Loading [MathJax]/jax/element/mml/optable/Latin1Supplement.js
Research article

Categorification of VB-Lie algebroids and VB-Courant algebroids

  • Received: 16 May 2022 Revised: 04 September 2022 Accepted: 04 September 2022 Published: 26 October 2022
  • 53D17, 53D18

  • In this paper, first we introduce the notion of a VB-Lie 2-algebroid, which can be viewed as the categorification of a VB-Lie algebroid. The tangent prolongation of a Lie 2-algebroid is a VB-Lie 2-algebroid naturally. We show that after choosing a splitting, there is a one-to-one correspondence between VB-Lie 2-algebroids and flat superconnections of a Lie 2-algebroid on a 3-term complex of vector bundles. Then we introduce the notion of a VB-CLWX 2-algebroid, which can be viewed as the categorification of a VB-Courant algebroid. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between split Lie 3-algebroids and split VB-CLWX 2-algebroids. Finally, we introduce the notion of an E-CLWX 2-algebroid and show that associated to a VB-CLWX 2-algebroid, there is an E-CLWX 2-algebroid structure on the graded fat bundle naturally. By this result, we give a construction of a new Lie 3-algebra from a given Lie 3-algebra, which provides interesting examples of Lie 3-algebras including the higher analogue of the string Lie 2-algebra.

    Citation: Yunhe Sheng. Categorification of VB-Lie algebroids and VB-Courant algebroids[J]. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2023, 15(1): 27-58. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2023002

    Related Papers:

    [1] Wanwan Jia, Fang Li . Invariant properties of modules under smash products from finite dimensional algebras. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(3): 6737-6748. doi: 10.3934/math.2023342
    [2] Ruifang Yang, Shilin Yang . Representations of a non-pointed Hopf algebra. AIMS Mathematics, 2021, 6(10): 10523-10539. doi: 10.3934/math.2021611
    [3] Yaguo Guo, Shilin Yang . Projective class rings of a kind of category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(5): 10997-11014. doi: 10.3934/math.2023557
    [4] Haicun Wen, Mian-Tao Liu, Yu-Zhe Liu . The counting formula for indecomposable modules over string algebra. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(9): 24977-24988. doi: 10.3934/math.20241217
    [5] Pengcheng Ji, Jialei Chen, Fengxia Gao . Projective class ring of a restricted quantum group ¯Uq(sl2). AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(9): 19933-19949. doi: 10.3934/math.20231016
    [6] Huaqing Gong, Shilin Yang . The representation ring of a non-pointed bialgebra. AIMS Mathematics, 2025, 10(3): 5110-5123. doi: 10.3934/math.2025234
    [7] Damchaa Adiyanyam, Enkhbayar Azjargal, Lkhagva Buyantogtokh . Bond incident degree indices of stepwise irregular graphs. AIMS Mathematics, 2022, 7(5): 8685-8700. doi: 10.3934/math.2022485
    [8] Shiyu Lin, Shilin Yang . A new family of positively based algebras Hn. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(2): 2602-2618. doi: 10.3934/math.2024128
    [9] Tazeen Ayesha, Muhammad Ishaq . Some algebraic invariants of the edge ideals of perfect [h,d]-ary trees and some unicyclic graphs. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(5): 10947-10977. doi: 10.3934/math.2023555
    [10] Akbar Ali, Sadia Noureen, Akhlaq A. Bhatti, Abeer M. Albalahi . On optimal molecular trees with respect to Sombor indices. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(3): 5369-5390. doi: 10.3934/math.2023270
  • In this paper, first we introduce the notion of a VB-Lie 2-algebroid, which can be viewed as the categorification of a VB-Lie algebroid. The tangent prolongation of a Lie 2-algebroid is a VB-Lie 2-algebroid naturally. We show that after choosing a splitting, there is a one-to-one correspondence between VB-Lie 2-algebroids and flat superconnections of a Lie 2-algebroid on a 3-term complex of vector bundles. Then we introduce the notion of a VB-CLWX 2-algebroid, which can be viewed as the categorification of a VB-Courant algebroid. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between split Lie 3-algebroids and split VB-CLWX 2-algebroids. Finally, we introduce the notion of an E-CLWX 2-algebroid and show that associated to a VB-CLWX 2-algebroid, there is an E-CLWX 2-algebroid structure on the graded fat bundle naturally. By this result, we give a construction of a new Lie 3-algebra from a given Lie 3-algebra, which provides interesting examples of Lie 3-algebras including the higher analogue of the string Lie 2-algebra.



    Let V denote a finite dimensional representation of a finite group G over a field F in characteristic p such that p||G|. Then, V is called a modular representation. We choose a basis {x1,,xn} for the dual space V. The action of G on V induces an action on V and it extends to an action by algebra automorphisms on the symmetric algebra S(V), which is equivalent to the polynomial ring

    F[V]=F[x1,,xn].

    The ring of invariants

    F[V]G:={fF[V]|gf=fgG}

    is an F-subalgebra of F[V]. F[V] as a graded ring has degree decomposition

    F[V]=d=0F[V]d

    and

    dimFF[V]d<

    for each d. The group action preserves degree, so F[V]d is a finite dimensional FG-module. A classical problem is to determine the structure of F[V]G, and the construction of generators of the invariant ring mainly relies on its Noether's bound, denoted by β(F[V]G), which is defined as follows:

    β(F[V]G)=min{d|F[V]Gisgeneratedbyhomogeneousinvariantsofdegreeatmostd}.

    The bound reduces the task of finding invariant generators to pure linear algebra. If char(F)>|G|, the famous "Noether bound" says that

    β(F[V]G)|G|(Noether [1]).

    Fleischmann [2] and Fogarty [3] generalized this result to all non-modular characteristic (|G|F), with a much simplified proof by Benson. However, at first shown by Richman [4,5], in the modular case (|G| is divisible by char(F)), there is no bound that depends only on |G|. Some results have implied that

    β(F[V]G)dim(V)(|G|1).

    It was conjectured by Kemper [6]. It was proved in the case when the ring of invariants is Gorenstein by Campbell et al. [7], then in the Cohen-Macaulay case by Broer [8]. Symonds [9] has established that

    β(F[V]G)max{dim(V)(|G|1),|G|}

    for any representation V of any group G. This bound cannot be expected to be sharp in most cases. The Noether bound has been computed for every representation of Cp in Fleischmann et al. [10]. It is in fact 2p3 for an indecomposable representation V with dim(V)>4. Also in Neusel and Sezer [11], an upper bound that applies to all indecomposable representations of Cp2 is obtained. This bound, as a polynomial in p, is of degree two. Sezer [12] provides a bound for the degrees of the generators of the invariant ring of the regular representation of Cpr.

    In the previous paper Zhang et al. [13], we extended the periodicity property of the symmetric algebra F[V] to the case

    GCp×H

    if V is a direct sum of m indecomposable G-modules such that the norm polynomials of the simple H-modules are the power of the product of the basis elements of the dual. Now, H permutes the power of the basis elements of simple H-modules, for example, H is a monomial group. For the cyclic group Cp, the periodicity property and the proof of degree bounds mainly relies on the fact that the unique indecomposable projective FCp-module Vp is isomorphic to the regular representation of Cp. Then, every invariant in VCpp is in the image of the transfer map (see Hughes and Kemper [14]). Inspired by this, with the assumption above, we find that every invariant in projective G-modules is in the image of the transfer. In this paper, since the periodicity leads to degree bounds for the generators of the invariant ring, we show that F[V]G is generated by m norm polynomials together with homogeneous invariants of degree at most m|G|dim(V) and transfer invariants, which yields the well-known degree bound dim(V)(|G|1). Moreover, we find that this bound gets less sharp as the dimensions of simple H-modules increase, which is presented in the end of the paper.

    Let G=Cp×H be a finite group, whose form is a direct sum of the cyclic group of order p, Cp, and a p-group H. Let F be an algebraically closed field in characteristic p. The complete set of indecomposable modules of Cp is well-known, which are exactly the Jordan blocks Vn of degree n, for 1np, with 1's in the diagonal. Let Sim(H) be the complete set of non-isomorphic simple FH-modules. Since p|H|, there is no difference between irreducibility and indecomposibility of FH-modules. Then, by Huppert and Blackburn [15, Chapter Ⅶ, Theorem 9.15], the FG-modules

    VnW(1np,WSim(H))

    form a complete set of non-isomorphic indecomposable FG-modules.

    Notice that the FH-module W is simple if and only if W is simple, i.e., 0wW, w generates W as an FH-module. For a fixed 0wW, let

    H={h1=e,h2,,h|H|}

    and

    {w1=w,w2=h2w,,wk=hkw}

    be a basis of W with dim(W)=k. The norm polynomial

    NH(w)=hHh(w)

    is an H-invariant polynomial.

    Lemma 2.1. ([13, Lemma 3.1]) Let W be a simple FH-module with a vector space basis {w1,w2,,wk} as above. Then, the norm polynomial NH(w1) is of the form (w1,w2,,wk)lf, where l1 and f is a polynomial in F[w1,w2,,wk] such that wif for 1ik.

    Choose the triangular basis {w11, w12, , w1k, , wn1, wn2, , wnk} for (VnW), where

    Vn=<v1,,vn>,

    such that

    Cp=<σ>,σ(vj)=vj+vj1,σ(v1)=v1,andwji=vjwi.

    Then, we obtain

    σ(wji)=wji+ϵjwj1,iwithϵj=1for2jn,ϵ1=0.

    Then,

    w∈<wn1,wn2,,wnk>

    is a distinguished variable in (VnW), which means that w generates the indecomposable FG-module (VnW). If

    k=|H|l

    in Lemma 2.1, then

    NH(wn1)=(wn1wn2wnk)l

    and

    Nn=NCp(NH(wn1))=NCp((wn1wn2wnk)l)F[VnW]G.

    Note that degwni(Nn)=lp for 1ik.

    Example 2.1. Consider the monomial group M generated by

    π=(010110),τ=(α100αk),

    where π is a k-rotation and αi are lth roots of unity in C. M acts on the module V=Ck and also on the symmetric algebra

    C[V]=C[x1,,xk]

    in the standard basis vectors xi of V. Then {xl1,,xlk} is an M-orbit and (x1,,xk)lC[V]M. For more details about degree bounds and Hilbert series of the invariant ring of monomial groups, it can be referred to Kemper [6] and Stanley [16].

    Let F[VnW] be the principal ideal of F[VnW] generated by Nn. The set {Nn} is a Gr¨obner basis for the ideal it generates. Then, we may divide any given f F[VnW] to obtain f = qNn + r for some q, r F[VnW] with degwni(r) < lp for at least one i.

    We define

    F[VnW]:={rF[VnW]|degwni(r)<lpforatleastonei}.

    Note that both F[VnW] and F[VnW] are vector spaces and that as vector spaces,

    F[VnW]=F[VnW]F[VnW].

    Moreover, they are G-stable. Therefore, we have the FG-module decomposition

    F[VnW]=F[VnW]F[VnW].

    Lemma 2.2. With the above notation, we have the FG-module direct sum decomposition

    F[VnW]=NnF[VnW]F[VnW].

    Proof. It is clear from the definitions of F[VnW] and F[VnW].

    Lemma 2.3. ([13, Lemma 3.2]) The FG-module F[VnW]d can be decomposed as a direct sum of indecomposable projective modules if the following conditions are satisfied:

    1) d+kn lkp+1;

    2) NH(w1)=(w1w2wk)l for some basis {w1,w2,,wk} of W.

    Theorem 2.1. ([13, Theorem 3.5]) Let G=Cp×H be a finite group described above. Let

    V=(Vn1W1)(Vn2W2)(VnmWm)

    be an FG-module such that the norm polynomial of the simple H-module Wi is the power of the product of the basis elements of the dual. Vni are indecomposable Cp-modules. Let d1,d2,dm be non-negative integers and write di = qi(likip) + ri, where 0 ri likip1 for i=1,2,,m. Then,

    F[V](d1,d2,,dm)F[V](r1,r2,,rm)(WSim(H)sWVpW)

    as FG-modules for some non-negative integers sW.

    A set

    {f1,f2,,fn}F[V]G

    of homogeneous polynomials is called a homogeneous system of parameters (in the sequel abbreviated by hsop) if the fi are algebraically independent over F and F[V]G as an F[f1,f2,,fn]-module is finitely generated. This implies n = dim(V).

    The next lemma provides a criterion about systems of parameters.

    Lemma 2.4. ([17, Proposition 5.3.7]) f1,f2,,fnF[z1,z2,,zn] are an hsop if and only if for every field extension ¯FF the variety

    V(f1,f2,,fn;¯F)={(x1,x2,,xn)¯F|fi(x1,x2,,xn)=0fori=1,2,,n}

    consists of the point (0,0,,0) alone.

    With the previous lemma, Dade's algorithm provides an implicit method to obtain an hsop. We refer to Neusel and Smith [18, p. 99-100] for the description of the existence of Dade's bases when F is infinite.

    Lemma 2.5. ([18, Proposition 4.3.1]) Suppose ρ: GGL(n,F) is a representation of a finite group G over a field F, and set V=Fn. Suppose that there is a basis z1,z2,,zn for the dual representation V that satisfies the condition

    zig1,,gi1GSpanF{g1z1,,gi1zi1},i=2,3,,n.

    Then the top Chern classes

    ctop([z1]),,ctop([zn])F[V]G

    of the orbits [z1],,[zn] of the basis elements are a system of parameters.

    An hsop exists in any invariant ring of a finite group, which is by no means uniquely determined. After an hsop has been chosen, it is important for subsequent computations to have an upper bound for the degrees of homogeneous generators of F[V]G as an F[f1,f2,,fn]-module. In the non-modular case, F[V]G is a Cohen-Macaulay algebra. It means that for any chosen hsop {f1,f2,,fn}, there exists a set {h1,h2,,hs} F[V]G of homogeneous polynomials such that

    F[V]Gsj=1F[f1,f2,,fn]hj,

    where

    s=dimF(Tot(FF[f1,f2,,fn]F[V]G)).

    Using Dade's construction to produce an hsop f1,f2,,fn of F[V]G, the following lemmas imply that in the non-modular case, F[V]G as F[f1,f2,,fn]-module is generated by homogeneous polynomials of degree less than or equal to dim(V)(|G|1). This result is very helpful to consider the degree bound for G=Cp×H in the modular case (see Corollary 2).

    Lemma 2.6. ([16, Proposition 3.8]) Suppose ρ: GGL(n,F) is a representation of a finite group G over a field F whose characteristic is prime to the order of G. Let

    F[V]Gsj=1F[f1,f2,,fn]hj,

    where deg(fi)=di, deg(hj)=ej, 0=e1e2es. Let μ be the least degree of a det1 relative invariant of G. Then

    es=ni=1(di1)μ.

    Lemma 2.7. ([17, Proposition 6.8.5]) With the notations of the preceding lemma, then

    esni=1(di1)

    with equality if and only if GSL(n,F).

    In this section, with the method of Hughes and Kemper [14], we proceed with the proof of degree bounds for the invariant ring.

    Throughout this section, let G=Cp×H be a direct sum of a cyclic group of prime order and a p-group, V any FG-module with a decomposition

    V=(Vn1W1)(Vn2W2)(VnmWm),

    where Wi's are simple H-modules satisfying that there is wi1Wi such that

    NH(wi1)=(wi1wi2wiki)li

    with ki=dim(Wi) and

    dim(VniWi)>1.

    Then {wlii1,wlii2,,wliiki} are H-orbits.

    Consider the Chern classes of

    Oi={wlii1,wlii2,,wliiki}.

    Set

    φOi(X)=kit=1(X+wliit)=kis=0cs(Oi)Xkis.

    Define classes cs(Oi)F[Wi]H, 1ski, the orbit Chern classes of the orbit Oi.

    Consider the twisted derivation

    △:F[V]F[V]

    defined as △=σId, where Cp is generated by σ. For a basis x1,xni of Vni such that

    σ(x1)=x1andσ(xni)=xni+xni1,

    and a basis y1,,yki of Wi, {xsyt|1sni,1tki} is a basis of VniWi. On the other hand, since xni is a generator of indecomposable Cp-module Vni and yt,1tki, are all generators of simple H-module Wi, then

    zit:=xniyt,1tki

    are all generators of the indecomposable G-module VniWi such that

    zji1:=j(zi1)=j(xni)y1=xnijy1,zjiki:=j(ziki)=j(xni)yki=xnijyki

    for 0jni1. Since for FG-modules dual is commutative with direct sum and tensor product, hence

    {zjit=j(zit)|0jni1,1im,1tki}

    can be considered as a vector space basis for V. Moreover,

    Ni=NCp((zi1zi2ziki)li)

    is the norm polynomial of (VniWi). Therefore for the H-orbits

    Bi={zlii1,zlii2,,zliiki},

    we have

    NCp(cs(Bi))F[V]G.

    Notice that

    NCp(cki(Bi))=Ni

    is the top Chern class of the orbit Bi.

    Consider the transfer

    TrG:F[V]F[V]G

    defined as

    fσGσ(f).

    Note that the transfer is an F[V]G-module homomorphism. The homomorphism is surjective in the non-modular case, while the image of transfer is a proper ideal of F[V]G in the modular case.

    Lemma 2.8. Let V be a projective FG-module, then VGImTrG.

    Proof. Since V is projective, then it has a direct sum decomposition

    V=WSim(H)sW(VpW)

    as FG-modules for some non-negative integers sW. It is easy to see that

    (VpW)G=(VpW)Cp×H=VCppWH.

    Since every invariant in Vp is a multiple of the sum over a basis which is permuted by Cp and WH=ImTrH, the claim is proved.

    The following result is mainly a consequence of Lemmas 2.2, 2.3 and 3.1.

    Theorem 3.1. In the above setting, F[V]G is generated as a module over the subalgebra F[N1,N2,,Nm] by homogeneous invariants of degree less than or equal to m|G|dim(V) and TrG(F[V]).

    Proof. Let MF[V]G be the F[N1,N2,,Nm]-module generated by all homogeneous invariants of degree less than or equal to m|G|dim(V) and TrG(F[V]). We will prove F[V]GdM by induction on d. So we can assume d>m|G|dim(V). By Lemma 2.2, there is a direct sum decomposition of F[V] as FG-module

    F[V]mi=1F[VniWi]mi=1(NiF[VniWi]F[VniWi])I{1,2,,m}(iINiF[VniWi]i¯IF[VniWi])

    with ¯I={1,2,,m}I. Therefore, any fF[V]Gd can be written as

    f=I{1,2,,m}fI

    and

    fI|I||G|+iIqi+i¯Iri=d(iINiF[VniWi]qii¯IF[VniWi]ri)G,

    where qi,ri are non-negative integers. For I, fI lies in M by the induction hypothesis. For I=, there is an i such that ri>|G|kini for each summand i¯IF[VniWi]ri, since otherwise one would have

    dmi=1(|G|kini)=m|G|dim(V),

    which contradicts the hypothesis. By Lemma 2.3, F[VniWi]ri is projective if

    ri>likipkini=|G|kini,

    and so by Alperin [19, Lemma 7.4] the summand i¯IF[VniWi]ri is projective. Then every invariant in it is in the image of transfer by Lemma 3.1.

    Corollary 3.1. Let G=Cp×H be a finite group, where H is a cyclic group such that p|H|,

    V=(Vn1W1)(Vn2W2)(VnmWm),

    a module over FG such that Wi's are permutation modules over FH. Then dim(Wi)=|H| and F[V]G is generated by N1,N2,,Nm together with homogeneous invariants of degree less than or equal to mi=1|H|(pni) and transfer invariants. Moreover, if

    V=(VpW1)(VpW2)(VpWm),

    such that Wi's are permutation modules over FH, then F[V]G is generated by N1,N2,,Nm together with transfer invariants.

    Corollary 3.2. Let G=Cp×H be a finite group,

    V=(Vn1W1)(Vn2W2)(VnmWm)

    be a finite-dimensional vector space in the setting of the beginning of this section. Assume that F is an infinite field. We have

    β(F[V]G)dim(V)(|G|1).

    Proof. Let zi1,zi2,,ziki be distinguished variables such that

    Ni=NCp((zi1zi2ziki)li)

    are the norm polynomials of VniWi for 1im. Let

    Bi={zlii1,zlii2,,zliiki},1im

    be H-orbits. We use Dade's algorithm to extend the set

    {NCp(cs(Bi))|1ski,1im}F[V]G

    to an hsop for F[V]G in the following way. We extend the sequence

    v1=z11,v2=z12,vk1=z1k1,vk1+k2++km1+1=zm1,vk1+k2++km1+2=zm2,vk1+k2++km=zmkm

    in V by vectors vk1++km+1,vk1++km+2,,vdim(V) such that

    vig1,,gi1GSpanF{g1v1,,gi1vi1}

    for all

    i{k1++km+1,k1++km+2,,dim(V)},

    and set

    fj=gGg(vj)

    for

    k1++km<jdim(V).

    Applying Lemmas 2.4 and 2.5, we see that NCp(cs(Bi)), 1ski,1im, together with fk1+k2++km+1,,fdim(V) form an hsop of F[V]G since their common zero in ¯Fdim(V) is the origin. Let A denote the polynomial algebra generated by the elements of this hsop. Since F[V] as an F[V]G-module is finitely generated, then we have that F[V] is a finitely generated A-module. View F[V] as the invariant ring of the trivial group. By Lemma 2.7 the upper degree bound of module generators satisfies that

    β(F[V]/A)s,ideg(NCp(cs(Bi)))+jdeg(fj)dim(V).

    Since the transfer preserves the degree of polynomials and it is clear that

    m|G|=mi=1deg(NCp(cki(Bi)))s,ideg(NCp(cs(Bi)))+jdeg(fj),

    we conclude from Theorem 3.1 that the upper degree bound of module generators of F[V]G as an A-module satisfies that

    β(F[V]G/A)s,ideg(NCp(cs(Bi)))+jdeg(fj)dim(V)=mi=1pli(1+2++ki)+|G|(dim(V)k1k2km)dim(V)=mi=1pliki(ki+1)2|G|mi=1ki+dim(V)(|G|1)=|G|mi=11ki2+dim(V)(|G|1)dim(V)(|G|1).

    Note that we have assumed that |G|p and dim(VniWi)>1. Since

    deg(NCp(cs(Bi))=psli|G|anddeg(fj)=|G|,

    we obtain

    β(A)|G|dim(V)(|G|1),

    which completes the proof.

    Remark 3.1. The proof of the previous corollary implies that Symonds' bound is far too large. Since

    β(F[V]G/A)|G|mi=11ki2+dim(V)(|G|1),

    it seems that this bound is less sharp as the dimensions of simple H-modules increase. Moreover, the construction of fj for k1++km<jdim(V) is more than necessary to obtain invariants for F[V]G. It is enough to take the product of the G-orbit of vj.

    In this paper, we consider degree bounds of the invariant rings of finite groups Cp×H with the projectivity property of symmetric algebras, and we show that this bound is sharper than Symonds' bound as the dimensions of simple H-modules increase.

    The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.

    Thanks to Dr. Haixian Chen for reminding us that the projectivity property of the symmetric powers leads to the degree bounds of the ring of invariants. Thanks to the referees for their helpful remarks. The authors are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12171194).

    The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.



    [1] C. A. Abad, M. Crainic, Representations up to homotopy of Lie algebroids, J. Reine. Angew. Math., 663 (2012), 91–126. https://doi.org/10.1515/CRELLE.2011.095 doi: 10.1515/CRELLE.2011.095
    [2] C. A. bad, M. Crainic, Representations up to homotopy and Bott's spectral sequence for Lie groupoids, Adv. Math., 248 (2013), 416–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2012.12.022 doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2012.12.022
    [3] M. Ammar, N. Poncin, Coalgebraic Approach to the Loday Infinity Category, Stem Differential for 2n-ary Graded and Homotopy Algebras, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), 60 (2010), 355–387. https://doi.org/10.5802/aif.2525 doi: 10.5802/aif.2525
    [4] J. C. Baez, A. S. Crans, Higher-Dimensional Algebra VI: Lie 2-Algebras, Theory. Appl. Categ., 12 (2004), 492–528.
    [5] G. Bonavolontà, N. Poncin, On the category of Lie n-algebroids, J. Geom. Phys., 73 (2013), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2013.05.004 doi: 10.1016/j.geomphys.2013.05.004
    [6] P. Bressler, The first Pontryagin class, Compos. Math., 143 (2007), 1127–1163. https://doi.org/10.1112/S0010437X07002710 doi: 10.1112/S0010437X07002710
    [7] H. Bursztyn, A. Cabrera, M. del Hoyo, Vector bundles over Lie groupoids and algebroids. Adv. Math., 290 (2016), 163–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2015.11.044 doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2015.11.044
    [8] H. Bursztyn, G. Cavalcanti, M. Gualtieri, Reduction of Courant algebroids and generalized complex structures, Adv. Math., 211 (2007), 726–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2006.09.008 doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2006.09.008
    [9] H. Bursztyn, D. Iglesias Ponte, P. Severa, Courant morphisms and moment maps, Math. Res. Lett., 16 (2009), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.4310/MRL.2009.v16.n2.a2 doi: 10.4310/MRL.2009.v16.n2.a2
    [10] Z. Chen, Z. J. Liu, Omni-Lie algebroids, J. Geom. Phys., 60 (2010), 799–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2010.01.007 doi: 10.1016/j.geomphys.2010.01.007
    [11] Z. Chen, Z. J. Liu, Y. Sheng, E-Courant algebroids, Int. Math. Res. Notices., 22(2010), 4334–4376. https://doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnq053 doi: 10.1093/imrn/rnq053
    [12] Z. Chen, Y. Sheng, Z. Liu, On Double Vector Bundles, Acta. Math. Sinica., 30, (2014), 1655–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10114-014-2412-4 doi: 10.1007/s10114-014-2412-4
    [13] Z. Chen, M. Stiénon, P. Xu, On regular Courant algebroids, J. Symplectic. Geom., 11(2013), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.4310/JSG.2013.v11.n1.a1 doi: 10.4310/JSG.2013.v11.n1.a1
    [14] F. del Carpio-Marek, Geometric structures on degree 2 manifolds, PhD thesis, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
    [15] T. Drummond, M. Jotz Lean, C. Ortiz, VB-algebroid morphisms and representations up to homotopy, Diff. Geom. Appl., 40 (2015), 332–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.difgeo.2015.03.005 doi: 10.1016/j.difgeo.2015.03.005
    [16] K. Grabowska, J. Grabowski, On n-tuple principal bundles, Int.J.Geom.Methods. Mod.Phys., 15 (2018), 1850211. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219887818502110 doi: 10.1142/S0219887818502110
    [17] M. Gualtieri, Generalized complex geometry, Ann.of. Math., 174 (2011), 75–123. https://doi.org/10.4007/annals.2011.174.1.3 doi: 10.4007/annals.2011.174.1.3
    [18] A. Gracia-Saz, M. Jotz Lean, K. C. H. Mackenzie, R. Mehta, Double Lie algebroids and representations up to homotopy, J. Homotopy. Relat. Struct., 13 (2018), 287–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40062-017-0183-1 doi: 10.1007/s40062-017-0183-1
    [19] A. Gracia-Saz, R. A. Mehta, Lie algebroid structures on double vector bundles and representation theory of Lie algebroids, Adv. Math., 223 (2010), 1236–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2009.09.010 doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2009.09.010
    [20] A. Gracia-Saz, R. A. Mehta, VB-groupoids and representation theory of Lie groupoids, J. Symplectic. Geom., 15 (2017), 741–783. https://doi.org/10.4310/JSG.2017.v15.n3.a5 doi: 10.4310/JSG.2017.v15.n3.a5
    [21] M. Grutzmann, H-twisted Lie algebroids. J. Geom. Phys., 61 (2011), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2010.10.016 doi: 10.1016/j.geomphys.2010.10.016
    [22] N. J. Hitchin, Generalized Calabi-Yau manifolds, Q. J. Math., 54 (2003), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/qmath/hag025 doi: 10.1093/qmath/hag025
    [23] N. Ikeda, K. Uchino, QP-structures of degree 3 and 4D topological field theory, Comm. Math. Phys., 303 (2011), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-011-1194-0 doi: 10.1007/s00220-011-1194-0
    [24] M. Jotz Lean, N-manifolds of degree 2 and metric double vector bundles, arXiv: 1504.00880.
    [25] M. Jotz Lean, Lie 2-algebroids and matched pairs of 2-representations-a geometric approach, Pacific. J. Math., 301 (2019), 143–188. https://doi.org/10.2140/pjm.2019.301.143 doi: 10.2140/pjm.2019.301.143
    [26] M. Jotz Lean, The geometrization of N-manifolds of degree 2, J. Geom. Phys., 133 (2018), 113–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2018.07.007 doi: 10.1016/j.geomphys.2018.07.007
    [27] Y. Kosmann-Schwarzbach, From Poisson algebras to Gerstenhaber algebras, Ann. Inst. Fourier., 46 (1996), 1243–1274. https://doi.org/10.5802/aif.1547 doi: 10.5802/aif.1547
    [28] T. Lada, M. Markl, Strongly homotopy Lie algebras, Comm. Algebra., 23 (1995), 2147–2161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927879508825335 doi: 10.1080/00927879508825335
    [29] T. Lada, J. Stasheff, Introduction to sh Lie algebras for physicists, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 32(1993), 1087–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00671791 doi: 10.1007/BF00671791
    [30] H. Lang, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Double principal bundles, J. Geom. Phys., 170 (2021), 104354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2021.104354 doi: 10.1016/j.geomphys.2021.104354
    [31] H. Lang, Y. Sheng, A. Wade, VB-Courant algebroids, E-Courant algebroids and generalized geometry, Canadian, Math. Bulletin., 61 (2018), 588–607. https://doi.org/10.4153/CMB-2017-079-7 doi: 10.4153/CMB-2017-079-7
    [32] D. Li-Bland, LA-Courant algebroids and their applications, thesis, University of Toronto, 2012, arXiv: 1204.2796v1.
    [33] D. Li-Bland, E. Meinrenken, Courant algebroids and Poisson geometry, Int. Math. Res. Not., 11(2009), 2106–2145. https://doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnp048 doi: 10.1093/imrn/rnp048
    [34] J. Liu, Y. Sheng, QP-structures of degree 3 and CLWX 2-algebroids, J. Symplectic. Geom., 17(2019), 1853–1891. https://doi.org/10.4310/JSG.2019.v17.n6.a8 doi: 10.4310/JSG.2019.v17.n6.a8
    [35] Z. Liu, A. Weinstein, P. Xu, Manin triples for Lie bialgebroids, J. Diff. Geom., 45(1997), 547–574. https://doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1214459842 doi: 10.4310/jdg/1214459842
    [36] M. Livernet, Homologie des algˊebres stables de matrices sur une A-algˊebre, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Seˊr. I Math. 329 (1999), 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4442(99)80472-8 doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(99)80472-8
    [37] K. C. H. Mackenzie, Double Lie algebroids and second-order geometry. I, Adv. Math., 94 (1992), 180–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8708(92)90036-K doi: 10.1016/0001-8708(92)90036-K
    [38] K. C. H. Mackenzie, Double Lie algebroids and the double of a Lie bialgebroid, arXiv: math.DG/9808081.
    [39] K. C. H. Mackenzie, Double Lie algebroids and second-order geometry. Ⅱ, Adv. Math., 154 (2000), 46–75. https://doi.org/10.1006/aima.1999.1892 doi: 10.1006/aima.1999.1892
    [40] K. C. H. Mackenzie, General theory of Lie groupoids and Lie algebroids, volume 213 of London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
    [41] K. C. H. Mackenzie, Ehresmann doubles and Drindel'd doubles for Lie algebroids and Lie bialgebroids, J. Reine Angew. Math., 658 (2011), 193–245. https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle.2011.092 doi: 10.1515/crelle.2011.092
    [42] K. C. H. Mackenzie, P. Xu, Lie bialgebroids and Poisson groupoids, Duke Math. J., 73 (1994), 415–452. https://doi.org/10.1215/S0012-7094-94-07318-3 doi: 10.1215/S0012-7094-94-07318-3
    [43] R. Mehta, X. Tang, From double Lie groupoids to local Lie 2-groupoids, Bull. Braz. Math. Soc., 42 (2011), 651–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00574-011-0033-4 doi: 10.1007/s00574-011-0033-4
    [44] D. Roytenberg, Courant algebroids, derived brackets and even symplectic supermanifolds, PhD thesis, UC Berkeley, 1999.
    [45] D. Roytenberg, On the structure of graded symplectic supermanifolds and Courant algebroids, Contemp. Math., 315 (2002), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1090/conm/315/05479 doi: 10.1090/conm/315/05479
    [46] D. Roytenberg, AKSZ-BV formalism and Courant algebroid-induced topological field theories, Lett. Math. Phys., 79 (2007), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-006-0134-y doi: 10.1007/s11005-006-0134-y
    [47] P. Severa, Poisson-Lie T-duality and Courant algebroids, Lett. Math. Phys., 105 (2015), 1689–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-015-0796-4 doi: 10.1007/s11005-015-0796-4
    [48] P. Severa, F. Valach, Ricci flow, Courant algebroids, and renormalization of Poisson-Lie T-duality, Lett. Math. Phys., 107 (2017), 1823–1835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-017-0968-5 doi: 10.1007/s11005-017-0968-5
    [49] Y. Sheng, The first Pontryagin class of a quadratic Lie 2-algebroid, Comm. Math. Phys., 362 (2018), 689–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-018-3220-y doi: 10.1007/s00220-018-3220-y
    [50] Y. Sheng, Z. Liu, Leibniz -algebras and twisted Courant algebroids, Comm. Algebra., 41 (2013), 1929–1953. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927872.2011.608201 doi: 10.1080/00927872.2011.608201
    [51] Y. Sheng, C. Zhu, Semidirect products of representations up to homotopy, Pacific J. Math., 249 (2001), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.2140/pjm.2011.249.211 doi: 10.2140/pjm.2011.249.211
    [52] Y. Sheng, C. Zhu, Higher extensions of Lie algebroids, Comm. Contemp. Math., 19 (2017), 1650034. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219199716500346 doi: 10.1142/S0219199716500346
    [53] T. Voronov, Higher derived brackets and homotopy algebras, J. Pure Appl. Algebra., 202 (2005), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpaa.2005.01.010 doi: 10.1016/j.jpaa.2005.01.010
    [54] T. Voronov, Q-manifolds and Higher Analogs of Lie Algebroids, Amer. Inst. Phys., 1307 (2010), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3527417 doi: 10.1063/1.3527417
    [55] T. Voronov, Q-manifolds and Mackenzie theory, Comm. Math. Phys., 315 (2012), 279–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-012-1568-y doi: 10.1007/s00220-012-1568-y
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(1841) PDF downloads(65) Cited by(0)

Other Articles By Authors

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog