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AIMS Neuroscience

2025, Volume 12, Issue 2: 222-249. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2025013
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Review

COVID-19 vaccines and neurological disorders: A narrative review of immune responses and adverse reactions

  • 1.
    Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 2.
    Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
  • 3.
    Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 4.
    Department of Pathology Medicine, Rasool Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 5.
    Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Biomechanics Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
  • 6.
    Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 7.
    Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 8.
    Rheumatology Department, Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 9.
    Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Published: 18 June 2025

  • COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in providing strong immunity within a relatively short time frame, significantly reducing both the severity of the disease and associated mortality. However, post-vaccination complications, particularly neurological disorders, have been reported. Among the more frequently documented neurological complications are acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis (MS), transverse myelitis (TM), optic neuritis (ON), Bell's palsy (BP), and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). The precise role of COVID-19 vaccines in triggering the onset or relapse of these conditions remains uncertain. Immunological processes involving cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, and immune cells are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of these neurological side effects. This review examines the immune responses triggered by COVID-19 vaccines and their potential role in the development of such complications. Despite reports of neurological side effects, these cases remain rare, and the overall benefits of vaccination in curbing the pandemic and preventing severe illness far exceed the risks. It is vital to sustain the progress of global vaccination efforts while continuously evaluating the risk-benefit ratio, particularly for individuals with underlying conditions. Ongoing research and surveillance are crucial for creating safer vaccines and identifying individuals who may be more susceptible to adverse reactions, ensuring broader protection against COVID-19.

    Citation: Mehran Joodaki, Farhad Seif, Azadeh Afzalnia, Nikoo Emtiazi, Mona Merati Shirazi, Behnaz Ashtari, Seyed Mohamad Hosseinian, Nasrin Hosseini. COVID-19 vaccines and neurological disorders: A narrative review of immune responses and adverse reactions[J]. AIMS Neuroscience, 2025, 12(2): 222-249. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2025013

    Related Papers:

  • COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in providing strong immunity within a relatively short time frame, significantly reducing both the severity of the disease and associated mortality. However, post-vaccination complications, particularly neurological disorders, have been reported. Among the more frequently documented neurological complications are acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis (MS), transverse myelitis (TM), optic neuritis (ON), Bell's palsy (BP), and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). The precise role of COVID-19 vaccines in triggering the onset or relapse of these conditions remains uncertain. Immunological processes involving cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, and immune cells are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of these neurological side effects. This review examines the immune responses triggered by COVID-19 vaccines and their potential role in the development of such complications. Despite reports of neurological side effects, these cases remain rare, and the overall benefits of vaccination in curbing the pandemic and preventing severe illness far exceed the risks. It is vital to sustain the progress of global vaccination efforts while continuously evaluating the risk-benefit ratio, particularly for individuals with underlying conditions. Ongoing research and surveillance are crucial for creating safer vaccines and identifying individuals who may be more susceptible to adverse reactions, ensuring broader protection against COVID-19.



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    Acknowledgments


    This research received no specific grant, funding, equipment or supplies from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest.

    Authors' contributions


    N.H., M.J., and F.S. conceived the study, conceptualized and wrote the first manuscript; N.H. prepared tables and figures; A.A., N.E., M.M.S., and B.A. helped in further conceptualization of the manuscript; F.S. revised the final manuscript for important intellectual contents. F.S., N.H., and S.M.H. supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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