Editorial

Addressing the shortage of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in India-A public health perspective

  • Received: 05 April 2020 Accepted: 13 April 2020 Published: 15 April 2020
  • Citation: Sudip Bhattacharya, Md Mahbub Hossain, Amarjeet Singh. Addressing the shortage of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in India-A public health perspective[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2020, 7(2): 223-227. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2020019

    Related Papers:

    [1] Thiresia Sikioti, Afroditi Zartaloudi, Despoina Pappa, Polyxeni Mangoulia, Evangelos C. Fradelos, Freideriki Eleni Kourti, Ioannis Koutelekos, Evangelos Dousis, Nikoletta Margari, Areti Stavropoulou, Eleni Evangelou, Chrysoula Dafogianni . Stress and burnout among Greek critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. AIMS Public Health, 2023, 10(4): 755-774. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023051
    [2] José Miguel Uribe-Restrepo, Alan Waich-Cohen, Laura Ospina-Pinillos, Arturo Marroquín Rivera, Sergio Castro-Díaz, Juan Agustín Patiño-Trejos, Martín Alonso Rondón Sepúlveda, Karen Ariza-Salazar, Luisa Fernanda Cardona-Porras, Carlos Gómez-Restrepo, Francisco Diez-Canseco . Mental health and psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing measures among young adults in Bogotá, Colombia. AIMS Public Health, 2022, 9(4): 630-643. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2022044
    [3] Casey T. Harris, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Michael Niño, Priya Thelapurath, Grant Drawve . Examining disparities in the early adoption of Covid-19 personal mitigation across family structures. AIMS Public Health, 2022, 9(3): 589-605. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2022041
    [4] Mario Coccia, Igor Benati . Negative effects of high public debt on health systems facing pandemic crisis: Lessons from COVID-19 in Europe to prepare for future emergencies. AIMS Public Health, 2024, 11(2): 477-498. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024024
    [5] Vasiliki Georgousopoulou, Panagiota Pervanidou, Pantelis Perdikaris, Efrosyni Vlachioti, Vaia Zagana, Georgios Kourtis, Ioanna Pavlopoulou, Vasiliki Matziou . Covid-19 pandemic? Mental health implications among nurses and Proposed interventions. AIMS Public Health, 2024, 11(1): 273-293. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2024014
    [6] Nguyen Tuan Hung, Vu Thu Trang, Trinh Van Tung, Nguyen Xuan Long, Ha Thi Thu, Tran Song Giang, Tran Hoang Thi Diem Ngoc, Vu Thi Thanh Mai, Nguyen Kim Oanh, Nguyen Thi Phuong, Nguyen Hang Nguyet Van, Nguyen Hanh Dung, Pham Tien Nam . COVID-19-related music-video-watching among the Vietnamese population: lessons on health education. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(3): 428-438. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021033
    [7] Komanduri S Murty, Tamara B Payne . Pandemics of COVID-19 and racism: how HBCUs are coping. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(2): 333-351. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021026
    [8] Pamila Sadeeka Adikari, KGRV Pathirathna, WKWS Kumarawansa, PD Koggalage . Role of MOH as a grassroots public health manager in preparedness and response for COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka. AIMS Public Health, 2020, 7(3): 606-619. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2020048
    [9] Gabriel Owusu, Han Yu, Hong Huang . Temporal dynamics for areal unit-based co-occurrence COVID-19 trajectories. AIMS Public Health, 2022, 9(4): 703-717. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2022049
    [10] Srikanth Umakanthan, Anuradha Chauhan, Madan Mohan Gupta, Pradeep Kumar Sahu, Maryann M Bukelo, Vijay Kumar Chattu . COVID-19 pandemic containment in the Caribbean Region: A review of case-management and public health strategies. AIMS Public Health, 2021, 8(4): 665-681. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2021053


  • Whenever any pandemic accelerates, per se the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is commonly observed that health care systems face tremendous workload in terms of infectious patients seeking testing and care. During such public health emergencies, personal protective equipment (PPE) like-gloves, surgical face masks, air-purifying respirators, ventilators, goggles, face shields, N95 respirators, and gowns are essential in preventing the spread of infection among the patients and health care workers (HCWs). As in this critical phase, a shortage of all of these PPE is about to develop or has already developed in high demand areas like triage, isolation wards etc. Previously, PPE was commonly used in the hospital environment, is now a scarce and precious commodity in many locations when it is needed most to care for highly infectious patients [1].

    It is even more difficult to get PPE when common people get started to use/stock PPE in fear of infectious disease contamination without following national guidelines, which is an added insult to the injury of health system. During a pandemic, whether it is striking in developing or developed countries, an increase in the supply of PPE in response to this new demand will require a large increase in the production and distribution of those equipment. However, most of the time it is not possible to manufacture bulk PPE as it requires time, infrastructure, and other resources. In a pandemic situation, a hospital is unlikely to share their PPE and other protective resources to other hospitals or medical institutions as they may require it too for ensuring their own safety [1]. Moreover, rapid coordination of such resources in the state or national level can be useful so that equipment are not being used can be mobilized with other institutions experiencing scarcity. Such approaches may foster collaborative efforts against COVID-19 ensuring efficient use of resources at the systems level. Nonetheless, it is only possible to address COVID-19 if we can flatten the epidemic curve by classical intervention measures like lockdown and social distancing processes, which may give lead time to many health care systems to arrange further management of the outbreak. But during exponential phase of pandemic as rapid increase in COVID-19 patients it is very challenging to provide adequate PPEs to the health workers of any country. To solve this problem, i.e., to optimize the use of face masks during the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies 3 levels of operational status: conventional, contingency, and crisis [1]. During normal times, face masks are used in conventional ways to protect HCWs from splashes and sprays. When health care systems become stressed and enter the contingency mode, CDC recommends conserving resources by selectively cancelling nonemergency procedures, cancelling outpatient encounters which might require face masks/PPEs.

    When face masks are unavailable, the CDC recommends use of face shields without masks, taking clinicians at high risk for COVID-19 complications out of clinical service, staffing services with convalescent HCWs presumably immune to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and use of homemade/handmade masks, perhaps from bandanas or scarves if necessary [2]. Many communities in the India and globally are rapidly entering PPE crisis mode. Recently news are circulating about the unconventional solutions for PPE at local hospitals, such as plastic garbage bags for gowns and plastic water bottle cut outs for eye protection [3]. Shortage of sanitizer can be solved by using handmade sanitizer having 90% concentration of alcohol, this type of ideas/news/decisions are facing many continued criticism from medical fraternity as they are perceiving as mockery/knee jerk response. Plans for resupply through the repurposing of existing industrial capacity are welcome but seem unlikely to solve the shortage quickly enough as supply chains become affected in the pandemic [4].

    The task force to combat COVID-19 was created to solve precisely this problem, but its inventory is not transparent and news reports suggest its supplies are being distributed unevenly or are insufficient to meet demand [5]. HCWs need supplies and solutions for these shortages now, and for that reason, the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) issued a call for ideas for how to address the impending PPE shortage [6]. There were many proposals (Table 1).

    Table 1.  Methods of PPE conservation and management.
    Import-Purchase PPE Use of smart technology-drones, telemedicine, etc
    Reuse-by sterilization Employ healthy workers
    Reduce non-essential services Use government solutions
    Reduce patient contact Use innovative solutions
    Alter staffing Stratify use by risk profiling
    Rely on local solutions Manage supply

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    One endeavour is Project N95, where demands are identified and N95 masked to be supplied on that area only [6]. Sterilization of used PPE with agents ranging from ethylene oxide, UV or gamma irradiation, ozone, and alcohol was identified as common proposal. There were also novel proposals such as mask-fiber impregnation with copper or sodium chloride, these ideas are not unscientific they were field tested after prior viral epidemics to determine the feasibility of sterilizing PPE [7]. Although scientists acknowledged that the uncertainty about the effects of these sterilizing agents on the structural integrity of PPE, and there is some evidence the fibers in masks and respirators that filter viral particles can degrade and lose their efficacy with PPE reprocessing [7].

    Some of the other idea was to reduce patient contact so most of the private clinics remains closed and most of the clinicians doing teleconsultations. Alter staffing is also considered as important step, health department of India gave directives to the medical colleges that the all health care workers will work on a rotation basis for minimizing the contact risk [8].

    Home delivery of online groceries are another option. In India, a company named “Big-Bazaar” is already providing online groceries to the peoples who are confined in their homes due to lockdown [9]. However, such technology-based services are contingent on the availability and accessibility of those services in different countries. In India and other low and middle-income countries, innovative technological interventions should be devised and deployed to ensure timely and efficient distribution of goods and services. Such socioeconomic approaches may not only reduce the risks of COVID-19 transmission but also ensure daily necessities of the citizens are met adequately.

    Other measures are like appointing the healthy staffs to the service area and the staffs who have medical conditions are exempted from service delivery.

    Other than that, using government services like relaxing importing rules, use of police forces, converting railway coaches as isolations are also important and innovative steps.

    Legislative steps like mandatory social distancing, curfew, can help the crisis period by flattening the epidemic curve [10].

    These are the short-term conventional solutions. Here we propose few more which is out of the box thinking like-production of sanitizer at mass scale by the alcohol industry during COVID-19 crisis period, in India is happening right now [11]. Similarly, in India, the textile industry and hardware industry is producing bulk masks, gowns, caps, protective shields etc instead of producing clothes [12]. Moreover, the automobile industry can make ventilators instead of producing vehicles at this critical period. In India, the Mahindra group came out with a prototype ventilator and soon they will start producing [13].

    Besides this, global evidence on managing the shortage of PPE can be useful to inform future strategies. For example, Taiwan experienced a critical shortage at the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. Implemented this issue was mitigated by several strategies including rapid production and distribution of PPE to prioritized centres resulting in a declined shortage of PPE. These strategies used a 3-tier personal protective equipment (PPE) stockpiling framework that could maintain a minimum stockpile for the surge demand of PPE in the early stage of a pandemic [14]. Some of these strategies include export prohibition, rationing, and increase production through either mandates or voluntary productions [15]. We believe many lessons can be learnt from countries like these. These countries provide real-time examples that can be copied by others with similar healthcare systems.

    Such local and global innovations should be evaluated and adopted ensuring patient compliance during COVID-19 to improve health outcomes.

    In our opinion smart questions need smart answers, in the era of emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks like COVID-19, besides the conventional approach we must think differently and implement the success stories of similar countries in India. While health systems in most of the countries are struggling to fight COVID-19, the operational challenges including safety of the health workforce and prevention of transmission is much higher in resource-constrained contexts. It is essential to prioritize these health issues and adopt best practices to ensure the availability, accessibility, and utility of PPE and other resources in an efficient way. Multilevel policy interventions with user-level quality assurance may help in mitigating those issues. Perhaps, more importantly, we have to extend our support to each other, act together for our survival, without blaming each other.



    Funding



    Nil

    Conflict of interest



    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

    [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) Strategies for optimizing the supply of facemasks.Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/ 2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/face-masks.html.
    [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19.Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html.
    [3] Bowden E, Campanile C, Golding B (2020) Worker at NYC hospital where nurses wear trash bags as protection dies from coronavirus.Available from: https://nypost.com/2020/03/25/worker-at-nyc-hospitalwhere-nurses-wear-trash-bags-as-protection-diesfrom-coronavirus/.
    [4] Trexler P, Tarpley T (2020) Strategic National Stockpile fails to quench Ohio's need for medical supplies.Available from: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/strategicnation-stockpile-fails-to-quench-ohios-need-formedical-supplies/ar-BB11HVZw.
    [5] Bauchner H, Fontanarosa PB, Livingston EH (2020) Conserving Supply of personal protective equipment—a call for ideas. JAMA .
    [6] Project N95 (2020) The national COVID-19 medical equipment clearinghouse.Available from: https://www.projectn95.org/.
    [7] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2006) Reusability of facemasks during an influenza pandemic: facing the flu.Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11637/reusability-offacemasks-during-an-influenza-pandemic-facingthe-flu.
    [8] The Economic Times (2020) MCI BoG issues guidelines, advises telemedicine practice to prevent transmission of infectious diseases.Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/mci-bog-issues-guidelines-advises-telemedicine-practice-to-prevent-transmission-of-infectious-diseases/articleshow/74817849.cms?from=mdr.
    [9] India Today (2020) 21 days Lockdown in India: Here's how to order from Big Bazaar doorstep delivery.Available from: https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/india-fights-corona-big-bazaar-starts-doorstep-delivery-for-lockdown-period-how-to-order-1659632-2020-03-25.
    [10] World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).Available from: https://www.who.int/india/emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019.
    [11] The Hindu Business (2020) Line Rajasthan govt directs private liquor companies to manufacture hand sanitizers.Available from: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/rajasthan-govt-directs-private-liquor-companies-to-manufacture-hand-sanitizers/article31172440.ece.
    [12] The Economic Times (2020) Coronavirus Impact on Textile Industries: Indian textile and apparel industry to be affected due to coronavirus attack in China: CMAI.Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/indian-textile-and-apparel-industry-to-be-affected-due-to-coronavirus-attack-in-china-cmai/articleshow/74223014.cms?from=mdr.
    [13] Mahindra's Ventilator for Coronavirus Patients to Cost Less Than Rs 7,500; Designed in 48 Hours.Available from: https://www.news18.com/news/auto/mahindra-ventilator-for-coronavirus-patients-to-cost-less-than-rs-7500-designed-in-48-hours-2553079.html.
    [14] Chen YJ, Chiang PJ, Cheng YH, et al. (2017) Stockpile Model of Personal Protective Equipment in Taiwan. Health Secur 15: 170-174. doi: 10.1089/hs.2016.0103
    [15] Business Insider (2020) Taiwan has only 47 coronavirus cases. Its response to the crisis shows that swift action and widespread healthcare can prevent an outbreak.Available from: https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/taiwan-has-only-47-coronavirus-cases-its-response-to-the-crisis-shows-that-swift-action-and-widespread-healthcare-can-prevent-an-outbreak-/articleshow/74600192.cms.
  • This article has been cited by:

    1. Satyam Chaturvedi, Amartya Gupta, Vimal Krishnan S, Anil K. Bhat, Design, usage and review of a cost effective and innovative face shield in a tertiary care teaching hospital during COVID-19 pandemic, 2020, 21, 0972978X, 331, 10.1016/j.jor.2020.07.003
    2. Abirami Kirubarajan, Shawn Khan, Tiffany Got, Matthew Yau, Jennifer M Bryan, Steven Marc Friedman, Mask shortage during epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review of interventions to overcome limited supply, 2020, 10, 2044-6055, e040547, 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040547
    3. Rodney Itiki, Prithwiraj Roy Chowdhury, Fast deployment of COVID-19 disinfectant from common ethanol of gas stations in Brazil, 2020, 9, 22118837, 384, 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.07.002
    4. Stephen X Zhang, Shuhua Sun, Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi, Yifei Wang, Abbas Nazarian Madavani, Jizhen Li, Maryam Mokhtari Dinani,

    Beyond Predicting the Number of Infections: Predicting Who is Likely to Be COVID Negative or Positive

    , 2020, Volume 13, 1179-1594, 2811, 10.2147/RMHP.S273755
    5. Mohit Saraf, Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki, Yen Nee Tan, Raju Kumar Gupta, Insights and Perspectives Regarding Nanostructured Fluorescent Materials toward Tackling COVID-19 and Future Pandemics, 2021, 4, 2574-0970, 911, 10.1021/acsanm.0c02945
    6. Mainul Haque, Santosh Kumar, Jaykaran Charan, Rohan Bhatt, Salequl Islam, Siddhartha Dutta, Jha Pallavi Abhayanand, Yesh Sharma, Israel Sefah, Amanj Kurdi, Janney Wale, Brian Godman, Utilisation, Availability and Price Changes of Medicines and Protection Equipment for COVID-19 Among Selected Regions in India: Findings and Implications, 2021, 11, 1663-9812, 10.3389/fphar.2020.582154
    7. Paula Cotrin, Amelia Cristine Bahls, Daniella de Oliveira da Silva, Valquiria Mendes Pereira Girão, Célia Regina Maio Pinzan-Vercelino, Ricardo Cesar Gobbi de Oliveira, Renata Cristina Oliveira, Maria Dalva de Barros Carvalho, Sandra Marisa Pelloso, Fabricio Pinelli Valarelli, Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas,

    The Use of Facemasks During the COVID-19 Pandemic by the Brazilian Population

    , 2020, Volume 13, 1178-2390, 1169, 10.2147/JMDH.S281524
    8. Sai Saran, Mohan Gurjar, Arvind Kumar Baronia, Ayush Lohiya, Afzal Azim, Banani Poddar, Namrata S. Rao, Personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review on technical aspects, 2020, 17, 1743-4440, 1265, 10.1080/17434440.2020.1852079
    9. Erhan EKİNGEN, Bayram DEMİR, COVID-19 SALGIN DÖNEMİNDE BİR KAMU HASTANESİNDE KİŞİSEL KORUYUCU EKİPMAN KULLANIMINDAKİ DEĞİŞİMLERİN İNCELENMESİ, 2021, 2147-7892, 10.33715/inonusaglik.850185
    10. Brian Godman, Mainul Haque, Salequl Islam, Samiul Iqbal, Umme Laila Urmi, Zubair Mahmood Kamal, Shahriar Ahmed Shuvo, Aminur Rahman, Mustafa Kamal, Monami Haque, Iffat Jahan, Md. Zakirul Islam, Mohammad Monir Hossain, Santosh Kumar, Jaykaran Charan, Rohan Bhatt, Siddhartha Dutta, Jha Pallavi Abhayanand, Yesh Sharma, Zikria Saleem, Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong, Hye-Young Kwon, Amanj Kurdi, Janney Wale, Israel Sefah, Rapid Assessment of Price Instability and Paucity of Medicines and Protection for COVID-19 Across Asia: Findings and Public Health Implications for the Future, 2020, 8, 2296-2565, 10.3389/fpubh.2020.585832
    11. Abhishek Royal, MarceloAmaral Mali, Vaibhav Kumar, IndraniAlhad Wagh, Shashi Bhushan, AvishkarNitin Mokal, Kedar Mehta, Sudip Bhattacharya, Harnessing the potential of the primary healthcare facilities in India to respond COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping evidence-based research synthesis, 2021, 10, 2249-4863, 116, 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1609_20
    12. Navin Bhatt, Bandana Bhatt, Soniya Gurung, Suresh Dahal, Amrit Raj Jaishi, Bandana Neupane, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Perceptions and experiences of the public regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: a qualitative study using phenomenological analysis, 2020, 10, 2044-6055, e043312, 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043312
    13. Md Mahbub Hossain, Mariya Rahman, Nusrat Fahmida Trisha, Samia Tasnim, Tasmiah Nuzhath, Nishat Tasnim Hasan, Heather Clark, Arindam Das, E. Lisako J. McKyer, Helal Uddin Ahmed, Ping Ma, Prevalence of anxiety and depression in South Asia during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis, 2021, 7, 24058440, e06677, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06677
    14. Anita Medhekar, 2022, chapter 1, 9781799886570, 1, 10.4018/978-1-7998-8657-0.ch001
    15. Hyun Jie Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Brenna L. Morse, Seung Eun Lee, Barriers and Facilitators of Nurses’ and Physicians’ Willingness to Work during a Respiratory Disease Outbreak: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review, 2021, 18, 1660-4601, 6841, 10.3390/ijerph18136841
    16. Aditya Bora, Atharva Nirali, Chetana Chaudhari, Dhananjay Gavade, Vikramdas Vaishnav, 2022, Chapter 44, 978-981-16-3689-9, 501, 10.1007/978-981-16-3690-5_44
    17. SheikhMohd Saleem, Nishantadeb Ghatak, Sudip Bhattacharya, Mass screening of COVID-19 cases by sputum testing: An Indian perspective, 2021, 8, 2348-3334, 76, 10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_130_20
    18. Roos Hijdra, Wim Rutten, Jessica Gubbels, Experiences of Dutch Midwives Regarding the Quality of Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2022, 10, 2227-9032, 304, 10.3390/healthcare10020304
    19. Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa, Lohanna Pereira El Haddad, Vítor Luiz Caleffo Piva Bigão, Bruno Spinosa De Martinis, Quantifying Ethanol in Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizers by Headspace Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (HS-GC/FID), 2022, 105, 1060-3271, 11, 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab121
    20. Prashanth Kulkarni, Manjappa Mahadevappa, Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiology Resident Training and Education, 2021, 2, 0250-6882, 6, 10.2174/0250688202999210204103434
    21. Sudip Bhattacharya, Neha Sharma, Siddharth Angrish, Amarjeet Singh, Health system strengthening during COVID-19 pandemic through virtual out-patient clinics: An experience from India, 2020, 1, 2772-3666, 10, 10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_9_20
    22. Sudip Bhattacharya, SheikhMohd Saleem, Ozden Gokdemir, Bioethical principles, COVID-19 pandemic, and our response, 2020, 1, 2772-3666, 5, 10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_11_20
    23. Sasi Deepu, Ayyappan Ajan, Vishnu Jayan, Rao R Bhavani, 2022, Robust Design Optimization of Powered Air Purifying Respirator System by Iterative Process, 978-1-6654-7350-7, 1, 10.1109/INDICON56171.2022.10040145
    24. Ruby Dhar, Karthikeyan Pethusamy, Babban Jee, Subhradip Karmakar, Fault Lines in India’s COVID-19 Management: Lessons Learned and Future Recommendations, 2021, Volume 14, 1179-1594, 4379, 10.2147/RMHP.S320880
    25. Kusum K. Rohilla, C Vasantha Kalyani, Sweety Gupta, Amit Gupta, Manoj Gupta, Quality of Life of People with Cancer in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Systematic Review, 2021, 17, 1745-0179, 280, 10.2174/1745017902117010280
    26. Yanqiu Tao, Fengqi You, Can decontamination and reuse of N95 respirators during COVID-19 pandemic provide energy, environmental, and economic benefits?, 2021, 304, 03062619, 117848, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117848
    27. Dewi Nur Aisyah, Chyntia Aryanti Mayadewi, Meiwita Budiharsana, Dewi Amila Solikha, Pungkas Bahjuri Ali, Gayatri Igusti, Zisis Kozlakidis, Logan Manikam, Building on health security capacities in Indonesia: Lessons learned from the COVID ‐19 pandemic responses and challenges , 2022, 69, 1863-1959, 757, 10.1111/zph.12976
    28. Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Sotiris Apostolopoulos, Ilias Makris, Stavros Stavroyiannis, Rural Healthcare Enterprises in the Vortex of COVID-19: The Impact of Public Policies on the Internal and External Environment, 2021, 11, 2076-3387, 82, 10.3390/admsci11030082
    29. Amr Ehab El‐Qushayri, Amira Yasmine Benmelouka, Abdullah Dahy, Mohammad Rashidul Hashan, COVID‐19 outcomes in paediatric cancer: A large scale pooled meta‐analysis of 984 cancer patients, 2022, 32, 1052-9276, 10.1002/rmv.2344
    30. Heena Garg, Shailendra Kumar, Yudhyavir Singh, Puneet Khanna, Anjan Trikha, Rajeshwari Subramaniam, Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the use of mask among healthcare workers during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A questionnaire-based survey, 2021, 5, 2543-1854, 59, 10.4103/sccj.sccj_23_21
    31. Phuong H Nguyen, Shivani Kachwaha, Anjali Pant, Lan M Tran, Monika Walia, Sebanti Ghosh, Praveen K Sharma, Jessica Escobar-Alegria, Edward A Frongillo, Purnima Menon, Rasmi Avula, COVID-19 Disrupted Provision and Utilization of Health and Nutrition Services in Uttar Pradesh, India: Insights from Service Providers, Household Phone Surveys, and Administrative Data, 2021, 151, 00223166, 2305, 10.1093/jn/nxab135
    32. Sergio Montero-Navarro, Jesús Sánchez-Más, Cristina Salar-Andreu, Francisco Javier Molina-Payá, Cristina Orts-Ruiz, José Martin Botella-Rico, José Tuells, Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco, Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Work Activity of Spanish Physical Therapists and Their Response to Vaccination, 2022, 10, 2296-2565, 10.3389/fpubh.2022.877232
    33. Nikita Vijay Jadhav, Nisha Singh, Monika Targhotra, Meenakshi K. Chauhan, Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and Way Forward, 2021, 21, 18715265, 484, 10.2174/1871526520666200905123941
    34. Md Rukon Miah, Shaidaton Nisha, Md Shaheeduzzaman, Rony Shikder, Md Nahian Rahman, The scenario of healthcare sector during covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: service perspectives, 2022, 11, 23796383, 116, 10.15406/mojph.2022.11.00386
    35. Tarun K. George, Parth Sharma, Melvin Joy, Guna Seelan, Abirami Sekar, Karthik Gunasekaran, Kundavaram Paul Prabhakar Abhilash, Tina George, Sudha Jasmine Rajan, Samuel George Hansdak, The economic impact of a COVID-19 illness from the perspective of families seeking care in a private hospital in India, 2023, 2, 27726533, 100139, 10.1016/j.dialog.2023.100139
    36. Shib Sankar Basak, Asok Adak, Physicochemical methods for disinfection of contaminated surfaces – a way to control infectious diseases, 2024, 22, 2052-336X, 53, 10.1007/s40201-024-00893-2
    37. Arghya Das, Rahul Garg, Ravindra Singh, Tuhina Banerjee, Characterization and assessment of exposure risks of healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2024, 13, 2249-4863, 3094, 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1783_23
    38. Sheikh Mohd Saleem, Sudip Bhattacharya, Sputum Testing as the New Mass Screening Method for COVID-19 Patients in India - A Public Health Perspective, 2022, 13, 2008-7802, 86, 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_323_20
    39. Shruthi Sunilkumar, Helen Hicks, Smriti Suresh, Global Medical Supply Inequities, 2024, 8, 2766-7200, 10.3998/ujph.6069
    40. Sudip Bhattacharya, Md Mahbub Hossain, Infectious Disease Transmission through Touch-Enabled Biometric System, 2021, 2, 2772-3143, 5, 10.4103/jssrp.jssrp_1_21
    41. Tasnim Ara, Zannatul Ferdous, Mahfuza Mahi, Emama Amin, Sarah Binte Chowdhury, Md Shafiur Rahman, Lutfor Rahman, Md Mahabubur Rahman, Assessment of COVID-19 management and its consequences on healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study from Bangladesh, 2023, 13, 2044-6055, e068633, 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068633
    42. V. Devika, M. S. Mani Rajan, S. Saravana Veni, P. Chandra Sekar, Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor with Molecular Docking Analysis to Evaluate Silica Efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection in COVID-19, 2024, 26, 1557-2072, 10.1007/s11220-024-00534-w
  • Reader Comments
  • © 2020 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Metrics

Article views(8849) PDF downloads(959) Cited by(42)

Article outline

Figures and Tables

Tables(1)

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return

Catalog