Research article Special Issues

Understanding Turkish students' STEM career aspirations, STEM hopes and goals, parental perception, and cultural capital: A path analysis


  • Developing students' career goals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a high priority in Turkey and around the world. Many educational investments are being made in the country, as shown in the development goals. It is important to understand the variables that may be related to these goals to best support students on their career path. We examined the relationships between STEM career aspirations, hopes, and goals in STEM, cultural capital, and perceived parental expectations in a Turkish sample (n = 633). The findings showed positive relationships between STEM cultural capital, perceived parental support, and STEM-related hopes and goals. In addition, parental perception influenced STEM career aspirations both directly and indirectly. In the research model, the greatest effect was between parental support and STEM hopes and goals. These discoveries provide insight for educational policymakers, parents, and teachers who are helping students develop STEM career aspirations.

    Citation: Hakan Ulum, Menşure Alkış Küçükaydın. Understanding Turkish students' STEM career aspirations, STEM hopes and goals, parental perception, and cultural capital: A path analysis[J]. STEM Education, 2024, 4(4): 364-380. doi: 10.3934/steme.2024021

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  • Developing students' career goals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a high priority in Turkey and around the world. Many educational investments are being made in the country, as shown in the development goals. It is important to understand the variables that may be related to these goals to best support students on their career path. We examined the relationships between STEM career aspirations, hopes, and goals in STEM, cultural capital, and perceived parental expectations in a Turkish sample (n = 633). The findings showed positive relationships between STEM cultural capital, perceived parental support, and STEM-related hopes and goals. In addition, parental perception influenced STEM career aspirations both directly and indirectly. In the research model, the greatest effect was between parental support and STEM hopes and goals. These discoveries provide insight for educational policymakers, parents, and teachers who are helping students develop STEM career aspirations.



    In last years, it was noted that several real-world phenomena cannot be modeled by partial or ordinary differential equations or classical difference equations defined using the standard integrals and derivatives. These problems required the concept of fractional calculus (fractional integrals and derivatives), where the classical calculus was insufficient. Differential equations of fractional order are considered to be interesting tools in the modeling of several problems in different fields of engineering and science, as electrochemistry, control, electromagnetic, porous media, viscoelasticity. See for example [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. On the other hand, in the recent years impulsive differential equations have become essential as mathematical models of problems in social and physical sciences. There was a great development in impulsive theory in particular in the field of impulsive differential equations with fixed moments. For instance, see the works of Samoilenko and Perestyuk [8], Benchohra et al. [9], Lakshmikantham et al. [10], etc. Further works for differential equations at variable moments of impulse have been appeared. For example, we cite the papers of Frigon and O'Regan [11,12], Graef and Ouahab [13], Bajo and Liz [14], etc.

    It is also observed that fixed point theory is an important mathematical tool to ensure the existence and uniqueness of many problems intervening nonlinear relations. As a consequence, existence and uniqueness problems of fractional differential equations have been resolved using fixed point techniques. This theory has been developed in many directions and has several applications. Moreover, we could apply it in different types of spaces, like metric spaces, abstract spaces, and Sobolev spaces. This use of fixed point theory makes very easier the resolution of many problems modeled by fractional ordinary, partial differential and difference equations. For instance, see [15,16,17,18,19,20].

    The theory for impulsive fractional differential equations in Banach spaces have been sufficiently developed by Feckan et al. [21] by using fixed point techniques. In the real world, many phenomena are subject to transient external effects as they develop. In comparison to the entire duration of the phenomenon being observed, the durations of these external effects are incredibly brief. The logical conclusion is that these external forces are real impulses. Impulsive differential equations are now a major component of the modeling of physical real-world issues in order to study these abrupt shifts. Biological systems including heartbeat, blood flow, and impulse rate have been discussed in relation to many applications of this kind of impulsive differential equations. For more details, see, [22,23,24,25,26,27].

    On the other hand, in last years the study of Hyers-Ulam (HU) stability analysis for nonlinear fractional differential equations has attracted the attention of several researchers. Note that HU stability is considered as an exact solution near the approximate solution for these equations with minimal error. The following works [28,29,30,31,32] deal with such a stability analysis. For Hyers-Ulam (HU) stabilities, there are generalized Hyers-Ulam (GHU), Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (HUR), and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (GHUR) stabilities.

    Much of the work on the topic of fractional differential equations deals with the governing equations involving Riemann-Liouville and Caputo-type fractional derivatives. Another kind of fractional derivative is the Hadamard type [33], which was introduced in 1892. This derivative differs significantly from both the Riemann-Liouville type and the Caputo type in the sense that the kernel of the integral in the definition of the Hadamard derivative contains a logarithmic function of arbitrary exponent. It seems that the abstract fractional differential equations involving Hadamard fractional derivatives and Hilfer-Hadamard fractional derivatives have not been fully explored so far. Several applications of where the Hadamard derivative and the Hadamard integral arise can be found in the papers by Butzer, Kilbas and Trujillo [34,35,36]. Other important results dealing with Hadamard fractional calculus and Hadamard differential equations can be found in [37,38]. The presence of the δ-differential operator (δ=xddx) in the definition of Hadamard fractional derivatives could make their study uninteresting and less applicable than Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives. Moreover, this operator appears outside the integral in the definition of the Hadamard derivatives just like the usual derivative D=ddx is located outside the integral in the case of Riemann-Liouville, which makes the fractional derivative of a constant of these two types not equal to zero in general. Hadamard [33] proposed a fractional power of the form (xddx)α. This fractional derivative is invariant with respect to dilation on the whole axis.

    The existence and HU stability of the following implicit FDEs involving Hadamard derivatives were investigated in [39] as follows:

    {HDϖz(υ)=ϕ(υ,z(υ),HDϖz(υ)), ϖ(0,1), z(1)=z1, z1R,

    where υ[1,G], G>1, HDϖ refers to the Hadamard fractional (HF) derivative of order ϖ.

    The following coupled system containing the Caputo derivative was examined in [40] for its existence, uniqueness, and several types of Hyers-Ulam stability:

    {CDϖz(υ)=ϕ(υ,s(υ),CDϖz(υ)), υU,CDθs(υ)=ψ(υ,z(υ),CDθs(υ)), υU,z(G)=z(0)=0, z(1)=ϱz(η)  ϱ,η(0,1),s(G)=s(0)=0, s(1)=ϱs(η)  ϱ,η(0,1),

    where υU=[0,1], ϖ,θ(2,3] and ϕ,ψ:U×R2R are continuous functions.

    For the following coupled system containing the Riemann-Liouville derivative, the authors of [41] demonstrated the existence, uniqueness, and several types of Hyers-Ulam stability:

    {Dϖz(υ)=ϕ(υ,s(υ),Dϖz(υ)), υU,                             Dθs(υ)=ψ(υ,z(υ),Dθs(υ)), υU,                              Dϖ2z(0+)=π1Dϖ2z(G), Dϖ2z(0+)=1Dϖ1z(G),Dϖ2s(0+)=π2Dϖ2s(G), Dϖ2s(0+)=2Dϖ1s(G),

    where υU=[0,G], G>0, ϖ,θ(1,2] and π1,π2,1,21, Dϖ,Dθ are Riemann-Liouville derivatives of fractional orders ϖ, θ respectively and ϕ,ψ:U×R2R are continuous functions.

    Inspired by the previous work, we investigate the coupled impulsive implicit FDEs (CII-FDEs) incorporating Hadamard derivatives as follows:

    {HDϖz(υ)=ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ)), υU, υυi, i=1,2,...k,HDθs(υ)=ψ(υ,HDθs(υ),HDϖz(υ)), υU, υυj, j=1,2,...m,Δz(υi)=Iiz(υi),  Δz(υi)=˜Iiz(υi),   i=1,2,...k,                 Δs(υj)=Ijs(υj),  Δs(υj)=˜Ijs(υj),   j=1,2,...m,               z(G)=1Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη, z(G)=B(z),               s(G)=1Γ(θ)G1ln(Gη)θ1B(η,s(η))dηη, s(G)=B(s),                 (1.1)

    where ϖ,θ(1,2], ϕ,ψ:U×R2R, B:U×C(U,R)R and B:UR are continuous functions and

    Δz(υi)=z(υ+i)z(υi), Δz(υi)=z(υ+i)z(υi),Δs(υi)=s(υ+i)s(υi), Δs(υi)=s(υ+i)s(υi).

    The derivatives HDϖ,HDθ are the Hadamard derivative operators of order ϖ and θ, respectively; z(υ+i),s(υ+i) are right limits and z(υi),s(υi) are left limits; Ii,Ij,˜Ii,˜Ij:RR are continuous functions. The system (1.1) is used to describe certain features of applied mathematics and physics such as blood flow problems, chemical engineering, thermoelasticity, underground water flow, and population dynamics. For more details, we refer the readers to see the monograph [42].

    Using the Banach contraction and Kransnoselskii FP theorems, we establish necessary and sufficient criteria for the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution for the problem (1.1). Additionally, we analyze other Hyers-Ulam (HU) stabilities such as generalized Hyers-Ulam (GHU), Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (HUR), and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (GHUR) stabilities.

    In this part, we present certain key terms and lemmas that are utilized throughout the rest of this paper, for more information, see [42,43].

    Assume that PC(U,R+) equipped with the norms z=max{|z(υ)|:υU}, s=max{|s(υ)|:υU} is a Banach space (shortly, BS), then the products of these norms are also a BS under the norm (z+s)=z+s. Assume that 1 and 2 represent the piecewise continuous function spaces described as

    1=PC2ϖ,ln(U,R+)={z:UR+ so that z(υ+i),z(υ+i) and z(υi),z(υi) exist ,i=1,2,...k},2=PC2θ,ln(U,R+)={s:UR+ so that s(υ+j),s(υ+j) and s(υj),s(υj) exist ,j=1,2,...m},

    with norms

    z1=sup{|z(υ)ln(υ)2ϖ|, υU} and s2=sup{|s(υ)ln(υ)2θ|, υU},

    respectively. Clearly, the product =1×2 is a BS endowed with (z+s)=z1+s2.

    The following definitions are recalled from [44].

    Definition 2.1. For the function z(υ), the Hadamard fractional (HF) integral of order ϖ is described as

    HIϖz(υ)=1Γ(ϖ)υ1ln(υη)ϖ1z(η)dηη, υ(1,G]

    where Γ(.) is the Gamma function.

    Definition 2.2. For the function z(υ), the HF derivative of order ϖ[a1,a), aZ+ is described as

    HDϖz(υ)=1Γ(aϖ)(υddυ)aυxln(υη)aϖ+1z(η)dηη, υ(x,G].

    Lemma 2.3. [45] Assume that ϖ>0 and z is any function, then the derivative equation HDϖz(υ)=0 has solutions below:

    z(υ)=r1(lnυ)ϖ1+r2(lnυ)ϖ2+r3(lnυ)ϖ3+...+ra(lnυ)ϖa,

    and the formula

    HIϖHDϖz(υ)=z(υ)+r1(lnυ)ϖ1+r2(lnυ)ϖ2+r3(lnυ)ϖ3+...+ra(lnυ)ϖa,

    is satisfied, where riR, i=1,2,...,a and ϖ(a1,a).

    Theorem 2.4. [46] Assume that Ξ is a non-empty, convex and closed subset of a BS . Let E and ˜E be operators so that

    (1) for z,sΞ, E(z,s)+˜E(z,s)Ξ;

    (2) the operator ˜E is completely continuous;

    (3) the operator Ξ is contractive.

    Then there is a solution (z,s)Ξ for the operator equation E(z,s)+˜E(z,s)=(z,s).

    The definitions and observations below are taken from [47,48].

    Definition 3.1. The coupled problem (1.1) is called HU stable if there are Λϖ,θ=max{Λϖ,Λθ}>0 so that, for φ=max{φϖ,φθ} and for each solution (z,s) to inequalities

    {|HDϖz(υ)ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ))|φϖ, υU,                   |Δz(υi)Iiz(υi)|φϖ, |Δz(υi)˜Iiz(υi)|φϖ, i=1,2,...k,|HDθs(υ)ϕ(υ,HDθs(υ),HDϖz(υ))|φθ, υU,                    |Δs(υj)Ijs(υj)|φθ, |Δs(υj)˜Ijs(υj)|φθ, j=1,2,...m, (3.1)

    there is a unique solution (˜z,˜s) with

    (z,s)(˜z,˜s)Λϖ,θφ, υU.

    Definition 3.2. The coupled problem (1.1) is called GHU stable if there is ΦC(R+,R+) with ξ(0)=0, so that, for any solution (z,s) of (3.1), there is a unique solution (˜z,˜s) of with of (1.1) fulfilling

    (z,s)(˜z,˜s)Φ(φ), υU.

    Set ϖ,θ=max{ϖ,θ}C(U,R) and Λϖ,θ=max{Λϖ,Λθ}>0.

    Definition 3.3. The coupled problem (1.1) is called HUR stable with respect to ϖ,θ if there is a constant Λϖ,θ so that, for any solution (z,s) for the inequalities below

    {|HDϖz(υ)ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ))|ϖ(υ)φϖ, υU,|HDθs(υ)ϕ(υ,HDθs(υ),HDϖz(υ))|θ(υ)φθ, υU, (3.2)

    there is a unique solution (˜z,˜s) with

    (z,s)(˜z,˜s)Λϖ,θϖ,θφ, υU. (3.3)

    Definition 3.4. The coupled problem (1.1) is called GHUR stable with respect to ϖ,θ if there is a constant Λϖ,θ so that, for any a proximate solution (z,s) of (3.2), there is a unique solution (˜z,˜s) of with of (1.1) fulfilling

    (z,s)(˜z,˜s)Λϖ,θϖ,θ(υ), υU.

    Remark 3.5. If there are functions ϕ,ψC(U,R) depending upon z, s, respectively, so that

    (R1) |ϕ(υ)|φϖ, |ψ(υ)|φθ, υU;

    (R2)

    {HDϖz(υ)=ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ))+ϕ(υ),                   Δz(υi)=Ii(z(υi))+ϕi, Δz(υi)=˜Ii(z(υi))+ϕi,HDθs(υ)=ϕ(υ,HDθs(υ),HDϖz(υ))+ψ(υ),                    Δs(υj)=Ij(s(υj))+ψj, Δs(υj)=˜Ij(s(υj))+ψj.

    Then, (z,s) is a solution of the system of inequalities (3.1).

    In the following part, we establish requirements for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the suggested system (1.1)

    Theorem 4.1. For the function w, the solutions of the following subsequent linear impulsive BVP

    {HDϖz(υ)=w(υ), υU, υυi, i=1,2,...k,Δz(υi)=Ii(z(υi)),  Δz(υi)=˜Ii(z(υi)),  υυi, i=1,2,...k,z(G)=1Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη, z(G)=B(z),

    takes the form

    z(υ)=GD0(ϖ)B(z)(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1D1i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Iiz(υi)+ui=1D2i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2˜Iiz(υi)+D3(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη+D0(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+D4(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1w(η)dηη+ui=1D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1w(η)dηη+ui=1lnυ3ϖ(logυiυ)ϖ2D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1w(η)dηη, (4.1)

    where u=1,2,...,k and

    D0(ϖ)=ln(υG)ln(G)2ϖ,D1i(ϖ)=(ϖ1)(lnυϖ+2)(lnυi)3ϖ(ϖ2)(lnυ2ϖ+1)(lnυi)2ϖlnυi,D2i(ϖ)=lnυυi(3ϖ)(lnυi)2ϖ,D3(ϖ)=(ϖ1logGυϖ2)(lnυ)2ϖ,D4(ϖ)=logGυGϖ1(lnG)2ϖ,D5i(ϖ)=(lnυϖ1Gϖ2+logυi(Gυiυ2)ϖ2)(lnυi)2ϖ.

    Proof. Assume that

    HDϖz(υ)=w(υ), ϖ(1,2], υU. (4.2)

    Using Lemma 2.3, for υ(1,υ1], we have

    z(υ)=r1(lnυ)ϖ1+r2(lnυ)ϖ2+1Γ(ϖ)υ1ln(υη)ϖ1w(η)dηη,z(υ)=r1(ϖ1)υ(lnυ)ϖ2+r2(ϖ2)υ(lnυ)ϖ3+1Γ(ϖ1)υ11υln(υη)ϖ2w(η)dηη. (4.3)

    Again, applying Lemma 2.3, for υ(υ1,υ2], we get

    z(υ)=l1(lnυ)ϖ1+l2(lnυ)ϖ2+1Γ(ϖ)υυ1ln(υη)ϖ1w(η)dηη,z(υ)=l1(ϖ1)υ(lnυ)ϖ2+l2(ϖ2)υ(lnυ)ϖ3+1Γ(ϖ1)υυ11υln(υη)ϖ2w(η)dηη. (4.4)

    Using initial impulses

    l1=r1(ϖ2)(lnυ1)1ϖI1(z(υ1))+υ1(lnυ1)2ϖ˜I1(z(υ1))+(lnυ1)2ϖΓ(ϖ1)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ2w(η)dηη(ϖ2)(lnυ1)1ϖΓ(ϖ)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ1w(η)dηη,l2=r2+(ϖ1)(lnυ1)2ϖI1(z(υ1))υ1(lnυ1)3ϖ˜I1(z(υ1))(lnυ1)3ϖΓ(ϖ1)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ2w(η)dηη+(ϖ1)(lnυ1)2ϖΓ(ϖ)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ1w(η)dηη.

    From l1 and l2 on (4.4), one has

    z(υ)=r1(lnυ)ϖ1r2(lnυ)ϖ2+((ϖ1)(ϖ2)(logυ1υ))(logυ1υ)ϖ2I1(z(υ1))+υ1(lnυlnυ1)(logυ1υ)ϖ2˜I1(z(υ1))+(lnυlnυ1)(logυ1υ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ2w(η)dηη+((ϖ1)(ϖ2)(logυ1υ))(logυ1υ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υ11ln(υ1η)ϖ2w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυ1ln(υη)ϖ1w(η)dηη.

    Analogously for υ(υu,G), we have

    z(υ)=r1(lnυ)ϖ1+r2(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1((ϖ1)(ϖ2)(logυiυ))(logυiυ)ϖ2Ii(z(υi))+ui=1υi(lnυlnυi)(logυiυ)ϖ2˜Ii(z(υi))+ui=1(lnυlnυi)(logυiυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+ui=1((ϖ1)(ϖ2)(logυiυ))(logυiυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1w(η)dηη, (4.5)

    and

    z(υ)=(ϖ1)r1υ(lnυ)ϖ2+(ϖ1)r2υ(lnυ)ϖ3+ui=1(ϖ1)(ϖ2)υ(logυelogeυi)(logυiυ)ϖ2Ii(z(υi))+ui=1υiυ[(ϖ1)(ϖ2)logυυi](logυiυ)ϖ2˜Ii(z(υi))+1υΓ(ϖ1)υυuln(υη)ϖ2w(η)dηη,+ui=1((ϖ1)(ϖ2)logυυi)(logυiυ)ϖ2υΓ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+ui=1(ϖ1)(ϖ2)(logυelogeυi)(logυiυ)ϖ2υΓ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη. (4.6)

    Applying the boundary stipulations z(G)=1Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη and z(G)=B(z), we obtain that

    r1=GB(z)ln(G)2ϖ(lnG)1ϖ(ϖ2)Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη+(lnG)1ϖΓ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1w(η)dηη+ui=1(lnυϖ1iϖ2lnυi)(lnυi)2ϖIi(z(υi))(ϖ2)ui=1υi(lnυi)ϖ1˜Ii(z(υi))(ϖ2)Γ(ϖ1)ui=1(lnυi)2ϖυiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη(lnG)2ϖΓ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ)ui=1(lnυϖ1iϖ2lnυi)(lnυi)2ϖυiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1w(η)dηη,

    and

    r2=(lnG)2ϖΓ(ϖ1)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηηGB(z)ln(G)3ϖ+ui=1υi(lnυi)3ϖ˜Ii(z(υi))+(ϖ1)ui=1(lnG(ϖ2)(logυielogeυi)1)(lnυi)2ϖIi(z(υi))+(lnG)3ϖΓ(ϖ1)υυuln(Gη)ϖ2w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ1)ui=1(lnG(ϖ2)(logυielogeυi)1)(lnυi)2ϖυiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1w(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ1)ui=1(lnυi)3ϖυiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2w(η)dηη(lnG)2ϖΓ(ϖ1)Gυiln(Gη)ϖ1w(η)dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,k. Substituting r1 and r2 in (4.5), we have (4.1).

    Corollary 4.2. Theorem 2.4 provides the following solution for our coupled problem (1.1):

    z(υ)=GD0(ϖ)B(z)(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1D1i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Ii(zi)+ui=1D2i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2˜Ii(zi)+D3(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη+D0(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+D4(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+ui=1D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+ui=1lnυ3ϖ(logυiυ)ϖ2D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη, (4.7)

    where u=1,2,...,k and

    s(υ)=GD0(θ)B(s)(lnυ)θ2+uj=1D1j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Ij(sj)+uj=1D2j(θ)(lnυ)θ2˜Ij(sj)+D3(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)G1ln(Gη)θ1B(η,s(η))dηη+D0(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)Gυuln(Gη)θ2ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+D4(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)Gυuln(Gη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+uj=1D5i(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)υjυj1ln(υjη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+uj=1lnυ3θ(logυjυ)θ2D5j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)υjυj1ln(υiη)θ2ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη,+1Γ(θ)υυuln(υη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη, (4.8)

    where u=1,2,...,m.

    For convenience, we use the notations below:

    p(υ)=ϕ(υ,a1(υ),a2(υ))ϕ(υ,z(υ),a(υ)) and a(υ)=ψ(υ,p1(υ),p2(υ))ψ(υ,s(υ),p(υ)).

    Hence, for υU, Eqs (4.7) and (4.8) can be written as

    z(υ)=GD0(ϖ)B(z)(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1D1i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Ii(zi)+ui=1D2i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2˜Ii(zi)+D3(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη+D0(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2p(η)dηη+D4(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1p(η)dηη+ui=1D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1p(η)dηη+ui=1lnυ3ϖ(logυiυ)ϖ2D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2p(η)dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1p(η)dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,k and

    s(υ)=GD0(θ)B(s)(lnυ)θ2+uj=1D1j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Ij(sj)+uj=1D2j(θ)(lnυ)θ2˜Ij(sj)+D3(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)G1ln(Gη)θ1B(η,s(η))dηη+D0(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)Gυuln(Gη)θ2a(η)dηη+D4(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)Gυuln(Gη)θ1a(η)dηη+uj=1D5i(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)υjυj1ln(υjη)θ1a(η)dηη+uj=1lnυ3θ(logυjυ)θ2D5j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1) intυjυj1ln(υiη)θ2a(η)dηη+1Γ(θ)υυuln(υη)θ1a(η)dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,m.

    If z and s are solutions to the CII-FDEs (1.1), then for υU, we can write

    z(υ)=GD0(ϖ)B(z)(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1D1i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Ii(zi)+ui=1D2i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2˜Ii(zi)+D3(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη+D0(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη+D4(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη+ui=1D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη+ui=1lnυ3ϖ(logυiυ)ϖ2D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,k and

    s(υ)=GD0(θ)B(s)(lnυ)θ2+uj=1D1j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Ij(sj)+uj=1D2j(θ)(lnυ)θ2˜Ij(sj)+D3(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)G1ln(Gη)θ1B(η,s(η))dηη+D0(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)Gυuln(Gη)θ2ψ(η,p1(η),p2(η))dηη+D4(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)Gυuln(Gη)θ1ψ(η,p1(η),p2(η))dηη+uj=1D5i(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)υjυj1ln(υjη)θ1ψ(η,p1(η),p2(η))dηη+uj=1lnυ3θ(logυjυ)θ2D5j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)υjυj1ln(υiη)θ2ψ(η,p1(η),p2(η))dηη+1Γ(θ)υυuln(υη)θ1ψ(η,p1(η),p2(η))dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,m.

    Our next step is to convert the considered system (1.1) into a FP problem. Give the definition of the operators E,˜E: as

    E(z,s)(υ)=(E1z(υ),E2z(υ)) and ˜E(z,s)(υ)=(E1(z,s)(υ),E2(s,z)(υ)),

    where

    {E1(z(υ))=GD0(ϖ)B(z)(lnυ)ϖ2+ui=1D1i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Ii(zi)+ui=1D2i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2˜Ii(zi)+D3(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)G1ln(Gη)ϖ1B(η,z(η))dηη,   u=1,2,...,k,E2(s(υ))=GD0(θ)B(s)(lnυ)θ2+uj=1D1j(θ)(lnυ)θ2Ij(sj)+uj=1D2j(θ)(lnυ)θ2˜Ij(sj)+D3(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)G1ln(Gη)θ1B(η,s(η))dηη,    u=1,2,...,m, (4.9)

    and

    {E1(z,s)(υ)=D0(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ2ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+D4(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)Gυuln(Gη)ϖ1ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+ui=1D5i(ϖ)(lnυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ1ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+ui=1lnυ3ϖ(logυiυ)ϖ2Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2ϕ(η,HDϖz(η),HDθs(η))dηη+1Γ(ϖ)υυuln(υη)ϖ1ϕ(η,a1(η),a2(η))dηη,  u=1,2,...,k,E2(s,z)(υ)=D0(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ1)Gυuln(Gη)θ2ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+D4(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)Gυuln(Gη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+uj=1D5i(θ)(lnυ)θ2Γ(θ)υjυj1ln(υjη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+uj=1lnυ3θ(logυjυ)θ2Γ(θ1)υjυj1ln(υiη)θ2ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη+1Γ(θ)υυuln(υη)θ1ψ(η,HDθs(η),HDϖz(η))dηη, u=1,2,...,m. (4.10)

    The preceding assertions must be true in order to conduct further analysis:

    (A1) For υU and a1,a2,p1,p2R, there exist 0,1,2,ρ0,ρ1,ρ2C(U,R+), so that

    |ϕ(υ,a1(υ),a2(υ))|0(υ)+1(υ)|a1(υ)|+2(υ)|a2(υ)|,|ψ(υ,p1(υ),p2(υ))|ρ0(υ)+ρ1(υ)|p1(υ)|+ρ2(υ)|p2(υ)|,

    with ˜0=supυU0(υ), ˜1=supυU1(υ), ˜2=supυU2(υ), ˜ρ0=supυUρ0(υ), ˜ρ1=supυUρ1(υ), and ˜ρ2=supυUρ2(υ)<1.

    (A2) For the continuous functions B,Iu,˜Iu:RR there are positive constants

    OB,OI,O˜I,OI,O˜I,˜OB,˜OI,˜O˜I,˜OI,˜O˜I so that for any (z,s)

    |B(z)|OB, |Iu(z(υ))|OI|z|+OI, |˜Iu(z(υ))|O˜I|z|+O˜I,|B(s)|˜OB, |Iu(s(υ))|˜OI|s|+˜OI, |˜Iu(s(υ))|˜O˜I|s|+˜O˜I,

    where u={0,1,2,...,k}.

    (A3) For all υU and s,zR, there are ϱ1,δ1,ϱ2,δ2C(U,R+), so that

    |B(υ,z(υ))|ϱ1(υ)+δ1|z(υ)| and |B(υ,s(υ))|ϱ2(υ)+δ1|s(υ)|,

    with ϱ1=supυUϱ1(υ), δ1=supυUδ1(υ), ϱ2=supυUϱ2(υ), δ2=supυUδ2(υ)<1.

    (A4) For each a1,a2,˜a1,˜a2,p1,p2,˜p1,˜p2R, and for all υU, there are constants Lϕ,Lψ>0, and ˜Lϕ,˜Lψ(0,1) so that

    |ϕ(υ,a1(υ),a2(υ))ϕ(υ,˜a1(υ),˜a2(υ))|Lϕ|a1˜a1|+˜Lϕ|a2˜a2|,|ψ(υ,p1(υ),p2(υ))ψ(υ,˜p1(υ),˜p2(υ))|Lψ|p1˜p1|+˜Lψ|p2˜p2|.

    (A5) For the continuous functions Iu,˜Iu:RR, there are positive constants LI,L˜I,˜LI,˜L˜I so for any (z,s),(˜z,˜s)

    |Iu(z(υ))Iu(˜z(υ))|LI|z˜z|, |Iu(s(υ))Iu(˜s(υ))|˜LI|s˜s|, |˜Iu(z(υ))˜Iu(˜z(υ))|L˜I|z˜z||˜Iu(s(υ))˜Iu(˜s(υ))|˜L˜I|s˜s|.

    (A6) For each s,z,˜s,˜zR and for all υU, there are LB,LB,˜LB,˜LB>0, so that

    |B(υ,z(υ))B(υ,˜z(υ))|LB|z˜z|, |B(z)B(˜z)|LB|z˜z|,|B(υ,s(υ))B(υ,˜s(υ))|˜LB|s˜s|, |B(s)B(˜s)|˜LB|z˜z|.

    Here, we demonstrate that the operator E+˜E has at least one FP using Kransnoselskii's FP theorem. For this, we choose a closed ball

    x={(z,s):(z,s)y, zy2 and sy2},

    where

    xM1+M1+(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3+(˜ρ0+˜ρ2˜0)M3˜2˜ρ211M2M2Y1M2+Y2M2˜2˜ρ21.

    Theorem 4.3. There exists at least one solution to the CII-FDEs (1.1) provided that the assertions (A1) and (A2) are true.

    Proof. For any (z,s)y, we get

    E(z,s)(υ)+˜E(z,s)E1(z)1+E2(s)2+˜E1(z,s)1+˜E1(z,s)2. (4.11)

    From (4.9), we have

    |E1z(υ)(lnυ)2ϖ|G|D0(ϖ)||B(z)|+ui=1|D1i(ϖ)||Ii(z(υi))|+ui=1|D2i(ϖ)||˜Ii(z(υi))|+|D3(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ)G1|ln(Gη)ϖ1||B(η,z(η))|dηη,

    for u=1,2,...,k. This leads to

    E1(z)1GOB|D0(ϖ)|+u|D1(ϖ)|(OIz+OI)+u|D2(ϖ)|(O˜Iz+O˜I)|D3(ϖ)|(ϱ1(υ)+δ1z))ϖΓ(ϖ)|ln(G)ϖ|=GOB|D0(ϖ)|+uOI|D1(ϖ)|+uO˜I|D2(ϖ)|+uOI|D1(ϖ)|z+uO˜I|D2(ϖ)|z|D3(ϖ)|(ϱ1(υ)+δ1z))Γ(ϖ+1)|ln(G)ϖ|M1+M2z. (4.12)

    Analogously, one can write

    E2(z)2M1+M2s, (4.13)

    where

    M1=GOB|D0(ϖ)|+uOI|D1(ϖ)|+uO˜I|D2(ϖ)||D3(ϖ)|ϱ1(υ)Γ(ϖ+1)|ln(G)ϖ|, u=1,2,...,k,M2=uOI|D1(ϖ)|+uO˜I|D2(ϖ)|δ1|D3(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ+1)|ln(G)ϖ|, u=1,2,...,k,M1=G˜OB|D0(θ)|+u˜OI|D1(θ)|+u˜O˜I|D2(θ)||D3(θ)|ϱ2(υ)Γ(θ+1)|ln(G)θ|, u=1,2,...,m,M2=u˜OI|D1(θ)|+u˜O˜I|D2(θ)|δ2|D3(θ)|Γ(θ+1)|ln(G)θ|, u=1,2,...,m.

    Further, we obtain for u=1,2,...,k, that

    |˜E1(z,s)(υ)(lnυ)2ϖ||D0(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ1)Gυu|ln(Gη)ϖ2||p(η)|dηη+|D4(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ)Gυu|ln(Gη)ϖ1||p(η)|dηη+ui=1|D5i(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ)υiυi1|ln(υiη)ϖ1||p(η)|dηη+|(lnυ)2ϖ|Γ(ϖ)υυu|ln(υη)ϖ1||p(η)|dηη+ui=1|lnυ3ϖ(lnυi)2ϖ|Γ(ϖ1)υiυi1ln(υiη)ϖ2|p(η)|dηη. (4.14)

    From assertion (A1), we can write

    |p(υ)|=|ϕ(υ,a1(υ),a2(υ))|ϕ(υ,z(υ),a(υ))0(υ)+1(υ)|z(υ)|+2(υ)|a(υ)|=0(υ)+1(υ)|z(υ)|+2(υ)|ψ(υ,p1(υ),p2(υ))|0(υ)+1(υ)|z(υ)|+2(υ)|ψ(υ,s(υ),p(υ))|0(υ)+1(υ)|z(υ)|+2(υ)[ρ0(υ)+ρ1(υ)|s(υ)|+ρ2(υ)|p(υ)|]0(υ)+2(υ)ρ0(υ)12(υ)ρ2(υ)+1(υ)|z(υ)|+2(υ)ρ1(υ)|s(υ)|12(υ)ρ2(υ),

    which implies that

    p˜0+˜2˜ρ01˜2˜ρ2+˜1z+˜2˜ρ1s1˜2˜ρ2. (4.15)

    Taking supυU on (4.14) and using (4.15), one has

    ˜E1(z,s)1(˜0+˜2˜ρ0˜2˜ρ21+˜1z+˜2˜ρ1s˜2˜ρ21)×(|D0(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ)+|D4(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|D5(ϖ)||(lnυiυi1)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+|(lnυ)2ϖ||(lnυυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|lnυ3ϖ(lnυi)2ϖ||(lnυiυi1)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ))(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3˜2˜ρ21+(˜1z+˜2˜ρ1s)M3˜2˜ρ21(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3˜2˜ρ21+Y1M3˜2˜ρ21(z,s). (4.16)

    In the same scenario, we get

    ˜E2(z,s)2(˜ρ0+˜ρ2˜0)M3˜2˜ρ21+Y2M3˜2˜ρ21(z,s), (4.17)

    where

    M3=(|D0(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ)+|D4(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|D5(ϖ)||(lnυiυi1)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+|(lnυ)2ϖ||(lnυυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|lnυ3ϖ(lnυi)2ϖ||(lnυiυi1)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ)), u=1,2,...,k,M3=(|D0(θ)||ln(Gυu)θ1|Γ(θ)+|D4(θ)||ln(Gυu)θ|Γ(θ+1)+u|D5(θ)||(lnυiυi1)θ|Γ(θ+1)+|(lnυ)2θ||(lnυυu)θ|Γ(θ+1)+u|lnυ3θ(lnυi)2θ||(lnυiυi1)θ1|Γ(θ)), u=1,2,...,m,Y1=max{˜1,˜2˜ρ1},             Y2=max{˜ρ2˜1,˜ρ1}.

    Applying (4.12), (4.13), (4.16) and (4.17) in (4.11), we have

    E(z,s)+˜E(z,s)M1+M1+(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3+(˜ρ0+˜ρ2˜0)M3˜2˜ρ21+Y1M3+Y2M3˜2˜ρ21(z,s)+M2z+M2sM1+M1+(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3+(˜ρ0+˜ρ2˜0)M3˜2˜ρ21+(M2+M2+Y1M3+Y2M3˜2˜ρ21)(z,s)x,

    which implies that E(z,s)(υ)+˜E(z,s)x. After that, for any υU and s,z,˜s,˜z, one writes

    E(z,s)E(˜z,˜s)E1(z)E1(˜z)1+E2(s)E2(˜s)2G|D0(ϖ)||B(z)B(˜z)|+ui=1|D1i(ϖ)||Ii(zi)Ii(˜zi)|+ui=1|D2i(ϖ)||˜Ii(zi)˜Ii(˜zi)|+|D3(ϖ)|Γ(ϖ)G1|ln(Gη)ϖ1||B(η,z(η))B(η,˜z(η))|dηη+G|D0(θ)||B(s)B(˜s)|+uj=1D1j(θ)|Ij(sj)Ij(˜sj)|+uj=1D2j(θ)|˜Ij(sj)˜Ij(˜sj)|+|D3(θ)|Γ(θ)G1|ln(Gη)θ1||B(η,s(η))B(η,˜s(η))|dηη.

    Applying (A5) and (A6), one has

    E(z,s)E(˜z,˜s)[GLB|D0(ϖ)|+uLI|D1(ϖ)|+uL˜I|D2(ϖ)|LB|D3(ϖ)||(lnG)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)]z˜z+[G˜LB|D0(θ)|+u˜LI|D1(θ)|+u˜L˜I|D2(θ)|˜LB|D3(θ)||(lnG)θ|Γ(θ+1)]s˜sL(Δ1+Δ2)(z˜z,s˜s),

    where

    L=max{LB,LI,L˜I,˜LB,˜LI,˜L˜I,LB,˜LB},

    and

    Δ1=G|D0(ϖ)|+u|D1(ϖ)|+u|D2(ϖ)||D3(ϖ)||(lnG)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1), u=1,2,...,k,Δ2=G|D0(θ)|+u|D1(θ)|+u|D2(θ)||D3(θ)||(lnG)θ|Γ(θ+1), u=1,2,...,m.

    Hence, E is a contraction mapping. Now, we claim that ˜E is continuous and compact. For this, we build a sequence Gn=(zn,sn) in so that limn(zn,sn)=(z,s)x. Hence, we obtain

    ˜E(z,s)˜E(zn,sn)˜E1(zn,sn)˜E1(z,s)1+˜E2(zn,sn)˜E2(z,s)2. (4.18)

    Since

    ˜E1(zn,sn)˜E1(z,s)1(|D0(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ)+|D4(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|D5(ϖ)||(lnυuυu1)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+|(lnυ)2ϖ||(lnυυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|lnυ3ϖ(lnυu)2ϖ||(lnυuυu1)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ))(Lϕznz+˜LϕLψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1)M3(Lϕznz+˜LϕLψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1), (4.19)

    and

    ˜E2(zn,sn)˜E2(z,s)2(|D0(θ)||ln(Gυu)θ1|Γ(θ)+|D4(θ)||ln(Gυu)θ|Γ(θ+1)+u|D5(θ)||(lnυuυu1)θ|Γ(θ+1)+|(lnυ)2θ||(lnυυu)θ|Γ(θ+1)+u|lnυ3θ(lnυu)2θ||(lnυuυi1)θ1|Γ(θ))(Lϕ˜Lψznz+Lψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1)M3(Lϕ˜Lψznz+Lψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1). (4.20)

    Applying (4.19) and (4.20) in (4.18), we conclude that

    ˜E(z,s)˜E(zn,sn)M3(Lϕznz+˜LϕLψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1)+M3(Lϕ˜Lψznz+Lψsns˜Lϕ˜Lψ1),

    which yields ˜E(z,s)˜E(zn,sn)0 as n, this proves the continuity of ˜E. Next, using (4.16) and (4.17), we get

    ˜E(z,s)(υ)~E1(z,s)(υ)1+˜E2(z,s)2(˜0+˜2˜ρ0)M3˜2˜ρ21+(˜ρ0+˜ρ2˜0)M3˜2˜ρ21+(Y1M3˜2˜ρ21+Y2M3˜2˜ρ21)(z,s)x.

    Therefore, ˜E is uniformly bounded on x. Finally, we show that ˜E is equicontinuous. To get this result, take υ1,υ2U with υ1<υ2 and for any (z,s)x (clearly x is bounded), we obtain

    ˜E1(z,s)(υ1)˜E1(z,s)(υ2)1=max{|[˜E1(z,s)(υ1)˜E1(z,s)(υ2)](lnυ)2ϖ|}[(|D0(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ1|Γ(ϖ)+|D4(ϖ)||ln(Gυu)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1)+u|D5(ϖ)||(lnυuυu1)ϖ|Γ(ϖ+1))×|(lnυ)2ϖ||(lnυ1)ϖ2(lnυ2)ϖ2|+u|(lnυ)2ϖ||(lnυυu)ϖ||lnυ3ϖ1(logυuυ1)ϖ2lnυ3ϖ2(logυuυ2)ϖ2|Γ(ϖ)]×(˜0+˜2˜ρ01˜2˜ρ2+˜1z+˜2˜ρ1s1˜2˜ρ2)+|(lnυ)2ϖ|Γ(ϖ)|υ1υuln(υ1η)ϖ1ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ))dηηυ2υuln(υ2η)ϖ1ϕ(υ,HDϖz(υ),HDθs(υ))dηη|,

    which yields that

    Similarly, we get

    Hence

    Therefore is a relatively compact on Thanks to the theorem of Arzelà-Ascoli, is compact. Thus, it is completely continuous. So, the CII-FDEs (1.1) admits at least one solution. This finishes the proof.

    Theorem 4.4. Assume that are fulfilled with

    (4.21)

    then the CII-FDEs (1.1) possesses a unique solution.

    Proof. Let be an operator defined by where

    for and

    for In light of Theorem 4.3, one can obtain

    for Passing we have

    where

    Analogously,

    where

    Hence

    This suggests that is a contraction. Consequently, the CII-FDEs (1.1) has a unique solution.

    In this section, we examine various stability types for the suggested system, including the HU, GHU, HUR, and GHUR stability.

    Theorem 5.1. If the assertions and the condition (4.21) are true and

    then the unique solution of CII-FDEs (1.1) is HU stable and as a result, GHU stable.

    Proof. Take into account that is an approximate solution of (3.1) and consider is a solution of the coupled problem shown below

    (5.1)

    From Remark 3.5, we get

    (5.2)

    It follows from Corollary 4.2 that the solution of system (5.2) is

    (5.3)

    for and

    (5.4)

    for Consider

    As in Theorem 4.4, one has

    (5.5)

    for and

    (5.6)

    Arranging (5.5) and (5.6), we get

    (5.7)

    and

    (5.8)

    respectively. Assume that and Then (5.7) and (5.8) can be written as

    Hence

    (5.9)

    where

    From system (5.9), we observe that

    which yields that

    Let us consider and

    Then, we can write

    which leads to the supposed coupled problem (1.1) is HU stable. Further, if

    Then the suggested coupled problem (1.1) is GHU stable.

    For the final result, we suppose the following assertion:

    There are nondecreasing functions so that

    Theorem 5.2. If the assertions and and the condition (4.21) are fulfilled and

    then the unique solution of CII-FDEs (1.1) is HUR stable and consequently GHUR stable.

    Proof. According to Definitions 3.3 and 3.4, we can get our conclusion by following the same procedures as in Theorem 5.1.

    Example 6.1. Consider

    (6.1)

    where for In view of problem (6.1), we observe that and Further, it's simple to locate and Based on Theorem 4.4, we find that

    Therefore problem (6.1) has a unique solution. Further

    Therefore, according to Theorem 5.1, the coupled system (6.1) is HU stable and consequently GHU stable. Similarly, we can confirm that Theorems 4.3 and 5.2 are true.

    In this manuscript, we used fixed point results of Banach and Kransnoselskii to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique positive solution for a system of impulsive fractional differential equations intervening a fractional derivative of the Hadamard type. We also studied some Hyers-Ulam (HU) stabilities such as generalized Hyers-Ulam (GHU), Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (HUR), and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias (GHUR) stabilities. At the end, we provided a concrete example making effective the obtained results.

    The authors thank the Basque Government for Grant IT1555-22. This work was supported in part by the Basque Government under Grant IT1555-22.

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.



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  • Author's biography Dr. Hakan Ulum is a faculty member at Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Elementary Education. He received his PhD from Çukurova University, Department of Elementary Education. He previously worked as a classroom teacher in the Ministry of National Education. Dr Ulum has participated in many international conferences on mathematics education in countries such as Poland and Azerbaijan as a speaker, moderated discussions and organised events. He also works as an editor in DOAJ-indexed and international journals. His research focuses on various topics such as mathematics education, primary school teacher training, educational technology, and meta-analysis. He has published many articles in journals indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index. He has also refereed many articles in this index; Dr. Menşure Alkış Küçükaydın is a researcher and faculty member at Necmettin Erbakan University. She holds a degree in science education. Her research focuses on empirical studies in science and climate, climate change worries, climate change conspiracy theories and science education. The researcher includes critical learning theories in her studies. Dr. Alkış Küçükaydın is also interested in the integration of climate change into education and new research paradigms involving the combination of climate change, education and technology. Dr. Alkış Küçükaydın's research also covers the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into educational processes in the axis of science-climate interaction. She is an associate editor of several journals in the field of education. She has also published numerous books, articles and papers on education and science
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