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AIMS Allergy and Immunology

2024, Volume 8, Issue 1: 56-79. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2024005
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Review

Scoping review on severe asthma: Cytokines, cells, triggers and multi-omics approaches

  • 1.
    Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
  • 2.
    Department of Thorax Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
  • 3.
    Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College &Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
  • 4.
    National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
  • Received: 09 December 2023 Revised: 16 March 2024 Accepted: 22 March 2024 Published: 10 April 2024

  • Severe asthma (SA) is a refractory condition that does not respond well to conventional treatments. Patients with SA have heterogenetic endotypes. Endotypes for SA can be classified as type 2 cytokine-high and type 2 cytokine-low. The condition can also be classified as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed, and paucigranulocytic SA. Abnormalities in TH1 and TH17 cytokines can be present in some SA patients. Innate lymphoid cells, airway smooth muscle cells, and lung epithelial cells have important roles in the disease. Viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, smoking, allergens, and pollutants are major triggers that determine the severity of the disease. Biologics have been proven to be effective for some type 2 high patients. Multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics, have identified many novel genes or molecules that could serve as biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for SA. Investigations of the mechanisms of novel genes and molecules will help us understand the condition and find new treatment means for SA in the future.

    Citation: Hongchun Du, Min Zhang, Jinming Gao, Youming Zhang. Scoping review on severe asthma: Cytokines, cells, triggers and multi-omics approaches[J]. AIMS Allergy and Immunology, 2024, 8(1): 56-79. doi: 10.3934/Allergy.2024005

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  • Severe asthma (SA) is a refractory condition that does not respond well to conventional treatments. Patients with SA have heterogenetic endotypes. Endotypes for SA can be classified as type 2 cytokine-high and type 2 cytokine-low. The condition can also be classified as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed, and paucigranulocytic SA. Abnormalities in TH1 and TH17 cytokines can be present in some SA patients. Innate lymphoid cells, airway smooth muscle cells, and lung epithelial cells have important roles in the disease. Viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, smoking, allergens, and pollutants are major triggers that determine the severity of the disease. Biologics have been proven to be effective for some type 2 high patients. Multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics, have identified many novel genes or molecules that could serve as biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for SA. Investigations of the mechanisms of novel genes and molecules will help us understand the condition and find new treatment means for SA in the future.



    Acknowledgments


    Hongchun Du was awarded a scholarship from China Scholarship Council (201906385024). Jinming Gao was supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 81970025).

    Conflict of interest


    All authors declare no conflicts of interest in this paper.

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