The precautionary principle and fracking: a systematic review of environmental risk governance of hydraulic fracturing

In this systematic review, we synthesized research on the application of the precautionary principle to the complex environmental and ecological risks associated with hydraulic fracturing. Following PRISMA guidelines, the search was conducted across five major academic databases, resulting in the analysis of thirteen high-quality, peer-reviewed studies and authoritative reports. The findings indicated a significant and persistent gap between the formal legal adoption of the precautionary principle and its practical implementation within regulatory frameworks. Evidence showed that although some jurisdictions have incorporated the principle into legislative mandates, they often rely on traditional, hazard-based risk assessments in practice. In contrast, other regions exhibit varied applications of the principle, shaped by enforcement capacities, political contexts, and governance structures. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the precautionary principle is frequently employed as a strategic tool in contentious public debates, serving more as a rhetorical device than as a binding legal standard. This instrumental use complicates its function within evidence-based policy. In conclusion, effective precautionary governance requires more than legislative commitments. Managing technologies characterized by significant environmental uncertainty requires developing robust institutional capacity, enhancing transparency in decision-making, and implementing proactive measures such as comprehensive, long-term baseline environmental monitoring. Transitioning from symbolic legal declarations to operationalized, science-informed oversight enables authorities to better mitigate the ecological risks of hydraulic fracturing and promote resilient environmental protection strategies.