Globally, production and value of rainbow trout exceeds 1 million tonnes and ＄5 billion annually. Due to its value as a sport and food fish the species is cultivated on every continent, other than Antarctica, in all types of culture system (ponds, raceways, tanks, RAS, cages and net pens) and, as a founding species of contemporary aquaculture, aquarians of trout were some of the first to face many of the technical and sustainability challenges that still plague the industry today. One of the more pressing issues, especially for high trophic species, is their reliance on fishmeal (FM), derived from reduction or forage fisheries, as feed ingredients. Feed represents the largest production cost for trout producers and the most substantial contributor to nutrient discharges and environmental impact. Several methods, including ingredient substitutions, have been employed in efforts to reduce the overall ecological effects of trout feed while reducing dependence on the finite and unpredictable supplies of small pelagic species. Consumers too have become progressively more aware of the negative ecological and social impacts of forage fisheries which has encouraged industry and feed manufacturers to search for FM alternatives with the eventual goal of its complete removal from feeds. As we move towards an increasing variety of novel ingredients that aim to shake the dependence of trout cultivation upon its FM addiction, research will no doubt intensify. Studies undertaken to date have examined a broad variety of alternative proteins including those with single-cell organisms, terrestrial and aquatic plants, and a range of animals and their processing byproducts. However, the existing literature is widely dispersed and often difficult to access. The present text takes account of plant and single cell-derived proteins that have been used for the complete replacement of FM and reviews their effects on physiological control processes, while pointing to areas worthy of future study.
Citation: Ewen McLean, Delbert M. Gatlin III, Frederic T. Barrows. Responses of rainbow trout to total replacement of fishmeal by proteins from single cells and plants: A review[J]. AIMS Animal Science, 2025, 1(1): 65-148. doi: 10.3934/aas.2025006
Globally, production and value of rainbow trout exceeds 1 million tonnes and ＄5 billion annually. Due to its value as a sport and food fish the species is cultivated on every continent, other than Antarctica, in all types of culture system (ponds, raceways, tanks, RAS, cages and net pens) and, as a founding species of contemporary aquaculture, aquarians of trout were some of the first to face many of the technical and sustainability challenges that still plague the industry today. One of the more pressing issues, especially for high trophic species, is their reliance on fishmeal (FM), derived from reduction or forage fisheries, as feed ingredients. Feed represents the largest production cost for trout producers and the most substantial contributor to nutrient discharges and environmental impact. Several methods, including ingredient substitutions, have been employed in efforts to reduce the overall ecological effects of trout feed while reducing dependence on the finite and unpredictable supplies of small pelagic species. Consumers too have become progressively more aware of the negative ecological and social impacts of forage fisheries which has encouraged industry and feed manufacturers to search for FM alternatives with the eventual goal of its complete removal from feeds. As we move towards an increasing variety of novel ingredients that aim to shake the dependence of trout cultivation upon its FM addiction, research will no doubt intensify. Studies undertaken to date have examined a broad variety of alternative proteins including those with single-cell organisms, terrestrial and aquatic plants, and a range of animals and their processing byproducts. However, the existing literature is widely dispersed and often difficult to access. The present text takes account of plant and single cell-derived proteins that have been used for the complete replacement of FM and reviews their effects on physiological control processes, while pointing to areas worthy of future study.
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Figures(4) / Tables(3)
Ewen McLean, Delbert M. Gatlin III, Frederic T. Barrows. Responses of rainbow trout to total replacement of fishmeal by proteins from single cells and plants: A review[J]. AIMS Animal Science, 2025, 1(1): 65-148. doi: 10.3934/aas.2025006
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