Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM

Anwar Khan; Benjamin Razis; Simon Gillespie; Carl Percival; Dudley Shallcross

doi:10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484

AIMS Environmental Science, 2017, 4(3): 484-501. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484. Research article

Export file:

Format

RIS(for EndNote,Reference Manager,ProCite)
BibTex
Text

Content

Citation Only
Citation and Abstract

Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS₂) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM

Anwar Khan, Benjamin Razis, Simon Gillespie, Carl Percival, Dudley Shallcross

1 Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
2 The Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Simon Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
! Now at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

Received: , Accepted: , Published:

Abstract Full Text(HTML) Figure/Table

Carbon disulfide (CS₂), a precursor to the long-lived carbonyl sulphide (OCS) is one of the main contributors to the atmospheric sulfate layer. The annual fluxes from its sources and sinks are investigated using a 3-D chemistry transport model, STOCHEM-CRI. In terms of the flux analysis, the oxidation of CS₂ by OH is found to be the main removal process (76–88% of the total loss) and the dry deposition loss contributes 11–24% to the total loss of CS₂. The global burden of CS₂ was calculated, varying between 6.1 to 19.2 Tg and the lifetime of CS₂was determined to be within the range of 2.8–3.4 days. The global distribution of CS₂ found the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continental landmasses to be the areas of concentration maxima with peak concentrations reaching up to 20 ppt during June-July-August (J-J-A) season and 40 ppt during December-January-February (D-J-F) season in anthropogenic source regions. Oceanic regions returned low CS₂ levels of less than 2 ppt. The vertical profile of CS₂ shows higher levels up to 3 ppt at 30°N–45°N during J-J-A and up to 4 ppt at 30°N–55°N during D-J-F. The oxidation of CS₂by OH can produce a substantial amount (0.58 Tg/yr) of atmospheric OCS and the annual average surface distribution of this flux shows up to 6 Gg/yr OCS formed in the regions with highest anthropogenic pollution (e.g., South east Asia). In general, the model-measurement comparison reveals an underprediction of model CS₂ compared with measured CS₂ for most of the regions. It is likely that the emissions of CS₂ are being underestimated and there are likely much larger emission sources of atmospheric CS₂ than previously suggested.

Figure/Table

Supplementary

Article Metrics

Keywords: Carbon disulfide; chemistry transport model; global budget; surface distribution; zonal distribution

Citation: Anwar Khan, Benjamin Razis, Simon Gillespie, Carl Percival, Dudley Shallcross. Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS₂) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM. AIMS Environmental Science, 2017, 4(3): 484-501. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2017.3.484

References:

1. Wine PH, Chameides WL, Ravishankara AR (1981) Potential role of CS2 photooxidation in tropospheric sulfur chemistry. Geophys Res Lett 8: 543-546.
2. Andreae MO (1990) Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Mar Chem 30: 1-29.
3. Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA (1984) Global sources, lifetimes and mass balances of carbonyl sulphide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) in the Earth's atmosphere. Atmos Environ 18: 1805-1813.
4. Leck C, Rodhe H (1991) Emissions of marine biogenic sulfur to the atmosphere of northern Europe. J Atmos Chem 12: 63-86.
5. Kim K-H, Andreae MO (1992) Carbon disulfide in the estuarine, coastal, and oceanic environments. Marine Chem 40: 179-197.
6. Xie H, Moore RM, Miller WL (1998) Photochemical production of carbon disulphide in seawater. J Geophys Res 103: 5635-5644.
7. Xie H, Moore RM, Miller WL (1999) Carbon disulfide in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans. J Geophys Res 104: 5393-5402.
8. Kettle AJ, Rhee TS, von Hobe M, et al. (2001) Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere. J Geophys Res 106: 12193-12209.
9. Chin M, Davis DD (1993) Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS₂ and their distributions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7: 321-337.
10. Watts SF (2000) The mass budgets of carbonyl sufide, dimethyl sulphide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulphide. Atmos Environ 34: 761-779.
11. Blake NJ, Streets DG, Woo JH, et al. (2004) Carbonyl sulphide and carbon disulfide: large-scale distributions over the western Pacific and emissions from Asia during TRACE-P. J Geophys Res 109: D15.
12. Ren YL (1999) Is carbonyl sulfide a precursor for carbon disulfide in vegetation and soil? Interconversion of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in fresh grain tissues in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 47: 2141-2144.
13. Steinbacher M, Bingemer HG, Schmidt U (2004) Measurements of the exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) between soil and atmosphere in a spruce forest in central Germany. Atmos Environ 38: 6043-6052.
14. Stickel RE, Chin M, Daykin EP, et al. (1993). Mechanistic studies of the OH-initiated oxidation of CS₂ in the presence of O₂. J Phys Chem 97: 13653-13661.
15. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2 Eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey: 1-1203.
16. Crutzen PJ (1976) The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 3: 73-76.
17. Hofmann DJ (1990) Increase in the stratospheric background sulfuric acid aerosol mass in the past 10 years. Science 248: 996-1000.
18. Taubman SJ, Kasting JF (1995). Carbonyl sufide: No remedy for global warming. Geophys Res Lett 22: 803-805.
19. Chin M, Davis DD (1995) A reanalysis of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosol. J Geophys Res Atmos 100: 8993-9005.
20. Bruhl C, Lelieveld J, Tost H, et al. (2015). Stratospheric sulfur and its implications for radiative forcing simulated by the chemistry climate model EMAC. J Geophys Res-Atmos 120: 2103-2118.
21. Xu X, Bingemer HG, Schmidt U (2002) The flux of carbonyl sulphide and carbon disulfide between the atmosphere and a spruce forest. Atmos Chem Phys 2: 171-181.
22. Taylor Jr GE, McLaughlin Jr SB, Shriner DS, et al. (1983). The flux sulfur-containing gases to vegetation. Atmos Environ 17: 789-796.
23. De Bruyn WL, Swartz E, Hu JH, et al. (1995) Henry's law solubilities and setchenow coefficients for biogenic reduced sulfur species obtained from gas-liquid uptake measurements. J Geophys Res 100: 7245-7251.
24. Berglen TF, Berntsen TK, Isaksen SA, et al. (2004) A global model of the coupled sulphur/oxidant chemistry in the troposphere: The sulphur cycle. J Geophys Res 109: D19310.
25. Kloster S, Feichter J, Maier-Reimer E, et al. (2006) DMS cycle in the marine ocean-atmosphere system- a global model study. Biogeosciences 3: 29-51.
26. Kettle AJ, Kuhn U, Von Hobe M, et al. (2002) Global budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Temporal and spatial variations of the dominant sources and sinks. J Geophys Res 107: D22.
27. Suntharalingam P, Kettle AJ, Monzka SM, et al. (2008) Global 3-D model analysis of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Implications for terrestrial vegetation uptake. Geophys Res Lett 35: L19801.
28. Berry J, Wolf A, Campbell JE, et al. (2013) A coupled model of the global cycles of carbonyl sulfide and CO₂: A possible new window on the carbon cycle. J Geophys Res-Biogeo 118: 842-852.
29. Kuai L, Worden JR, Campbell JE, et al. (2015) Estimate of carbonyl sulfide tropical oceanic surface fluxes using Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer observations. J Geophys Res-Atmos 120: 11012-11023.
30. Glatthor N, Höpfner M, Baker IT, et al. (2015) Tropical sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide observed from space. Geophys Res Lett 42: 10082-10090.
31. Kremser S, Thomason LW, von Hobe M, et al. (2016) Stratospheric aerosol-Observations, processes, and impact on climate. Rev Geophys 54: 278-335.
32. Lennartz ST, Marandino CA, von Hobe M, et al. (2017) Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide. Atmos Chem Phys 17: 385-402.
33. Pham M, Müller J-F, Brasseur GP, et al. (1995) A three-dimensional study of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J Geophys Res 100: 26061-26092.
34. Weisenstein DK, Yue GK, Ko MKW, et al. (1997) A two-dimensional model of sulfur species and aerosols. J Geophys Res 102: 13019-13035.
35. Kjellström E (1998) A three-dimensional global model study of carbonyl sulphide in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. J Atmos Chem 29: 151-177.
36. Stevenson DS, Collins WJ, Johnson CE, et al. (1998) Intercomparison and evaluation of atmospheric transport in a Lagrangian model (STOCHEM), and an Eulerian model (UM), using ²²²Rn as a short-lived tracer. Quat J Royal Meteorol Soc 124: 2477-3492.
37. Stevenson DS, Dentener FJ, Schultz MG, et al. (2006) Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone. J Geophys Res 111: D08301.
38. Collins WJ, Stevenson DS, Johnson CE, et al. (1997) Tropospheric ozone in a Global-Scale Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model and its response to NO_x emission controls. J Atmos Chem 26: 223-274.
39. Utembe SR, Cooke MC, Archibald AT, et al. (2010) Using a reduced Common Representative Intermediates (CRI v2-R5) mechanism to simulate tropospheric ozone in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model. Atmos Environ 13: 1609-1622.
40. Derwent RG, Collins WJ, Jenkin ME, et al. (2003) The global distribution of secondary particulate matter in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model. J Atmos Chem 44: 57-95.
41. Stevenson DS, Johnson CE, Highwood EJ, et al. (2003) Atmospheric impact of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: Part I chemistry modelling. Atmos Chem Phys 3: 487-507.
42. Derwent RG, Stevenson DS, Doherty RM, et al. (2008) How is surface ozone in Europe linked to Asian and North American NO_xemissions? Atmos Environ 42: 7412-7422.
43. Jenkin ME, Watson LA, Utembe SR, et al. (2008) A Common Representative Intermediate (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part-1: gas phase mechanism development. Atmos Environ 42: 7185-7195.
44. Watson LA, Shallcross DE, Utembe SR, et al. (2008) A Common Representative Intermediate (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 2: gas phase mechanism reduction. Atmos Environ 42: 7196-7204.
45. Utembe SR, Watson LA, Shallcross DE, et al. (2009) A Common Representative Intermediates (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 3: Development of a secondary organic aerosol module. Atmos Environ 43: 1982-1990.
46. Utembe SR, Cooke MC, Archibald AT, et al. (2011) Simulating secondary organic aerosol in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model using the reduced Common Representative Intermediates mechansim (CRI v2-R5). Atmos Environ 45: 1604-1614.
47. Collins WJ, Stevenson DS, Johnson CE, et al. (2000) The European regional ozone distribution and its links with the global scale for the years 1992 and 2015. Atmos Environ 34: 255-267.
48. Olivier JG, Bouwman AF, Berdowski JJ, et al. (1996) Description of EDGAR Version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1 degree ´ 1 degree grid. Technical report, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
49. Olivier JGJ, Berdowski JJM (2001) Global emissions sources and sinks. Berdowski JJM, Guicherit R, Heij BJ (Eds.). The Climate System, Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, Netherlands.
50. Granier C, Lamarque JF, Mieville A, et al. (2005) POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors. Available from: http://accent.aero.jussieu.fr/database_table_inventories.php.
51. Atkinson R, Baulch DL, Cox RA, et al. (2004) Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I-gas phase reactions of O_x, HO_x, NO_x and SO_x species. Atmos Chem Phys 4: 1461-1738.
52. Khan MAH, Cooke MC, Utembe SR, et al. (2015) A study of global atmospheric budget and distribution of acetone using global atmospheric model STOCHEM-CRI. Atmos Environ 112: 269-277.
53. Sander SP, Friedl RR, Golden DM, et al. (2006) Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies. Evaluation number 15, JPL publication 06-2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA.
54. Lee CL, Brimblecombe P (2016) Anthropogenic contributions to global carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and organosulfides fluxes. Earth-Sci Rev 160: 1-18.
55. Majozi T, Veldhuizen P (2015) The chemicals industry in South Africa. American Inst. Chem. Eng (AlChE) July: 46-51. Available from: https://www.aiche.org/sites/default/files/cep/20150746.pdf
56. Kim KH, Swan H, Shon ZH, et al. (2004) Monitoring of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of Gosan, Jeju Island during the Spring of 2001. Chemosphere 54: 515-526.
57. Guo H, Simpson IJ, Ding AJ, et al. (2010) Carbonyl sulphide, dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulfide in the Pearl River Delta of southern China: Impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Atmos Environ 44: 3805-3813.
58. Pal R, Kim KH, Jeon EC, et al. (2009) Reduced sulfur compounds in ambient air surrounding an industrial region in Korea. Environ Monit Assess 148: 109-125.
59. Yujing M, Hai W, Zhang X, et al. (2002) Impact of anthropogenic sources on carbonyl sulphide in Beijing City. J Geophys Res 107: D24.
60. Maroulis PJ, Bandy AR (1980) Measurements of atmospheric concentrations of CS₂ in the eastern United States. Geophys Res Letts 7: 681-684.
61. Jones BMR, Cox RA, Penkett SA (1983) Atmospheric chemistry of carbon disulphide. J Atmos Chem 1: 65-86.
62. Thornton DC, Bandy AR (1993). Sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in the central pacific troposphere. J Atmos Chem 17: 1-13.
63. Inomata Y, Hayashi M, Osada K, et al. (2006) Spatial distributions of volatile sulfur compounds in surface seawater and overlying atmosphere in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 20: GB2022.
64. Cooper DJ, Saltzman ES (1993) Measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulphide, hydrogen sulphide, and carbon disulfide during GTE/CITE 3. J Geophys Res 98: 23397-23409.
65. Inomata Y, Iwasaka Y, Osada K, et al. (2006) Vertical distributions of particles and sulfur gases (volatile sulfur compounds and SO₂) over East Asia: comparison with two aircraft-borne measurements under the Asian continental outflow in spring and winter. Atmos Environ 40: 430-444.
66. Bandy AR, Thornton DC, Johnson JE (1993) Carbon disulfide measurements in the atmosphere of the western north Atlantic and the northwestern south Atlantic oceans. J Geophys Res-Atmos 98: 23449-23457.

show all references

This article has been cited by:

1. Anwar Khan, Benjamin Razis, Simon Gillespie, Carl Percival, Dudley Shallcross, Correction: Global analysis of carbon disulfide (CS₂) using the 3-D chemistry transport model STOCHEM. AIMS Environ Sci 4: 484-501, AIMS Environmental Science, 2017, 4, 4, 585, 10.3934/environsci.2017.4.585

Reader Comments

your name: * your email: *

Copyright Info: 2017, Dudley Shallcross, et al., licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licese (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Download full text in PDF

Associated material

Metrics