Driven by shortened mobile phone lifecycles, waste mobile phones have become a major e-waste stream and a valuable urban mine for resource recovery. In this study, we developed a multi-objective robust optimization framework for a sustainable closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network under heterogeneous, multi-source uncertainty. Five uncertainty sources, namely recovery volume, recovery quality, market demand, second-hand prices, and material values, were modeled via a differentiated uncertainty set scheme integrating budgeted, box, and polyhedral sets to capture heterogeneous fluctuations and correlations. The model maximized profitability and customer satisfaction while minimizing carbon emissions and was reformulated as a linear robust counterpart via duality. As the recovery-volume disturbance coefficient increased from 0 to 0.5, total profit decreased by up to 25.1%, customer satisfaction declined by more than 50.5%, and carbon emissions decreased by 19.4%. Simulation and regional case studies indicated that the proposed robust framework improves solution feasibility under the considered multi-source uncertainty scenarios and yields implementable network layouts and capacity plans. The findings provide a basis for decision-makers to calibrate robust control parameters according to decision preferences and to determine resource allocation strategies under different decision scenarios by adjusting the relative weights of the three objectives. Overall, the proposed approach provides practical decision support for resilient and low-carbon CLSC planning, thereby advancing circular-economy implementation for end-of-life mobile phones.
Citation: Shuming Liu, Xiang Liu, Xianghua Liu, Ziqua Lin, Qiuzhi He. Sustainable network design for waste mobile phone closed-loop supply chains: A multi-objective robust optimization approach under multi-source uncertainties[J]. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2026, 22(11): 5732-5765. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026194
Driven by shortened mobile phone lifecycles, waste mobile phones have become a major e-waste stream and a valuable urban mine for resource recovery. In this study, we developed a multi-objective robust optimization framework for a sustainable closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network under heterogeneous, multi-source uncertainty. Five uncertainty sources, namely recovery volume, recovery quality, market demand, second-hand prices, and material values, were modeled via a differentiated uncertainty set scheme integrating budgeted, box, and polyhedral sets to capture heterogeneous fluctuations and correlations. The model maximized profitability and customer satisfaction while minimizing carbon emissions and was reformulated as a linear robust counterpart via duality. As the recovery-volume disturbance coefficient increased from 0 to 0.5, total profit decreased by up to 25.1%, customer satisfaction declined by more than 50.5%, and carbon emissions decreased by 19.4%. Simulation and regional case studies indicated that the proposed robust framework improves solution feasibility under the considered multi-source uncertainty scenarios and yields implementable network layouts and capacity plans. The findings provide a basis for decision-makers to calibrate robust control parameters according to decision preferences and to determine resource allocation strategies under different decision scenarios by adjusting the relative weights of the three objectives. Overall, the proposed approach provides practical decision support for resilient and low-carbon CLSC planning, thereby advancing circular-economy implementation for end-of-life mobile phones.
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Figures(10) / Tables(6)
Shuming Liu, Xiang Liu, Xianghua Liu, Ziqua Lin, Qiuzhi He. Sustainable network design for waste mobile phone closed-loop supply chains: A multi-objective robust optimization approach under multi-source uncertainties[J]. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2026, 22(11): 5732-5765. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2026194
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