. Wurth, E. Stam, B. Spigel, Toward an entrepreneurial ecosystem research program, Entrep. Theory Pract., 46 (2022), 729–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721998948 doi: 10.1177/1042258721998948
|
| [36] |
E. Liguori, C. Winkler, J. Vanevenhoven, D. Winkel, M. James, Entrepreneurship as a career choice: Intentions, attitudes, and outcome expectations, J. Small Bus. Entrep., 32 (2020), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2019.1600857 doi: 10.1080/08276331.2019.1600857
|
| [37] |
F. Sautet, Local and systemic entrepreneurship: Solving the puzzle of entrepreneurship and economic development, Entrep. Theory Pract., 37 (2013), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00469.x doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00469.x
|
| [38] | E. Stam, A. V. Stel, Types of entrepreneurship and economic growth, Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development, 3 (2011), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof: oso/9780199596515.003.0004 |
| [39] |
S. W. Kwon, P. Arenius, Nations of entrepreneurs: A social capital perspective, J. Bus. Ventur., 25 (2010), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.008 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.008
|
| [40] |
A. Özmen, G. W. Weber, İ. Batmaz, E. Kropat, Rcmars: Robustification of cmars with different scenarios under polyhedral uncertainty set, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 16 (2011), 4780–4787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.04.001 doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.04.001
|
| [41] |
J. P. Yang, M. J. Zhang, The value of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystem: Evidence from 265 cities in china, Growth Change, 52 (2021), 2256–2271. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12543 doi: 10.1111/grow.12543
|
| [42] | Z. J. Acs, D. B. Audretsch, Handbook of entrepreneurship research, Springer New York, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9 |
| [43] | M. Iansiti, R. Levien, Strategy as ecology, Harvard Bus. Rev., 82 (2004), 68–78. |
| [44] |
H. V. D. Ven, The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship, J. Bus. Ventur., 8 (1993), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90028-4 doi: 10.1016/0883-9026(93)90028-4
|
| [45] |
S. A. Zahra, M. Wright, S. G. Abdelgawad, Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research, Int. Small Bus. J. 32 (2014), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613519807 doi: 10.1177/0266242613519807
|
| [46] |
M. S. Shahid, M. Hossain, S. Shahid, T. Anwar, Frugal innovation as a source of sustainable entrepreneurship to tackle social and environmental challenges, J. Clean. Prod., 406 (2023), 137050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137050 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137050
|
| [47] |
S. A. Brieger, D. De Clercq, J. Hessels, C. Pfeifer, Greater fit and a greater gap: How environmental support for entrepreneurship increases the life satisfaction gap between entrepreneurs and employees, Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res., 26 (2020), 561–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2019-0185 doi: 10.1108/IJEBR-03-2019-0185
|
| [48] | M. Kolehmainen, Rethinking heteronormativity in relationship counseling, Lexington Books, (2019), 65. |
| [49] |
C. Volkmann, K. Fichter, M. Klofsten, D. B. Audretsch, Sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: An emerging field of research, Small Bus. Econ., 56 (2021), 1047–1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00253-7 doi: 10.1007/s11187-019-00253-7
|
| [50] |
R. Agarwal, D. Audretsch, M. B. Sarkar, Knowledge spillovers and strategic entrepreneurship, Strateg. Entrep. J., 4 (2010), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.96 doi: 10.1002/sej.96
|
| [51] |
N. Bosma, J. Content, M. Sanders, E. Stam, Institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in europe, Small Bus. Econ., 51 (2018), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0012-x doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-0012-x
|
| [52] |
P. Van Der Zwan, R. Thurik, I. Verheul, J. Hessels, Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs, Eurasian Bus. Rev., 6 (2016), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-016-0065-1 doi: 10.1007/s40821-016-0065-1
|
| [53] |
J. E. Amorós, C. Felzensztein, E. Gimmon, Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in chile, Small Bus. Econ., 40 (2013), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9349-0 doi: 10.1007/s11187-011-9349-0
|
| [54] |
M. Minniti, M. Lévesque, Entrepreneurial types and economic growth, J. Bus. Ventur., 25 (2010), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.002 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.002
|
| [55] |
W. Naudé, Entrepreneurship, developing countries, and development economics: New approaches and insights, Small Bus. Econ., 34 (2010), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9198-2 doi: 10.1007/s11187-009-9198-2
|
| [56] |
J. M. P. Kansheba, A. E. Wald, Entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review and research agenda, J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev., 27 (2020), 943–964. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-11-2019-0364 doi: 10.1108/JSBED-11-2019-0364
|
| [57] |
B. Spigel, R. Harrison, Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems, Strateg. Entrep. J., 12 (2018), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1268 doi: 10.1002/sej.1268
|
| [58] | B. Feld, Startup communities: Building an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your city, Wiley, 2012. |
| [59] |
A. Pilková, Z. Jančovičová, Z. Kovačičová, Inclusive entrepreneurship in visegrad4 countries, Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 220 (2016), 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.504 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.504
|
| [60] |
A. Vargas-Zeledon, S. Y. Lee, Configurations of institutional enablers that foster inclusive entrepreneurship: A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, J. Innov. Knowl., 9 (2024), 100549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100549 doi: 10.1016/j.jik.2024.100549
|
| [61] |
J. Du, J. Lu, Y. Jiang, Broaden the pathway to inclusive entrepreneurship: A transaction cost proposition, Entrep. Res. J., 13 (2023), 1169–1206. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2020-0077 doi: 10.1515/erj-2020-0077
|
| [62] |
M. Obschonka, D. A. Grégoire, B. Nikolaev, F. Ooms, M. Lévesque, J. M. Pollack, et al., Artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship: A call for research to prospect and establish the scholarly ai frontiers, Entrep. Theory Pract., 49 (2025), 620–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587241304676 doi: 10.1177/10422587241304676
|
| [63] |
F. M. Fossen, T. McLemore, A. Sorgner, Artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship, Found. Trends Entrep., 20 (2024), 781–904. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000130 doi: 10.1561/0300000130
|
| [64] |
S. Çelik, Ö. F. Öztürk, U. Akkucuk, M. Ü. Şaşmaz, Global sustainability performance and regional disparities: A machine learning approach based on the 2025 sdg index, Sustainability, 17 (2025), 7411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167411 doi: 10.3390/su17167411
|
| [65] |
I. Blohm, T. Antretter, C. Sirén, D. Grichnik, J. Wincent, It's a peoples game, isn't it?! A comparison between the investment returns of business angels and machine learning algorithms, Entrep. Theory Pract., 46 (2022), 1054–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720945206 doi: 10.1177/1042258720945206
|
| [66] |
J. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Geum, How to succeed in the market? Predicting startup success using a machine learning approach, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change., 193 (2023), 122614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122614 doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122614
|
| [67] |
M. R. Bidgoli, I. R. Vanani, M. Goodarzi, Predicting the success of startups using a machine learning approach, J. Innov. Entrep., 13 (2024), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00436-x doi: 10.1186/s13731-024-00436-x
|
| [68] |
D. B. Audretsch, H. Rocha, S. Aggarwal, A. Bramanti, Do entrepreneurial ecosystems foster sustainable development? Int. Entrep. Manag. J., 20 (2024), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00916-8 doi: 10.1007/s11365-023-00916-8
|
| [69] |
S. Mullainathan, J. Spiess, Machine learning: An applied econometric approach, J. Econ. Perspect., 31 (2017), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.87 doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.87
|
| [70] |
A. Özmen, E. Kropat, G. W. Weber, Spline regression models for complex multi-modal regulatory networks, Optim. Methods Softw., 29 (2014), 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10556788.2013.821611 doi: 10.1080/10556788.2013.821611
|
| [71] | J. M. Wooldridge, Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, MIT Press, 2010. |
| [72] | B. H. Baltagi, Econometric analysis of panel data, Springer Nature Link, 4 (2008), 135–145. |
| [73] | W. H. Greene, The econometric approach to efficiency analysis, Oxford Academic, 1 (2008), 92–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof: oso/9780195183528.003.0002 |
| [74] |
T. Q. Chen, C. Guestrin, Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system, ACM, 10 (2016), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939785 doi: 10.1145/2939672.2939785
|
| [75] | L. Aisenberg, S. Heikkilä, A. Noya, F. Santos, Boosting social entrepreneurship and social enterprise development in the netherlands: In-depth policy review, OECD Publ., 1 (2019). |
| [76] | G. Biau, E. Scornet, A random forest guided tour, Springer Nature Link, 25 (2016), 197–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-016-0481-7 |
| [77] | J. Franklin, The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference and prediction, Springer Nature Link, 27 (2005), 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7 |
| [78] |
D. B. Audretsch, M. Belitski, Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: Establishing the framework conditions, J. Technol. Transf., 42 (2017), 1030–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8 doi: 10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8
|
| [79] |
D. Spatharakis, I. Dimolitsas, E. Vlahakis, D. Dechouniotis, N. Athanasopoulos, P. Papavassiliou, Distributed resource autoscaling in kubernetes edge clusters, CNSM 2022, 2022,163–169. https://doi.org/10.23919/CNSM55787.2022.9965056 doi: 10.23919/CNSM55787.2022.9965056
|
| [80] |
K. Chowdhury, Cultural norms and their effect on entrepreneurial endeavors: perspectives from bangladesh, J. Dev. Entrep., 29 (2024), 2450007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946724500079 doi: 10.1142/S1084946724500079
|
| [81] |
C. G. Brush, A. De Bruin, F. Welter, A gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship, Int. J. Gend. Entrep., 1 (2009), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318 doi: 10.1108/17566260910942318
|
| [82] |
S. Estrin, Z. X. Liang, D. Shapiro, M. Carney, State capitalism, economic systems and the performance of state owned firms, Acta Oecon., 69 (2019), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.s1.11 doi: 10.1556/032.2019.69.s1.11
|
| [83] |
U. Stephan, Cross-cultural innovation and entrepreneurship, Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 9 (2022), 277–308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091040 doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091040
|
| [84] |
C. Y. Liu, L. Ye, B. Feng, Migrant entrepreneurship in china: Entrepreneurial transition and firm performance, Small Bus. Econ., 52 (2019), 681–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9979-y doi: 10.1007/s11187-017-9979-y
|
| [85] |
P. Schade, M. C. Schuhmacher, Predicting entrepreneurial activity using machine learning, J. Bus. Ventur. Insights, 19 (2023), e00357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00357 doi: 10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00357
|
| [86] |
A. Özmen, E. Kropat, G. W. Weber, Robust optimization in spline regression models for multi-model regulatory networks under polyhedral uncertainty, Optimization, 66 (2017), 2135–2155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02331934.2016.1209672 doi: 10.1080/02331934.2016.1209672
|
| [87] |
P. Taylan, G. W. Weber, A. Beck, New approaches to regression by generalized additive models and continuous optimization for modern applications in finance, science and technology, Optimization, 56 (2007), 675–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/02331930701618740 doi: 10.1080/02331930701618740
|
| [88] |
M. Graczyk-Kucharska, G. S. Erickson, A person-organization fit model of generation z: Preliminary studies, J. Entrep. Manag. Innov., 16 (2020), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.7341/20201645 doi: 10.7341/20201645
|
| [89] | J. D. Angrist, J. S. Pischke, Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion, Princeton University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829828 |
Figures(7) / Tables(5)
Kamran Hameed, Zohaib Ahmad, Teodora Odett Breaz, Reda Abdelfattah Mohammad. AI-driven insights into nascent entrepreneurship: exploring the role of inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem factors[J]. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2026, 22(6): 2697-2725. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026099
DownLoad: