Understanding Turkish students' mathematical identity: Mathematics achievement, beliefs, attitudes and motivation

1.   Introduction

Let $(M, g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci tensor. We are going to consider bounded "eternal" classical solutions $u\in C^{2, 1}(M\times{{\mathbb R}})$ of the semilinear heat equation

for $p > 1$ and $T\leq +\infty$, with particular attention to "triviality", that is, to conditions forcing the solutions to be identically zero.

A reason for the interest in such eternal (or also "ancient") solutions is that they typically arise as blow-up limits when the solutions of semilinear parabolic equations in time intervals as $[0, T)$ develop a singularity at a certain time $T \in \mathbb{R}$, i.e., the solution $u$ becomes unbounded as $t$ goes to $T$.

In the Euclidean space, it is well known (see ^[14] and [7, Proposition B]) that noncostant, positive global radial (static, solution of the elliptic problem) solutions on $\mathbb{R}^n \times \mathbb{R}$ exist for the "critical" or any "supercritical" exponent $p \geq p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$ (this latter is the critical Sobolev exponent), hence providing a counterexample to triviality in such case. In the non-static (parabolic) situation, while triviality of eternal radial (parabolic) positive solutions can be shown in the range of subcritical exponents $1 < p < p_S$, the same expected result for general (not necessarily radial) solutions is known only in the range $1 < p < \frac{n(n+2)}{(n-1)^2}$ (see Remark 1.2 below). Indeed, such triviality when $\frac{n(n+2)}{(n-1)^2} \leq p < p_S$ is a quite long standing open problem (see ^[10,11]), which might have been finally solved by Quittner in the preprint ^[12], appeared during the redaction of this work.

We mention that these triviality issues for eternal (and also ancient) solutions have been recently addressed and partially extended to the cases of compact or bounded geometry Riemannian manifolds, by the first and third author in ^[4,5].

Our aim in this paper is to show the following triviality theorem for eternal solutions, "pointwise" monotone in time (mentioned without proof in [11, Remark 4.3 (b)] for $M = {{\mathbb R}}^n$).

Theorem 1.1. Let $(M, g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold of dimension $n \geq 5$ with nonnegative Ricci tensor. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(M\times{{\mathbb R}})$ be a bounded eternal solution of Eq $(1.1)$ with $u_t \geq 0$ and $1 < p < p_S$. Then, $u\equiv 0$.

Remark 1.2. We observe that, essentially with the same proof of ^[2], we can prove the following result, extending to manifolds the analogous one in ${{\mathbb R}}^n$.

Let $(M, g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold of dimension $n \geq 3$ with nonnegative Ricci tensor. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(M\times{{\mathbb R}})$ be an eternal solution of Eq (1.1) with

Then, $u\equiv 0$.

Indeed, as observed in Remark 2.4, Lemma 3.1 in ^[3] and thus also Lemma 3 and Lemma 4 in ^[2], hold true on any Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci tensor (since they are based only on Bochner inequality). Moreover, thanks to [5,Theorem 2.6], we know that the solutions are either strictly positive or identically zero. In particular, using good cutoff functions that can be constructed on manifolds with nonnegative Ricci tensor (see Remark 2.9), from Lemma 4 in ^[2], given $(x, t)\in M\times {{\mathbb R}}$, for every $\rho > 0$ and every

there exists a constant $C = C(n, p)$ such that

where $B(x, \rho)\subseteq M$ is the metric ball with center $x$ and radius $\rho$ and $\mu$ the canonical Riemannian measure of $(M, g)$. By Bishop-Gromov inequality (see ^[6]), we then obtain

Since $p < p_S$, letting $\rho\to+\infty$ we conclude that $u = 0$ in the whole $M\times {{\mathbb R}}$.

2.   Integral estimates

First of all, using [5, Theorem 2.6], we have that all solutions are either strictly positive or identically zero. The following Hamilton-type gradient estimate can be shown analogously to Lemma 3.1 in ^[5] and will be crucial in the proof of the integral estimate in Proposition 2.5.

Lemma 2.1. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$, $\Omega\subset{{\mathbb R}}^n$, be a positive bounded solution of Eq $(1.1)$ with $0 < u\leq D$ and let $\rho > 0$ such that $\overline{B}(\overline{x}, 2\rho)\times[\overline{t}-4\rho^2, \overline{t}+4\rho^2]\subseteq\Omega\times(0, T)$. Then, for $n\geq 1$ and $p > 1$, there exists a constant $C = C(n, p) > 0$, such that

in $Q = B(\overline{x}, \rho)\times(\overline{t}-\rho^2, \overline{t}+\rho^2)$. In particular, for every $\delta > 0$, there exists a constant $C = C(n, p, \delta) > 0$, such that

in $Q$.

To keep track of the dependencies of the constants, we define

where $C = C(n, p, \delta) > 0$ is given in the previous proposition. In particular, we have the gradient estimate

Notice that $K$ actually depends only on $n, p, \delta, D$ and $\rho_0$, if $\rho$ is larger than some fixed constant $\rho_0 > 0$.

Remark 2.2. The same result also holds on complete Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci tensor (see ^[5]).

We recall the following technical lemma [3, Lemma 3.1].

Lemma 2.3. Let $U$ be an open set of ${{\mathbb R}}^{n}$. Then, for any positive function $w\in C^{2}(U)$, any nonnegative $\eta \in C^{2}_{c}(U)$, any real numbers $d, m\in{{\mathbb R}}$ such that $d\neq m+2$, the following inequality holds:

Remark 2.4. The proof is based on the Bochner formula

hence, the conclusion of Lemma 2.3 is also true on Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci tensor, since this inequality holds in such spaces (see ^[9], for instance).

From the previous lemma and the pointwise gradient inequality (2.2), we can show the following integral estimate which generalizes the one of Lemma 3 in ^[2] (we will use the same notation and line of proof).

Proposition 2.5. Let $\Omega\subseteq{{\mathbb R}}^n$, with $n\geq 3$ and $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$ be a solution of Eq $(1.1)$, with $1 < p < p_S$ and such that $0 < u\leq D$. We assume that for some $\rho > 0$ we have $\overline{B}(\overline{x}, 2\rho)\times[\overline{t}-4\rho^2, \overline{t}+4\rho^2]\subseteq\Omega\times(0, T)$ and we let $Q = B(\overline{x}, \rho)\times(\overline{t}-\rho^2, \overline{t}+\rho^2)$, with $\rho$ larger than some $\rho_0 > 0$. Suppose that $\zeta\in C^{2}_{c}(Q)$ takes values in $[0, 1]$ and let $r > 4$, $\delta\in(0, 1/100)$, then there exist constants $m = m(n, p) > -\frac{2}{n-2}$ and $C = C(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0) > 0$ such that

where $u_t^- = u_t\vee 0$. In particular, the constants $m$ and $C$ are independent of $\rho > \rho_0$.

Proof. By sake of clarity, we set $U = B(\overline{x}, \rho)$, $t_1 = \overline{t}-\rho^2$ and $t_2 = \overline{t}+\rho^2$.

Applying Lemma 2.3 to $w = u(\cdot, t)$ and $\eta = \zeta^r(\cdot, t)$, for any $t\in[t_1, t_2]$ and any reals $d, m$ with $d\neq m+2$, we get

Hence, substituting $\Delta u = u_t-u^p$, we obtain

Integrating by parts in the two integrals in the second line above, we get

Thus, substituting and setting

the inequality (2.5) becomes

Hence, rearranging and simplifying, we conclude

where

We now choose

obtaining

It is then easy to see that both constants $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are positive if $d$ satisfies

which is a meaningful condition, since $p < p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$. Thus, we set $d$ to be equal to the average mean of the two values, that is

and consequently

which implies $d\not = m+2$. Indeed, $d = m+2$ if and only if $p = \frac{(n+2)(n-4)}{n(n-2)}$ but this value is always smaller than 1, for $n\in{{{\mathbb N}}}$. Moreover, from the right inequality (2.7) we have

To get the thesis we now bound some of the right-hand side terms in inequality (2.6).

By using Young's inequality, for any $\varepsilon > 0$ and $r > 4$, there exists $C(\varepsilon, r) > 0$ such that

since $\zeta\leq 1$ everywhere. Moreover,

with

Then, by equation $u_t = \Delta u+u^p$ and integrating by parts the Laplacian from the second to the third line as we did before, we get

where

which implies

We bound $P$ as follows,

Substituting equalities (2.12), (2.14) and inequalities (2.9), (2.10), (2.11) into estimate (2.6), we obtain

for some constant $C = C(n, p, r, \varepsilon)$, where we estimated $S$ simply taking the modulus of the integrand and used inequality (2.15) to deal with $P$. We notice that the coefficient of the term $Y$ is given by

as $m = -\frac{d}{n-1}$.

Taking $\varepsilon$ small enough and then "absorbing" the two integrals in $\nabla u$ in the left side of the inequality, we can conclude that there exists a constant $C_1$ depending only on $n, p, r$, such that for every $t\in (t_1, t_2)$ we have

(notice that possibly varying the constant $C_1$, instead of the constants $\alpha/2$ and $\beta/2$ in front of the first two integrals we could have chosen $\alpha-\delta$ and $\beta-\delta$, for any $\delta > 0$).

Integrating this inequality between $t_{1}$ and $t_{2}$ and observing that $f(t_{i}) = g(t_{i}) = 0$, for $i = 1, 2$, since $\zeta\in C^{2}_{c}(Q)$, we get

Finally, in order to estimate $\int_{t_1}^{t_2}Y$, we make use of the gradient estimate (2.2) from Lemma 2.1. For any $\delta > 0$ we have

where $K$ is defined in formula (2.1) and we set $u_t = u^+_t+u^-_t$, $u_t^+ = u_t\wedge 0\geq 0$ and $u^-_t = u_t\vee 0\leq0$. It follows

since $\zeta(x, t_i) = 0$, for $i = 1, 2$ and every $x\in U$.

Substituting in inequality (2.16) we get that there exists a constant $C_2 = C_2(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0)$ (since we have seen after Lemma 2.1 that $K$ depends on $n, p, \delta, D$ and $\rho_0$) such that

Since $u\leq D$, $0\leq\zeta\leq1$ and $m+p+1 > m+2 > m+2(1-\delta) > 0$, for $\delta$ sufficiently small, as $m > -\frac{2}{n-2}$ and $n\geq 3$, we have $u^{m+p+1}\leq C u^{m+2(1-\delta)}$, then there exists a positive constant $C_3 = C_3(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0)$ such that

which is the thesis.

Remark 2.6. The same proposition also holds for $n = 1, 2$, for every $p > 1$, considering $m = 0$, $d = 1$, if $n = 1$ and $m = -d$ with any $d > 2(n-1)p/(n+2)$, when $n = 2$.

Now we see that the estimate of this proposition implies an interior integral estimate on $u^{2p+m}$ (see [2,Lemma 4]).

Lemma 2.7. In the same setting and with $m$ as in Proposition 2.5, if $r > \frac{2(2p+m)}{p-1+\delta}$ there exists a constant $C = C(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0) > 0$ such that

Proof. Multiplying Eq (1.1) by $\zeta^{r}u^{m+p}$ and integrating on $U$, we obtain

Estimating $S$ and $V$ as in the proof of Proposition 2.5, then integrating between $t_{1}$ and $t_{2}$ and using estimate (2.4), we get

with a constant $C = C(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0)$. Observing that

the conclusion of the lemma follows easily by means of Young's inequality.

We then have the following integral decay estimate if $u$ is "pointwise" monotone nondecreasing in time, that is $u_t\geq0$ everywhere.

Proposition 2.8. Let $\Omega\subseteq{{\mathbb R}}^n$, $n\geq 3$, and $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$ be a positive solution of Eq $(1.1)$ with $p < p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$, such that $0 < u\leq D$ and $u_t\geq0$. Let $0 < \overline{t} < T$, $\overline{x}\in \Omega$, $m > -\frac{2}{n-2}$ as in $(2.8)$, $\delta\in(0, 1/100)$, $r > \frac{2(2p+m)}{p-1+\delta}$ and $\rho_0 > 0$. Then there exists a constant $C = C(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0) > 0$ such that, for every $\rho > \rho_0$ with $\overline{B}(\overline{x}, 2\rho)\times[\overline{t}-4\rho^2, \overline{t}+4\rho^2]\subseteq\Omega\times(0, T)$, letting $Q(\rho) = B(\overline{x}, \rho)\times(\overline{t}-\rho^{2}, \overline{t}+\rho^{2})$, there holds

Proof. Since $u_t^- = 0$, we obtain the thesis by applying Lemma 2.7, choosing $\zeta(x, t) = \varphi(x)\psi(t)$ with $\varphi\in C^{2}_{c}(B(\overline{x}, \rho))$ and $\psi\in C^{1}_{c}(\overline{t}-\rho^{2}, \overline{t}+\rho^{2})$, both taking values in $[0, 1]$, such that $\varphi = 1$ on $B(\overline{x}, \rho/2)$, $\psi = 1$ on $[\overline{t}-\rho^{2}/4, \overline{t}+\rho^{2}/4]$ and

Remark 2.9. Given a complete Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci tensor, it is possible to construct cutoff functions satisfying conditions (2.19) (see [8], Theorem 2.2], for instance). In particular, using Remarks 2.2 and 2.4, it is then clear that the same proof goes through also in this case.

Proposition 2.10. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$ be a positive bounded solution of Eq $(1.1)$ with $p < p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$, such that $0 < u\leq D$ and $u_t\geq0$, where $\Omega$ is an open subset of a Riemannian manifold $(M, g)$ with nonnegative Ricci tensor of dimension $n\geq 3$. Let $0 < \overline{t} < T$, $\overline{x}\in \Omega$, $m > -\frac{2}{n-2}$ as in $(2.8)$, $\delta\in(0, 1/100)$, $r > \frac{2(2p+m)}{p-1+\delta}$ and $\rho_0 > 0$. Then there exists a constant $C = C(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0) > 0$ such that, for every $\rho > \rho_0$ with $\overline{B}(\overline{x}, 2\rho)\times[\overline{t}-4\rho^2, \overline{t}+4\rho^2]\subseteq\Omega\times(0, T)$, letting $Q(\rho) = B(\overline{x}, \rho)\times(\overline{t}-\rho^{2}, \overline{t}+\rho^{2})$, there holds

where $B(\overline{x}, \rho)\subseteq M$ is the metric ball with center $\overline{x}$ and radius $\rho$ and $\mu$ the canonical Riemannian measure of $(M, g)$.

Remark 2.11. The assumption that $u$ is "pointwise" monotone nondecreasing in time (that is, $u_t^-$ is identically zero, hence the second integral in the right hand side of formula (2.18) in Lemma 2.7 vanishes) can be weakened a little. Indeed, notice that if $\delta > 0$ is sufficiently small, we have

when $n > 4$, hence, using Young's inequality, we get

where $C$ is the constant in formula (2.18). Then, we obtain

being $0\leq\zeta\leq 1$.

Hence, if there exists a constant $\widetilde{C} = \widetilde{C}(n, p, r, \delta, D, \rho_0)$, such that, for $\rho > \rho_0$ with $\overline{B}(\overline{x}, 2\rho)\times[\overline{t}-4\rho^2, \overline{t}+4\rho^2]\subseteq\Omega\times(0, T)$, there holds

then we have the same conclusion of the above proposition, along the same line of proof.

3.   Weak Harnack inequality and the proof of Theorem 1.1

We are going to apply the following estimates of Aronson-Serrin in ^[1], which have been extended to manifolds with Ricci tensor bounded from below by Saloff-Coste in ^[13]. For $\Omega\subseteq{{\mathbb R}}^n$, let $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$ be a positive bounded solution of Eq (1.1), with $p < p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$. Following their notation, we set

Fixed a pair $(\overline{x}, \overline{t})\in \Omega\times(0, T)$ and $\rho > 0$, we consider the parabolic cylinder

(where $Q(\rho) = B(\overline{x}, \rho)\times (\overline{t}-\rho^2, \overline{t}+\rho^2)$ was the set defined in the previous section) and we will use the symbol $\Vert\cdot\Vert_{q, \rho}$ to denote the $L^q$-norm of a function in $\widetilde{Q}(\rho)$. In ^[1] the following weak Harnack estimate is proved (we mention that the assumption $q > \frac{n+2}{2}$ guarantees the validity of the assumption $(4)$ in ^[1], necessary for Lemma 3).

Theorem 3.1 ([1,Theorem 2]). For $\Omega\subseteq{{\mathbb R}}^n$, let $u\in C^{2, 1}(\Omega\times(0, T))$ be a solution of equation $u_t = \Delta u + d u$. Suppose that $\widetilde{Q}(3\rho)\subseteq \Omega\times(0, T)$, then, for any $q > \frac{n+2}{2}$, there exists a constant $C = C(n, q, \rho, d) > 0$ such that

for every $(x, t)\in \widetilde{Q}(\rho)$.

Inspecting carefully the proof and keeping track of the dependencies of the constants, it follows that the constant $C$ can be made more explicit, that is,

hence, in the same hypotheses of this theorem, we can conclude

for every $(x, t)\in \widetilde{Q}(\rho)$, with $C = C(n)$, as $|\widetilde{Q}(3\rho)| = (3 \rho)^2 |B(\overline{x}, 3\rho)| = \omega_n 3^{n+2} \rho^{n+2}$ is the Lebesgue measure of the parabolic cylinder $\widetilde{Q}(3\rho)$.

The same estimate can be extended to Riemannian manifolds $(M, g)$ with nonnegative Ricci tensor, see [13, Theorem 5.6] (with $K = 0$), obtaining

where $C = C(n, M)$ and $B(\overline{x}, \rho)\subseteq M$ is the metric ball with center $\overline{x}$ and radius $\rho$ and $\mu$ the canonical Riemannian measure of $(M, g)$.

Setting then $d = u^{p-1}$ in this estimate we get the following corollary.

Corollary 3.2. Let $(M, g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci tensor. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(M\times{{\mathbb R}})$ be a nonnegative solution of equation $u_t = \Delta u+u^p$ with $p > 1$, then for any $q > \frac{n+2}{2}$ there exists a positive constant $C = C(n, M) > 0$ such that in $\widetilde{Q}(\rho)$ we have the estimate,

for every $\rho > 0$.

We are then ready to show Theorem 1.1.

Proof of Theorem 1.1. Let $(M, g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci tensor. Let $u\in C^{2, 1}(M\times{{\mathbb R}})$ be a bounded eternal solution of equation (1.1) such that $u_t \geq 0$, with $1 < p < p_S = \frac{n+2}{n-2}$ and $n\geq 3$. Then, by Theorem 2.6 in ^[5], the function $u$ is identically zero or positive everywhere. The conclusion in the case $1 < p < p_{BV} = \frac{n(n+2)}{(n-1)^2}$ is a consequence of the estimates in ^[2] (see Theorem A in ^[11]) for the Euclidean setting, which can be extended to Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci tensor as observed in Remark 1.2, in the introduction. Thus, we assume

We choose $m = -\frac{d}{n-1} > -\frac{2}{n-2}$, as in (2.8) and we observe that

when $n\geq 3$.

Now let $\gamma > 0$ such that

and

(we will discuss the existence of such $\gamma$ later on).

It follows that

hence, the quantity

is negative, choosing $\delta > 0$ sufficiently small.

Now, fixing $(\overline{x}, \overline{t})\in M\times{{\mathbb R}}$ and $\rho > 0$, from Holder's inequality and Proposition 2.10 (notice that $\widetilde{Q}(3\rho)\subseteq B(\overline{x}, 3\rho)\times[\overline{t}-9\rho^2, \overline{t}+9\rho^2]$), we obtain

for every $\rho > 0$.

Then, using the fact that $u$ is bounded and $\gamma > 0$, again by Holder's inequality and Proposition 2.10 we have

By Corollary 3.2, since $q > \frac{n+2}{2}$, there exists a positive constant $C = C(n, M)$ such that in $\widetilde{Q}(\rho)$ we have

hence, by estimates (3.4) and (3.5), we obtain that for every $(x, t)\in \widetilde{Q}(\rho)$ there holds

where $\sigma < 0$ is defined by formula (3.3).

Since $u$ is nonnegative, letting $\rho\to+\infty$, we obtain $u(x, t) = 0$ for every $(x, t)\in M \times(-\infty, \overline{t})$ and being $\overline{t}\in{{\mathbb R}}$ arbitrary, $u = 0$ everywhere.

Finally, one can check that, if $n\geq 5$ and $p < p_S$, there exists $\gamma > 0$ such that conditions (3.1) and (3.2) are satisfied. In fact, in order to satisfy condition (3.1), thanks to the fact that $2p+m \geq 2$ and $p < \frac{n+2}{n-2}$, for any $n \geq 3$ we can choose a $\gamma > 0$ such that

On the other hand, to fulfill condition (3.2) it is sufficient to choose $\gamma$ that satisfies

which, for $p < \frac{n+2}{n-2}$ and $n \geq 6$, is true for any $\gamma > 0$. Finally, for $n = 5$, it is sufficient to choose $\gamma = 1$.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.