Amdoparvoviruses. Part 1. Phylogenetic analysis of complete VP2 protein sequences provided support for a global taxonomic analysis of the Aleutian mink disease virus

Irina Zyrianova; Irina Zyrianova

doi:10.3934/aas.2025009

AIMS Animal Science

2025, Volume 1, Issue 1: 181-195. doi: 10.3934/aas.2025009

Previous Article Next Article

Perspective

Amdoparvoviruses. Part 1. Phylogenetic analysis of complete VP2 protein sequences provided support for a global taxonomic analysis of the Aleutian mink disease virus

Irina Zyrianova ^,

Department of Biotechnology, FSBSI V.A. Afanasyev RI for Fur and Rabbit Farming, Moscow region, Ramenki district, Rodniki, 140143 Russian Federation

Received: 17 September 2025 Revised: 19 November 2025 Accepted: 28 November 2025 Published: 25 December 2025

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a highly contagious parvovirus that is a causative agent of Aleutian mink disease (AMD). AMD is a commercially important infectious disease because it causes great economic losses to mink farmers worldwide. AMDVs represent themselves as a highly variable group of the Parvoviridae family. The AMDV group is quickly filled out with various representatives. Only about 10 years have passed since this group included only two species. Today, there are 11 species in this group. AMDV is the typical representative of this group, and all AMDV-like parvoviruses are now integrated into the Amdoparvovirus genus. In this study, a global phylogenetic analysis of the full VP2 protein sequences of the Amdoparvovirus genus was performed. This analysis more fully assessed the phylogenetic relationships of amdoparvoviruses. It showed that about one-third of Amdoparvovirus strains and isolates classified to date, as Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1 could probably be considered not as Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1 species but as new independent species in perspective or joined already introduced species, different from Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1. It had also been shown that the primary host of the representatives should be an important feature for the classification of Amdoparvovirus species. Moreover, the analysis showed that bats play a significant role in transmission from protoparvoviruses to amdoparvoviruses.
- Aleutian mink disease virus,
- Amdoparvovirus,
- Parvovirinae,
- Parvoviridae,
- VP2 protein sequence phylogeny
Citation: Irina Zyrianova. Amdoparvoviruses. Part 1. Phylogenetic analysis of complete VP2 protein sequences provided support for a global taxonomic analysis of the Aleutian mink disease virus[J]. AIMS Animal Science, 2025, 1(1): 181-195. doi: 10.3934/aas.2025009

Related Papers:

Abstract

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a highly contagious parvovirus that is a causative agent of Aleutian mink disease (AMD). AMD is a commercially important infectious disease because it causes great economic losses to mink farmers worldwide. AMDVs represent themselves as a highly variable group of the Parvoviridae family. The AMDV group is quickly filled out with various representatives. Only about 10 years have passed since this group included only two species. Today, there are 11 species in this group. AMDV is the typical representative of this group, and all AMDV-like parvoviruses are now integrated into the Amdoparvovirus genus. In this study, a global phylogenetic analysis of the full VP2 protein sequences of the Amdoparvovirus genus was performed. This analysis more fully assessed the phylogenetic relationships of amdoparvoviruses. It showed that about one-third of Amdoparvovirus strains and isolates classified to date, as Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1 could probably be considered not as Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1 species but as new independent species in perspective or joined already introduced species, different from Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1. It had also been shown that the primary host of the representatives should be an important feature for the classification of Amdoparvovirus species. Moreover, the analysis showed that bats play a significant role in transmission from protoparvoviruses to amdoparvoviruses.

References

[1]	Vahedi SM, SalekArdestani S, Banabazi MH, et al. (2023) Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Aleutian disease caused by Aleutian mink disease virus: A literature review with a perspective of genomic breeding for disease control in American mink (Neogale vison). Virus Res 336: 99208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199208 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199208
[2]	Markarian NM, Abahamyan L (2021) AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and perspectives. Viruses 13: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091833 doi: 10.3390/v13091833
[3]	Canuti M, Whitney HG, Lang AS. (2015) Amdoparvoviruses in small mammals: Expanding our understanding of parvovirus diversity, distribution, and pathology. Front Microbiol 6: 119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01119 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01119
[4]	Zaleska-Wawro M, Szczerba-Turek A, Szweda W, et al. (2021) Seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of Aleutian Disease in various countries during 1972–2021: A review and Meta-analysis. Animals 11: 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102975 doi: 10.3390/ani11102975
[5]	Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini JA, et al. (2013) Rationalization and extension of the taxonomy of the family Parvoviridae. Report number: ICTV [International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses] Proposal (Taxoprop) No. 2013.001a-aaaV. A. v4. Parvoviridae.
[6]	Current ICTV Virus Taxonomy Release. Available from: https://ictv.global/taxonomy
[7]	Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, et al. (2019) Create a megataxonomic framework, filling all principal taxonomic ranks, for ssDNA viruses. Report number: ICTV [International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses] Proposal (Taxoprop) No. 2019.005G. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36696.85760
[8]	Virtanen J, Zalewski A, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, et al. (2021) Diversity and transmission of Aleutian mink disease virus in feral and farmed American mink and native mustelids. Virus Evol 7: eab075. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veab075 doi: 10.1093/ve/veab075
[9]	Canuti M, McDonald E, Graham SM, et al. (2020) Multi-host dispersal of known and novel carnivore amdoparvoviruses. Virus Evol 6: eaa072. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veaa072 doi: 10.1093/ve/veaa072
[10]	Kowalczyk M, Horecka B, Jakubczak A (2019) Aleutian Mink Disease Virus in the breeding environment in Poland and its place in the global epidemiology of AMDV. Virus Res 270: 97665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197665 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197665
[11]	Virtanen J, Smura T, Aaltonen K, et al. (2019) Co-circulation of highly diverse Aleutian mink disease virus strains in Finland. J Gen Virol 100: 27–236. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001187 doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001187
[12]	Canuti M, Doyle HE, Britton AP, et al. (2017) Full genetic characterization and epidemiology of a novel amdoparvovirus in striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Emerg Microbes Infect 6: 30. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2017.13 doi: 10.1038/emi.2017.13
[13]	Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Canuti M, et al. (2019) ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae. J Gen Virol 100: 67–368. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001212 doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001212
[14]	Hagberg EE, Pedersen AG, Larsen LE, et al. (2017) Evolutionary analysis of whole-genome sequences confirms inter-farm transmission of Aleutian mink disease virus. J Gen Virol 98: 360–1371. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000777 doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000777
[15]	Hagberg EE, Krarup A, Fahnøe U, et al. (2016) A fast and robust method for whole genome sequencing of the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) genome. J Virol Methods 234: 3–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.010 doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.010
[16]	Xi J, Wang J, Yu Y, et al. (2016) Genetic characterization of the complete genome of an Aleutian mink disease virus isolated in north China. Virus Genes 52: 63–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1320-3 doi: 10.1007/s11262-016-1320-3
[17]	Lakshmanan R, Mietzsch M, Ybargollin AJ, et al. (2022) Capsid Structure of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Human Parvovirus 4: New Faces in the Parvovirus Family Portrait. Viruses 14: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102219 doi: 10.3390/v14102219
[18]	McKenna R, Olson NH, Chipman PR, et al. (1999) Three-dimensional structure of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus: Implications for disease pathogenicity. J Virol 73: 882–6891. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.8.6882-6891.1999 doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.8.6882-6891.1999
[19]	Clemens DL, Wolfinbarger JB, Mori S, et al. (1992) Expression of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus capsid proteins by a recombinant vaccinia virus: self-assembly of capsid proteins into particles. J Virol 66: 077–3085. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.66.5.3077-3085.1992. doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.5.3077-3085.1992
[20]	Yi L, Cheng Y, Zhang M, et al. (2016) Identification of a novel Aleutian mink disease virus B-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against VP2 protein. Virus Res 223: 9–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.014 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.014
[21]	Lu T, Wang Y, Ge J, et al. (2018) Identification and characterization of a novel B-cell epitope on Aleutian Mink Disease virus capsid protein VP2 using a monoclonal antibody. Virus Res 248: 4–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.008 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.008
[22]	Mietzsch M, Pénzes JJ, Agbandje-McKenna M (2019) Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses 11: 62. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/v11040362 doi: 10.3390/v11040362
[23]	Jahns H, Daly P, McElroy MC, et al. (2010) Neuropathologic features of Aleutian disease in farmed mink in Ireland and molecular characterization of Aleutian mink disease virus detected in brain tissues. J Vet Diag Invest 22: 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200120 doi: 10.1177/104063871002200120
[24]	Tong M, Sun N, Cao Z, et al. (2020) Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus from fecal swab of mink in northeast China. BMC Microbiol 20: 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01910-8 doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01910-8
[25]	Leng X, Liu D, Li J, et al. (2018) Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Aleutian mink disease virus isolates in north-east China. Arch Virol 163: 1241–1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3754-5 doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3754-5
[26]	Jakubczak A, Kowalczyk M, Kostro K, et al. (2016) High molecular polymorphism of the hypervariable region in the VP2 gene of Aleutian mink disease virus. Acta Virol 60: 354–360. https://doi.org/10.4149/av_2016_04_354 doi: 10.4149/av_2016_04_354
[27]	Prieto A, Fernández-Antonio R, López-Lorenzo G, et al. (2020) Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus causing outbreaks in mink farms from Southwestern Europe: A retrospective study from 2012 to 2019. J Vet Sci 21: e65. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e65 doi: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e65
[28]	Bloom ME, Alexandersen S, Perryman S, et al. (1988) Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV): Sequence comparisons between a nonpathogenic and a pathogenic strain of ADV. J Virol 62: 2903–2915. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.62.8.2903-2915.1988 doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.8.2903-2915.1988
[29]	Schuierer S, Bloom ME, Kaaden OR, et al. (1997) Sequence analysis of the lymphotropic Aleutian disease parvovirus ADV-SL3. Arch Virol 142: 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050050066 doi: 10.1007/s007050050066
[30]	Sang Y, Ma J, Hou Z, et al. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene of Aleutian mink disease parvoviruses isolated from 2009 to 2011 in China. Virus Genes 45(1): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-012-0734-9 doi: 10.1007/s11262-012-0734-9
[31]	Wang Z, Wu W, Hu B, et al. (2014) Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus in China. Virus Res 184: 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.007 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.007
[32]	Penzes JJ, Canuti M, Francois S, et al. (2023) Creating 13 new species in family Parvoviridae. ICTV/Approved proposals. 2023, Code assigned: 2023.007D.
[33]	Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, et al. (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096
[34]	Jones DT, Taylor WR, Thornton JM (1992) The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences. Comput Appl Biosci 8: 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/8.3.275 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/8.3.275
[35]	Snijder J, van de Waterbeemd M, Damoc E, et al. (2014) Defining the stoichiometry and cargo load of viral and bacterial nanoparticles by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 136: 7295–7299. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja502616y doi: 10.1021/ja502616y
[36]	Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, et al. (2005) High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1073pnas.0406765102 doi: 10.1073pnas.0406765102
[37]	Soubrier J, Steel M, Lee MSY, et al. (2012) The influence of rate heterogeneity among sites on the time dependence of molecular rates. Mol Biol Evol 29: 3345–3358. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss140 doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss140
[38]	Canuti M, Pénzes JJ, Lang AS (2022) A new perspective on the evolution and diversity of the genus Amdoparvovirus (family Parvoviridae) through genetic characterization, structural homology modeling, and phylogenetics. Virus Evol 8: veac056. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veac056 doi: 10.1093/ve/veac056
[39]	Kamani J, González-Miguel J, Msheliza EG, et al. (2022) Straw-Colored Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum) and Their Bat Flies (Cyclopodia greefi) in Nigeria Host Viruses with Multivarious Modes of Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 22: 45–552. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2022.0025 doi: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0025
[40]	Moratelli R, Calisher CH (2015) Bats and zoonotic viruses: can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760150048 doi: 10.1590/0074-02760150048
[41]	Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579: 70–273.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
[42]	El-Sayed A, Kamel M (2021) Coronaviruses in humans and animals: the role of bats in viral evolution. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28: 9589–19600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12553-1 doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12553-1

aas-01-01-009 supplementary.docx

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2025 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)