This paper provides insights on how foreign bank entry modes (acquisition vs. greenfield investment) in an emerging market (Turkey) influenced bank strategies during the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. Using a comprehensive dataset comprising twenty-nine accounting variables from Turkish banks' financial statements during 2005–2010, we find important differences between foreign-acquired banks and foreign bank branches in lending and sourcing funds. We find that foreign bank branches continued to support international trade by issuing import loans during 2007–2009 global financial crisis, whereas foreign-acquired banks focused on issuing consumer and credit card loans. In terms of bank sourcing funds, we find that foreign-acquired banks were able to continue to use foreign currency deposits of Turkish residents and local interbank funding including participation (Islamic) banks. Foreign bank branches, on the other hand, relied on sourcing funds from international interbank funding and foreign currency deposits of residents abroad, which led to the necessity for them to change their strategies because of funding shortage in international markets. Our results show that the presence of foreign banks in Turkish banking sector enabled the continuity of bank lending activities in host market during the turmoil of 2007–2009 global financial crisis. Our findings on foreign bank entry mode provide new evidence and have important implications for both policy makers and practitioners in emerging markets.
Citation: Nereida Polovina, Ken Peasnell. The effects of different modes of foreign bank entry in the Turkish banking sector during the 2007–2009 Global financial crisis[J]. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 2023, 7(1): 19-49. doi: 10.3934/QFE.2023002
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This paper provides insights on how foreign bank entry modes (acquisition vs. greenfield investment) in an emerging market (Turkey) influenced bank strategies during the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. Using a comprehensive dataset comprising twenty-nine accounting variables from Turkish banks' financial statements during 2005–2010, we find important differences between foreign-acquired banks and foreign bank branches in lending and sourcing funds. We find that foreign bank branches continued to support international trade by issuing import loans during 2007–2009 global financial crisis, whereas foreign-acquired banks focused on issuing consumer and credit card loans. In terms of bank sourcing funds, we find that foreign-acquired banks were able to continue to use foreign currency deposits of Turkish residents and local interbank funding including participation (Islamic) banks. Foreign bank branches, on the other hand, relied on sourcing funds from international interbank funding and foreign currency deposits of residents abroad, which led to the necessity for them to change their strategies because of funding shortage in international markets. Our results show that the presence of foreign banks in Turkish banking sector enabled the continuity of bank lending activities in host market during the turmoil of 2007–2009 global financial crisis. Our findings on foreign bank entry mode provide new evidence and have important implications for both policy makers and practitioners in emerging markets.
Differential equations with various types of fractional derivatives such as Caputo fractional derivative, Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, are intensively studied theoretically and applied to varies models in the last decades. For example, they are successfully applied to study various types of neural networks (see, for example, [1,2,3]). Fractional differential equations with delays are rapidly developed. One of the main studied qualitative questions about fractional delay differential equation is the one about stability. In 1961, Dorato [4] introduced a concept of finite time stability (FTS). FTS is different from asymptotic stability. However, it is regarded as one of the core problems in delay systems from practical considerations. Later this type of stability has been applied to different types of differential equations. Recently, it is applied for Caputo delta fractional difference equations [5,6], for Caputo fractional differential equations [7] for -Hilfer fractional differential equation [8].
The investigations of the properties of the solutions of Riemann-Liouville (RL) fractional differential equations with delays are still at his initial stage. The asymptotic stability of the zero solution of the linear homogeneous differential system with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative is studied in [9]. Li and Wang introduced the concept of a delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix function, and then they presented the finite-time stability results by virtue of a delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix in [10,11,12]. In connection with the presence of the bounded delay the initial condition is given on a whole finite interval called initial interval. In the above mentioned papers ([10,11,12]) the authors study the case when the lower limit of the RL fractional derivative coincides with the left side end of the initial interval. It changes the meaning of the initial condition in differential equations. In connection with this in the paper we set up an initial condition satisfying two main properties: first, it is similar to the initial condition in differential equations with ordinary derivatives and, second, the RL fractional condition is defined at the right side end of the initial interval which is connected with the presence of RL fractional derivative.
In this paper we study initial value problems for scalar nonlinear RL fractional differential equations with constant delays. Similarly to the case of ordinary derivative, the differential equation is given to the right of the initial time interval. It requires the lower bound of the RL fractional derivative to coincides with the right side end of the initial time interval. We present an integral representation of of the studied initial value problem. By the help of fractional generalization of Gronwall inequality we study the existence, continuous dependence and finite time stability of the scalar nonlinear RL fractional differential equations.
The main contributions of the current paper include:
(ⅰ) An appropriate initial value problem for nonlinear RL fractional differential equations is set up based on the idea of the initial time interval for delay differential equations with ordinary derivatives.
(ⅱ) A mild solution of the considered initial value problem is defined based on an appropriate integral representation of the solution.
(ⅲ) The existence, continuous dependence and finite time stability of the scalar nonlinear RL fractional differential equations is studied by the help of fractional generalization of Gronwall inequality.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some notations and preliminary lemmas are presented. In Section 3, main results are obtained. In Section 3.1. mild solution of the studied initial value problem is defined and some sufficient conditions by Banach contraction principle are obtained. In Section 3.2. continuous dependence on the initial functions is investigated based on the fractional extension of Gronwall inequality. In Section 3.3. some sufficient conditions for finite time stability are given.
Let J=[−τ,T], I=[0,T] where τ>0 is a constant, T<∞. Without loss of generality we can assume there exists a natural number N such that T=(N+1)τ. Let Lloc1(I,R) be the linear space of all locally Lebesgue integrable functions m:I→R, PC(J)=C([−τ,0),R)∪C((0,T],R).
Let x∈PC(J,R). Denote ||x||J=supt∈J|x(t)|.
In this paper we will use the following definitions for fractional derivatives and integrals:
− Riemann - Liouville fractional integral of order q∈(0,1) ([13,14])
0Iqtm(t)=1Γ(q)t∫0m(s)(t−s)1−qds, t∈I, |
where Γ(.) is the Gamma function.
−Riemann - Liouville fractional derivative of order q∈(0,1) ([13,14])
RL0Dqtm(t)=ddt( 0I1−qtm(t))=1Γ(1−q)ddtt∫0(t−s)−qm(s)ds, t∈I. |
We will give fractional integrals and RL fractional derivatives of some elementary functions which will be used later:
Proposition 1. The following equalities are true:
RL0Dqttβ=Γ(1+β)Γ(1+β−q)tβ−q, 0I1−qtβ−1=Γ(β)Γ(1+β−q)tβ−q, |
0I1−qtq−1=Γ(q), RL0Dqttq−1=0. |
The definitions of the initial condition for fractional differential equations with RL-derivatives are based on the following result:
Proposition 2. (Lemma 3.2 [15]). Let q∈(0,1), and m∈Lloc1([0,T],R).
(a) If there exists a.e. a limit limt→0+[tq−1m(t)]=c, then there also exists a limit
0I1−qtm(t)|t=0:=limt→0+ 0I1−qtm(t)=cΓ(q). |
(b) If there exists a.e. a limit 0I1−qtm(t)|t=0=b and if there exists the limit limt→0+[t1−qm(t)] then
limt→0+[t1−qm(t)]=bΓ(q). |
We will use the Mittag - Leffler functions with one and with two parameters, respectively, (see, for example, [14]) given by Ep(z)=∑∞j=0zjΓ(jp+1) and Ep,q(z)=∑∞j=0zjΓ(jp+q).
Proposition 3. [16] (Gronwall fractional inequality) Suppose a(t) is a nonnegative function locally integrable on [0,T) (some T≤∞) and b(t) is a nonnegative, nondecreasing continuous function defined on [0,T), b(t)≤M (constant), and suppose u(t) is nonnegative and locally integrable on [0,T) with
u(t)≤a(t)+b(t)∫t0(t−s)q−1u(s)ds, t∈[0,T). |
Then
u(t)≤a(t)+∫t0(∞∑n=1(b(t)Γ(q))nΓ(nq)(t−s)nq−1a(s))ds, t∈[0,T). |
Recently, in [17] the non-homogeneous scalar linear Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations with a constant delay :
RL0Dqtx(t)=Ax(t)+Bx(t−τ)+f(t) for t>0. | (2.1) |
with the initial conditions
x(t)=g(t), t∈[−τ,0], | (2.2) |
limt→0+(t1−qx(t))=g(0)Γ(q) | (2.3) |
where f∈C(R+,R), g∈C([−τ,0],R) was studied. It was proved the solution is given by the function
Λq(t)={g(t)t∈(−τ,0]g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)(Bg(s−τ)+f(s))ds t∈(0,τ]g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)f(s)ds +Bn−1∑i=0∫(i+1)τiτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)Λq(s−τ)ds +B∫tnτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)Λq(s−τ)ds for t∈(nτ,(n+1)τ],n=1,2,… | (2.4) |
where Eq,q(z)=∑∞i=0ziΓ(iq+q) and Eq(z)=∑∞i=0ziΓ(iq+1) are Mittag-Leffler functions with two and one parameter, respectively.
Now, we will study the following nonlinear fractional delay differential equations
RL0Dqtx(t)=Ax(t)+Bx(t−τ)+f(t,x(t)) for t∈I. | (2.5) |
with the initial conditions (2.2), (2.3) where A,B∈R are given constants, f:I×R→R.
Remark 1. Note that in the case of the linear equation (2.1) we have formula (2.4) for the explicit solution since in the case of nonlinear equation (2.5) we are not able to obtain an explicit formula, we could provide only an integral presentation of the solution (see Example 1 and Example 2).
Example 1. Consider the special case of (2.1):
RL0D0.5tx(t)=x(t−1)+t for t>0x(t)=t, t∈[−1,0],limt→0+(t0.5x(t))=0. | (2.6) |
Then applying Eq,q(0)=1Γ(q) we obtain the solution of (2.6):
x(t)={t, t∈(−1,0]1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5(s−1+s)ds=2√t√π(43t−1), t∈(0,1]1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5sds+1√π∫10(t−s)−0.5(s−1)ds+1√π∫tτ(t−s)−0.5x(s−1)ds =43√πt1.5−43√π(t−1)1.5+43√π√t(t−1.5)+t(t−1)+43π√t 2F1[0.5,1.5,2.5,1t] −1615π√t 2F1[0.5,2.5,3.5,1t], t∈(1,2]. | (2.7) |
In connection with Remark 1 we will define a mild solution:
Definition 1. A function x∈PC(J,R) is called a mild solution of the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) if it satisfies the following integral equation
x(t)={g(t) for t∈[−τ,0],g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+B∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)g(s−τ)ds +∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)f(s,x(s))ds for t∈(0,τ],g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)f(s,x(s))ds +Bn−1∑i=0∫(i+1)τiτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)x(s−τ)ds +B∫tnτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)x(s−τ)ds for t∈(nτ,(n+1)τ],n=1,2,…,N |
Example 2. Consider the partial case of (2.5) (compare with (2.6):
RL0D0.5tx(t)=x(t−1)+sin(x(t)) for t>0x(t)=t, t∈[−1,0],limt→0+(t0.5x(t))=0. | (3.1) |
Now similarly to Example 1 we are not able to obtain the exact solution of (2.6). But using Definition 1 we can consider the mild solution x(t) of the IVP (3.1) satisfying:
x(t)={t, t∈(−1,0]1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5(s−1)ds+1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5sin(x(s))ds =2√t√π(23t−1)+1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5sin(x(s))ds, t∈(0,1]1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5sin(x(s))ds+1√π∫10(t−s)−0.5(s−1)ds+1√π∫tτ(t−s)−0.5x(s−1)ds =1√π∫t0(t−s)−0.5sin(x(s))ds−43√π(t−1)1.5+43√π√t(t−1.5) +1√π∫tτ(t−s)−0.5x(s−1)ds, t∈(1,2]. | (3.2) |
Examples 1 and 2 show the main difference between the linear RL fractional differential equations and the nonlinear RL fractional differential equations with a linear part.
We will introduce the following conditions:
(A1). The function f∈C([0,T]×R,R) and there exists a function w∈C(I,R+) such that |f(t,x)|≤w(t) for all t∈I,x∈R.
(A2). The function f∈C([0,T]×R,R) and there exists a constant L>0 such that |f(t,x)−f(t,y)|≤L|x−y| for all t∈I,x,y∈R. First, we will consider the case of Lipschitz nonlinear function.
Theorem 1. Let A≠0, the condition (A2) be satisfied and
1. The function g∈C([τ,0],R and |g(0)|<∞.
2. ρ=Lh1+|B|h2|A|<1 where h1=maxt∈[0,T]|Eq(Atq)−1|,
h2=maxn=0,1,2,…,N{maxt∈(nτ,(n+1)τ](|Eq(A(t−nτ)q)−1|+n−1∑j=0|Eq(A(t−jτ)q)−Eq(A(t−(j+1)τ)q)|)}. |
Then the the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) has a unique mild solution x∈PC(J,R).
P r o o f: Existence. Define the operator Ξ:PC(J,R)→PC(J,R) by the equality
Ξ(x(t))={g(t) t∈[−τ,0]g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+B∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)g(s−τ)ds +∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)f(s,x(s))ds for t∈(0,τ],g(0)Eq,q(Atq)tq−1+∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)f(s,x(s))ds +Bn−1∑i=0∫(i+1)τiτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)x(s−τ)ds +B∫tnτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)x(s−τ)ds for t∈(nτ,(n+1)τ],n=1,2,…,N |
Let z,y∈PC(J,R). We will prove that
|Ξ(z(t))−Ξ(y(t))|≤(L|Eq(Atq)−1||A|+|B|∑n−1j=0|Eq(A(t−jτ)q)−Eq(A(t−(j+1)τ)q)||A| +|B||Eq(A(t−nτ)q)−1||A|)||z−y||J for t∈(nτ,(n+1)τ], n=0,1,2,…,N | (3.3) |
Let t∈(0,τ]. Then applying Definition 1 and the equality
∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds=∞∑i=0AiΓ((i+1)q)∫t0(t−s)(i+1)q−1ds=∞∑i=0Ai(1+i)qΓ((i+1)q)t(i+1)q=Eq(Atq)−1A, t∈(0,τ], | (3.4) |
we obtain
|Ξ(z(t))−Ξ(y(t))|≤|∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|f(s,z(s))−f(s,y(s))|ds|≤L|∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s)−y(s)|ds|≤L||z−y||J|∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds|=L|Eq(Atq)−1||A|||z−y||J | (3.5) |
Let t∈(τ,2τ]. Then according to Definition 1 and the equality
∫tτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds=∞∑i=0AiΓ((i+1)q)∫tτ(t−s)(i+1)q−1ds=∞∑i=0Ai(1+i)qΓ((i+1)q)(t−τ)(i+1)q=Eq(A(t−τ)q)−1A, t∈(τ,2τ], | (3.6) |
we have
|Ξ(z(t))−Ξ(y(t))|≤|∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|f(s,z(s))−f(s,t(s))|ds| +|B| |∫τ0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s−τ)−y(s−τ)|ds| +|B| |∫tτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s−τ)−y(s−τ)|ds|≤(L|Eq(Atq)−1|A+|B| |∫tτ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds|)||z−y||J≤(L|Eq(Atq)−1||A|+|B||Eq(A(t−τ)q)−1||A|)||z−y||J. | (3.7) |
Let t∈(2τ,3τ]. Then according to Definition 1 and the equalities
∫t2τ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds=∞∑i=0AiΓ((i+1)q)∫t2τ(t−s)(i+1)q−1ds=∞∑i=0Ai(1+i)qΓ((i+1)q)(t−τ)(i+1)q=Eq(A(t−2τ)q)−1A, t∈(2τ,3τ], | (3.8) |
and
∫2ττ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds=∞∑i=0AiΓ((i+1)q)∫2ττ(t−s)(i+1)q−1ds=∞∑i=0Ai(1+i)qΓ((i+1)q)(t−τ)(i+1)q−∞∑i=0Ai(1+i)qΓ((i+1)q)(t−2τ)(i+1)q=Eq(A(t−τ)q)−Eq(A(t−2τ)q)A, | (3.9) |
we have
|Ξ(z(t))−Ξ(y(t))|≤|∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|f(s,z(s))−f(s,t(s))|ds| +|B| |∫τ0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s−τ)−y(s−τ)|ds| +|B| |∫2ττ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s−τ)−y(s−τ)|ds| +|B| |∫t2τ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|z(s−τ)−y(s−τ)|ds|≤(L|Eq(Atq)−1||A|+|B| |∫2ττ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds| +|B| |∫t2τ(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds|)||z−y||J≤(L|Eq(Atq)−1||A|+|B||Eq(A(t−τ)q)−Eq(A(t−2τ)q)||A| +|B||Eq(A(t−2τ)q)−1||A|)||z−y||J. | (3.10) |
Following the induction process and the definition of ρ we obtain that ||Ξ(z(t))−Ξ(y(t))||J≤ρ||z−y||J. Therefore, the operator Ξ:PC(J,R)→PC(J,R) is a contraction.
Uniqueness. Let z(t),y(t) be two mild solutions of the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3). Applying induction process w.r.t. the intervals and from condition 2 we obtain that ||z−y||(kτ,(k+1)τ]<ρ||z−y||(kτ,(k+1)τ] for k=0,1,…,N which proves the uniqueness.
Remark 2. It is obvious that the condition A≠0 in Theorem 1 is not a restriction because the nonzero term Ax could be added to the nonlinear part without losing the Lipschitz property.
Example 3. Consider the IVP (3.1) In this case A=0.1,f(t,x)=sin(x)−0.1x,B=1. Then the condition (A2) is satisfied with L=1.1 but the condition 2 of Theorem 1 is not satisfied.
Now, we change the equation in the IVP (3.1) to RL0D0.5tx(t)=0.1x(t−1)+0.01sin(x(t)). In this case A=0.1,f(t,x)=0.01sin(x)−0.1x,B=0.1, h1=h2=0.43581 and ρ=(0.11+0.1)0.435810.1<1. According to Theorem the IVP (3.1) has unique mild solution which is satisfying the integral presentation given in Definition 1.
In the case of a bounded nonlinear function we have the following result:
Theorem 2. Let the condition (A1) be satisfied and
1. The function g∈C([τ,0],R and |g(0)|<∞.
2. ρ=2||w||Ih1+|B|h2|A|<1 where h1 and h2 are defined in Theorem 1.
Then the the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) has a unique solution x∈PC(J,R).
The proof of Theorem 2 is similar to the one of Theorem 1 and we omit it.
We will study the continuous dependence of mild solutions of the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) on the initial functions.
Consider IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) and the RL fractional equation (2.5) with initial conditions
x(t)=p(t), t∈[−τ,0], | (3.11) |
limt→0+(t1−qx(t))=p(0)Γ(q) | (3.12) |
Theorem 3. Let the following conditions be satisfied:
1. The functions g,p∈C([−τ,0],R, |g(0)|<∞, |p(0)|<∞.
2. The function f∈C([0,T]×R,R) and it is Lipschitz with a constant L>0 on [0,T]×R.
Then for any number δ>0 there exist numbers Kk,Ck>0, k=0,1,2,…,N such that the inequality ||g−p||[−τ,0]<δ implies
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δ(Kk(t−kτ)q−1+Ck) for t∈(kτ,(k+1)τ], k=0,1,2,…,N | (3.13) |
where x(t),y(t) are mild solutions of the IVPs (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) and (2.5), (3.11), (3.12) respectively.
P r o o f: We will use the induction w.r.t. the intervals to prove the claim.
Let M=supt∈J|Eq,q(Atq)|.
Let t∈(0,τ]. Then from Definition 1 and Eq. (3.4) we get
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδ∫t0(t−s)q−1ds+LM∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds≤δMtq−1+δM|B|τqq+LM∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds≤δMtq−1+δP0+LM∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds | (3.14) |
where P0=M|B|τqq.
According to Proposition 3, the inequality ∫t0(t−s)nq−1sq−1ds=tnq+q−1Γ(q)Γ(nq)Γ(nq+q) we obtain
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δMtq−1+δP0+δP0∫t0∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−s)nq−1Γ(nq)ds+δM∫t0∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−s)nq−1Γ(nq)sq−1ds≤δP0∞∑n=0(MLΓ(q))ntnqΓ(nq+1)+δMtq−1Γ(q)∞∑n=0(MLΓ(q))n tnqΓ(nq+q)=δ(K0tq−1+C0), t∈(0,τ] | (3.15) |
where K0=MΓ(q)Eq,q(MLΓ(q)τq), C0=M|B|τqqEq(MLΓ(q)τq).
Let t∈(τ,2τ]. Then applying Definition 1, (3.15), the inequalities ∫τ0(τ−s)q−1sq−1ds=τ2q−1Γ(q)Γ(q)Γ(2q), qΓ2(q)Γ(2q)≤2 we get
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δMtq−1+LM∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds+|B|δM∫τ0(t−s)q−1ds+|B|M∫tτ(t−s)q−1(δK0(s−τ)q−1+δC0)ds≤δMτq−1+LMδK0(t−τ)2q−1Γ2(q)Γ(2q)+LMδC0(2τ)qq+|B|δMτqq+δ|B|MK0(t−τ)2q−1Γ2(q)Γ(2q)+δ|B|MC0(t−τ)qq+LM∫tτ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds≤δMτq−1+2δ(L+|B|)MK0(t−τ)q−1(τ)qq+δ|B|MC0τqq+|B|δM(τ)qq+δLMK0τ2q−1Γ(q)Γ(q)Γ(2q)+LM∫tτ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds≤2δ|B|MK0τqq(t−τ)q−1+δP1+LM∫tτ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds | (3.16) |
where P1=Mτq−1+|B|MC0τqq+|B|M(τ)qq+LMK0τ2q−1Γ(q)Γ(q)Γ(2q).
According to Proposition 3 we obtain
|x(t)−y(t)|≤2|B|MK0τqq(t−τ)q−1+P1++∫tτ[∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−s)nq−1Γ(nq)(2|B|MK0τqq(s−τ)q−1+P1]ds≤2|B|MK0τqq(t−τ)q−1+P1Eq(MLΓ(q)(t−τ)q)+2|B|MK0τqq∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−τ)−1+q+nqΓ(q)Γ(nq+q)≤P1Eq(MLΓ(q)(t−τ)q)+2|B|MK0Γ(q)τqq(t−τ)q−1Eq,q(MLΓ(q)(t−τ)q)≤P1Eq(MLΓ(q)τq)+2|B|MK0Γ(q)τqq(t−τ)q−1Eq,q(MLΓ(q)τq)=δ(K1(t−τ)q−1+C1), t∈(τ,2τ] | (3.17) |
where K1=2|B|M2Γ2(q)E2q,q(MLΓ(q)τq)τqq and C1=P1Eq(MLΓ(q)τq).
Let t∈(2τ,3τ]. Then applying Definition 1 and (3.6) we get
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δMtq−1+LMδ∫τ0(t−s)q−1(K0sq−1+C0)ds+LMδ∫2ττ(t−s)q−1(K1(s−τ)q−1+C1)ds+LM∫t2τ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds+|B|Mδ∫τ0(t−s)q−1ds+|B|Mδ∫2ττ(t−s)q−1(K0(s−τ)q−1+C0)ds+|B|Mδ∫t2τ(t−s)q−1(K1(s−2τ)q−1+C1)ds≤δM(2τ)q−1+δLMK0(3τ)2q−1Beta[1/3,q,q]+δLMC0(3τ)qq−+δLMK1(2τ)2q−1Beta[1/2,q,q]+δLMC1(2q)qq+LM∫t2τ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds+|B|Mδ(3τ)qq+|B|MδK0(2τ)2q−1Beta[1/2,q,q]+|B|MδC0(2τ)qq+δ|B|MK1τqΓ2(q)Γ(2q)(t−2τ)q−1+δ|B|MC1τqq≤δ|B|MK1τqΓ2(q)Γ(2q)(t−2τ)q−1+δP2+LM∫t2τ(t−s)q−1|x(s)−y(s)|ds |
where Beta[x,q,q] is the incomplete beta function.
According to Proposition 3 we obtain
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δ|B|MK1τqΓ2(q)Γ(2q)(t−2τ)q−1+δP2+δP2∫t2τ[∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−s)nq−1Γ(nq)]ds+δ|B|MK1τqΓ2(q)Γ(2q)∫t2τ[∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))n(t−s)nq−1Γ(nq)(s−2τ)q−1]ds≤δP2∞∑n=0(MLΓ(q))n(t−2τ)nqΓ(nq+1)+δ|B|MK1τqΓ3(q)Γ(2q)(t−2τ)q−1∞∑n=0(MLΓ(q))n(t−2τ)nqΓ(q+nq)=δ|B|MK1τqΓ3(q)Γ(2q)Eq,q(MLΓ(q)(t−2τ)q)(t−2τ)q−1+δP2Eq(MLΓ(q)(t−2τ)q)=K2(t−2τ)q−1+C2, t∈(2τ,3τ], |
where K2=δ|B|MK1τqΓ3(q)Γ(2q)Eq,q(MLΓ(q)(t−2τ)q) and C2=δP2Eq(MLΓ(q)(τ)q).
Continue the induction process we prove the claim.
Corollary 1. Let the conditions of Theorem 3 be satisfied and q>0.5.
Then for any positive numbers δ,ε: ε<τ there exists a number K,C>0 such that the inequality ||g−p||[−τ,0]<δ implies
|x(t)−y(t)|≤δK for t∈(ε,T], | (3.18) |
where x(t),y(t) are mild solutions of the IVPs (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) and (2.5), (3.11), (3.12) respectively.
P r o o f: The proof is similar to the one of Theorem 3 applying the inequality (t−kτ)2q−1q≤τqq for t∈(kτ,(k+1)τ], k=0,1,…,N.
In this section we will define and study the finite time stability of mild solutions of the IVP for Riemann-Liouville (2.5), (2.2), (2.3).
Note that because of the singularity of tq−1 at 0, we could prove the FTS on an interval which does not contain 0.
Theorem 4. Let the function g∈C([τ,0],R, |g(0)|<∞, q>0.5 and the condition (A1) be satisfied.
Then for any real positive numbers δ,ε: ε<τ there exists a number K depending on δ and ε such that the inequality ||g||[−τ,0]<δ implies |x(t)|<K for t∈(ε,T] where x(t) is the mild solution of the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3).
P r o o f: Let ||g||[−τ,0]<δ and M=supt∈J|Eq,q(Atq)|.
Let t∈(0,τ]. Then according to Definition 1 we have
|x(t)|≤δEq,q(Atq)tq−1+|B|δ∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|ds +∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|f(s,x(s))|ds≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδ∫t0(t−s)q−1ds+M||w||I∫t0(t−s)q−1ds≤δMtq−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)τqq, t∈(0,τ]. | (3.19) |
From (3.19) it follows that
|x(t)|≤δMεq−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)τqq, t∈(ε,τ]. | (3.20) |
Let t∈(τ,2τ]. Then we have
|x(t)|≤δMτq−1+M∫t0(t−s)q−1|f(s,x(s))|ds +|B|Mδ∫τ0(t−s)q−1ds+|B|M∫tτ(t−s)q−1x(s−τ)ds≤δMτq−1+M((||w||I+|B|δ)(2τ)qq+|B|M(δMτ2q−12q−1+M(||w||I+|B|δ)(τqq)2)=K1. |
Let t∈(2τ,3τ]. Then we have
|x(t)|≤δM(2τ)q−1+M∫t0(t−s)q−1|f(s,x(s))|ds+|B|Mδ∫τ0(t−s)q−1ds+|B|M∫2ττ(τ−s)q−1(δM(s−τ)q−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)τqq)ds+|B|MK1∫t2τ(t−s)q−1ds≤δM(2τ)q−1+|M(|w||I+|B|δ)(3τ)qq+|B|M(δMτ2q−12q−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)(τqq))2+K1τq)=K2. |
Let t∈(3τ,4τ]. Then we have
|x(t)|≤δM(3τ)q−1+|M(|w||I+|B|δ)(4τ)qq+|B|M(δMτ2q−12q−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)(τqq)2)+|B|Mτq(K1+K2)=K3. |
Following the induction process we prove the claim with K=δM(Nτ)q−1+|M(|w||I+|B|δ)(Nτ)qq+|B|M(δMτ2q−12q−1+M(|B|δ+||w||I)(τqq)2)+|B|Mτq∑Ni=1Ki.
In the case the nonlinear Lipschitz functions we obtain the following result:
Theorem 5. Let the function g∈C([τ,0],R, |g(0)|<∞, q>0.5 and the condition (A2) be satisfied.
Then for any real positive numbers δ,ε: ε<τ there exists a number K depending on δ and ε such that the inequality ||g||[−τ,0]<δ implies |x(t)|<K for t∈(ε,T] where x(t) is the mild solution of the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3).
P r o o f: According to Theorem 1 the the IVP (2.5), (2.2), (2.3) has a unique solution x∈PC(J,R). Let ||g||[−τ,0]<δ and M=supt∈J|Eq,q(Atq)|.
Let t∈(ε,τ]. Then according to Definition 1 we have
|x(t)|≤δEq,q(Atq)tq−1+|B|δ∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)ds +L∫t0(t−s)q−1Eq,q(A(t−s)q)|x(s)|ds≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδτqq+LM∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)|ds. | (3.21) |
From (3.21) and Proposition 3 it follows that
|x(t)|≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδτqq+∫t0(∞∑n=1(LMΓ(q))nΓ(nq)(t−s)nq−1(δMsq−1+|B|Mδτqq))ds≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδτqq+δMtq−1Γ(q)∞∑n=1(LMΓ(q))nΓ(nq+q)tnq+|B|Mδτqq∞∑n=1(LMΓ(q))nΓ(nq+1)(t)nq≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδτqq+δMεq−1Γ(q)∞∑n=1(LMΓ(q))nΓ(nq+q)tnq+|B|Mδτqq∞∑n=1(LMΓ(q))nΓ(nq+1)(t)nq≤δMtq−1Γ(q)Eq,q(LMΓ(q))tq)+|B|MδτqqEq(LMΓ(q))tq). | (3.22) |
Therefore,
x(t)≤δ(Mεq−1Γ(q)+|B|Mτqq)Eq(LMΓ(q))τq)=δK0, t∈(ε,τ]. | (3.23) |
Let t∈(τ,2τ]. Then from (3.23) we have
|x(t)|≤δMtq−1+ML∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)|ds +|B|Mδ∫τ0(t−s)q−1ds+|B|M∫tτ(t−s)q−1x(s−τ)ds≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδ(1+K0)τqq+ML∫t0(t−s)q−1|x(s)|ds. |
From (3.24) and Proposition 3 it follows that
|x(t)|≤δMtq−1+|B|Mδ(1+K0)τqq+∫tτ(∞∑n=1(MLΓ(q))nΓ(nq)(t−s)nq−1(δMsq−1+|B|Mδ(1+K0)τqq))ds≤δMtq−1Γ(q)Eq,q(LMΓ(q))tq)+|B|Mδ(1+K0)τqq]Eq(LMΓ(q))tq). | (3.24) |
Therefore,
|x(t)|≤δ(Mεq−1Γ(q)+|B|M(1+K0)τqq)Eq(LMΓ(q))τq)=δK1, t∈(τ,2τ] | (3.25) |
Following the induction process we obtain
|x(t)|≤δ(Mεq−1Γ(q)+|B|M(1+Kk−1)τqq)Eq(LMΓ(q))τq)=δKk, t∈(kτ,(k+1)τ], |
where Kk=(Mεq−1Γ(q)+|B|M(1+Kk−1)τqq)Eq(LMΓ(q))τq), k=1,2,…,N.
Example 4. Consider the IVP (3.1) with RL fractional equation RL0D0.5tx(t)=0.1x(t−1)+0.01sin(x(t)). According to Example 3 it has unique mild solution x(t) which is satisfying the integral presentation given in Definition 1. Also, according to Theorem 5 for δ=1, ε=0.001 the inequality |x(t)|<K holds for t∈[0.001,3] where M=sup[0,3]E0.5,0.5(0.1t0.5)=0.7772, K0=(0.7772∗0.0010.5−1Γ(0.5)+0.1∗0.777210.5)Eq(0.11∗0.7772Γ(0.5))=52.321, K1=62.0518 and K=K2=63.8615.
We study scalar nonlinear RL fractional differential equations with constant delays. An appropriate initial value problem for studd equations is set up based on the idea of the initial time interval for delay differential equations with ordinary derivatives. A mild solution is defined based on an appropriate integral representation of the solution. The existence, continuous dependence and finite time stability of the scalar nonlinear RL fractional differential equations is studied by the help of fractional generalization of Gronwall inequality. The obtained integral representations could be successfully applied to study many qualitative investigation of the properties of the solutions of nonlinear RL fractional differential equations.
Research was partially supported by Fund Scientific Research MU19-FMI-009, Plovdiv University.
All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.
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