Managing healthcare effectively during disasters and public health emergencies (DPHEs) is often challenging due to inadequate surge capacity across four key areas: Staff, stuff, space, and system. Expanding this capacity is vital when healthcare facilities are threatened or infrastructure fails. A promising approach involves utilizing community resources and latent individual capabilities, especially in resource-limited settings where community participation is critical. In this study, we utilized a scoping review methodology to investigate strategies for mobilizing individual capabilities within DPHE management. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature sources. From an initial pool of 512 records, 50 documents met the inclusion criteria following a rigorous full-text review. Collaborative thematic analysis of included studies identified seven major themes: Communities as frontline actors and the evolution of the “frontliner” concept; effectiveness of community-based training and participatory interventions; participation, agency, and community-delivered health services in displacement and recovery contexts; institutionalization and integration of community capacity; trust, social capital, and local leadership as determinants of engagement and effectiveness; participatory tools for planning and the limits of “participation” in practice; and community engagement in public health emergencies and epidemic response. Leveraging local capacities and resources in community centric DPHE management can augment formal response systems as long as they are effective, sustained, and meaningful. However, significant gaps remain regarding implementation, sustainability, power dynamics, and equity. Future research needs to move beyond descriptive accounts and focus on strategies to overcome barriers to participation, ensuring equity and fair distribution of resources and rigorously evaluating the real-world impacts of integrated community–institutional approaches. Ultimately, these strategies can foster collective action to improve community health and well-being and shift the paradigm from institutional reliance to community-centric resilience.
Citation: Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen, Amir Khorram-Manesh, Gülcan Taşkıran Eskici, Yuwares Sittichanbuncha, Lesley Gray. People as frontliners in the management of disasters and public health emergencies[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2026, 13(1): 240-272. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2026014
Managing healthcare effectively during disasters and public health emergencies (DPHEs) is often challenging due to inadequate surge capacity across four key areas: Staff, stuff, space, and system. Expanding this capacity is vital when healthcare facilities are threatened or infrastructure fails. A promising approach involves utilizing community resources and latent individual capabilities, especially in resource-limited settings where community participation is critical. In this study, we utilized a scoping review methodology to investigate strategies for mobilizing individual capabilities within DPHE management. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature sources. From an initial pool of 512 records, 50 documents met the inclusion criteria following a rigorous full-text review. Collaborative thematic analysis of included studies identified seven major themes: Communities as frontline actors and the evolution of the “frontliner” concept; effectiveness of community-based training and participatory interventions; participation, agency, and community-delivered health services in displacement and recovery contexts; institutionalization and integration of community capacity; trust, social capital, and local leadership as determinants of engagement and effectiveness; participatory tools for planning and the limits of “participation” in practice; and community engagement in public health emergencies and epidemic response. Leveraging local capacities and resources in community centric DPHE management can augment formal response systems as long as they are effective, sustained, and meaningful. However, significant gaps remain regarding implementation, sustainability, power dynamics, and equity. Future research needs to move beyond descriptive accounts and focus on strategies to overcome barriers to participation, ensuring equity and fair distribution of resources and rigorously evaluating the real-world impacts of integrated community–institutional approaches. Ultimately, these strategies can foster collective action to improve community health and well-being and shift the paradigm from institutional reliance to community-centric resilience.
| [1] |
Markenson D, DiMaggio C, Redlener I (2005) Preparing health professions students for terrorism, disaster, and public health emergencies: core competencies. Acad Med 80: 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200506000-00002 
|
| [2] |
Phattharapornjaroen P, Carlström E, Khorram-Manesh A (2022) Developing a conceptual framework for flexible surge capacity based on complexity and collaborative theoretical frameworks. Public Health 208: 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.04.012
|
| [3] |
Khorram-Manesh A (2020) Flexible surge capacity – public health, public education, and disaster management. Health Promot Perspect 10: 175-179. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2020.30
|
| [4] |
Bonnett CJ, Peery BN, Cantrill SV, et al. (2007) Surge capacity: a proposed conceptual framework. Am J Emerg Med 25: 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2006.08.011
|
| [5] | United States Department of Health and Human ServicesMedical Surge Capacity and Capability: A Management System for Emergency Integration, United States Department of Health and Human Services (2007). [cited 2026 February 15]. Available from: https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/gzv21jl |
| [6] |
Wennman I, Jacobson C, Carlström E, et al. (2022) Organizational changes needed in disasters and public health emergencies: a qualitative study among managers at a major hospital. Int J Disast Risk Sc 13: 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00423-4
|
| [7] |
Wennman I, Wittholt M, Carlström E, et al. (2019) Urgent care centre in Sweden-the integration of teams and perceived effects. Int J Health Plann Manage 34: 1205-1216. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2790
|
| [8] |
Alderwick H, Hutchings A, Briggs A, et al. (2021) The impacts of collaboration between local health care and non-health care organizations and factors shaping how they work: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Public Health 21: 753. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10630-1
|
| [9] |
Phattharapornjaroen P, Carlström E, Sivarak O, et al. (2022) Community-based response to the COVID-19 pandemic: case study of a home isolation centre using flexible surge capacity. Public Health 211: 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.06.025
|
| [10] |
Ashkenazi I, Hunt RC (2019) You're it—You've got to save someone: immediate responders, not bystanders. Front Public Health 7: 361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00361
|
| [11] |
Khorram-Manesh A, Plegas P, Högstedt Å, et al. (2020) Immediate response to major incidents: defining an immediate responder!. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 46: 1309-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01133-1
|
| [12] |
Riva G, Jonsson M, Ringh M, et al. (2020) Survival after dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 157: 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.125
|
| [13] |
Callese TE, Richards CT, Shaw P, et al. (2014) Layperson trauma training in low- and middle-income countries: a review. J Surg Res 190: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.029
|
| [14] |
Phattharapornjaroen P, Carlström E, Atiksawedparit P, et al. (2023) The impact of the three-level collaboration exercise on collaboration and leadership during scenario-based hospital evacuation exercises using flexible surge capacity concept: a mixed method cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 23: 862. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09882-x
|
| [15] |
Sultan MAS, Khorram-Manesh A, Sørensen JL, et al. (2023) Disaster collaborative exercises for healthcare teamwork in a Saudi context. Int J Disast Risk Sc 14: 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00484-z
|
| [16] |
Oliver GJ, Walter DP, Redmond AD (2017) Are prehospital deaths from trauma and accidental injury preventable? A direct historical comparison to assess what has changed in two decades. Injury 48: 978-984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.039
|
| [17] |
Turner CDA, Lockey DJ, Rehn M (2016) Pre-hospital management of mass casualty civilian shootings: a systematic literature review. Crit Care 20: 362. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1543-7
|
| [18] | Khorram-Manesh A (2016) Europe on fire; medical management of terror attacks - new era and new considerations. Bull Emerg Trauma 4: 183-185. |
| [19] |
Peyravi M, Khodakarim S, Örtenwall P, et al. (2015) Does the temporary location of ambulances (“fluid deployment”) affect response times and patient outcomes?. Int J Emerg Med 8: 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-015-0084-1
|
| [20] | (2007) World Health OrganizationMass casualty management systems strategies and guidelines for building health sector capacity. Geneva: World Health Organization. [cited 2007 October 30]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/mass-casualty-management-systems-strategies-and-guidelines-for-building-health-sector-capacity. |
| [21] |
Levy MJ, Jacobs LM (2016) A call to action to develop programs for bystanders to control severe bleeding. JAMA Surg 151: 1103-1104. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2789
|
| [22] |
Jacobs LM (2014) Joint committee to create a national policy to enhance survivability from mass casualty shooting events: Hartford Consensus II. J Am Coll Surgeons 218: 476-478e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.11.004
|
| [23] | Jacobs LM (2015) The Hartford Consensus III. Implementation of bleeding control. J Spec Oper Med 15: 136-41. |
| [24] | Jacobs LM (2016) The Hartford Consensus IV: a call for increased national resilience. Bull Am Coll Surg 101: 17-24. |
| [25] | citizenAID (n.d.) the home of the ‘Life Saving App’. citizenAID . |
| [26] | Bohn A, Lukas RP, Breckwoldt J, et al. (2015) ‘Kids save lives’: why schoolchildren should train in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 21: 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0000000000000204 |
| [27] |
Brockman TA, Shaw O, Wiepert L, et al. (2023) Community engagement strategies to promote recruitment and participation in clinical research among rural communities: a narrative review. J Clin Transl Sci 7: e84. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.16
|
| [28] |
Ortenzi F, Marten R, Valentine NB, et al. (2022) Whole of government and whole of society approaches: call for further research to improve population health and health equity. BMJ Glob Health 7: e009972. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009972
|
| [29] |
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169: 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
|
| [30] | Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, et al. (2024) Scoping reviews. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis . https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-09 |
| [31] |
Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, et al. (2017) Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. Int J Qual Meth 16: 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
|
| [32] |
Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3: 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
|
| [33] | Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP)CASP cheklist. Updated 2025 (2025). [cited 2026 January 14]. Available from: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/ |
| [34] |
McArthur A, Klugárová J, Yan H, et al. (2015) Innovations in the systematic review oftext and opinion. Int J Evid Based Healthc 13: 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000060
|
| [35] | Keim M (2002) Using a community-based approach for prevention and mitigation of national health emergencies. Pac Health Dialog 9: 93-96. |
| [36] | Ryan B, Johnston KA, Taylor M, et al. (2020) Community engagement for disaster preparedness: A systematic literature review. Int J Disast Risk Re 49: 101655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101655 |
| [37] |
King D (2000) You're on your own: Community vulnerability and the need for awareness and education for predictable natural disasters. J Conting Crisis Man 8: 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.00143
|
| [38] | Noel GE (1990) The role of women and NNAs in disaster management. Int Nurs Rev 37: 363-367. |
| [39] |
Simpson DM (2000) Non-institutional sources of assistance following a disaster: Potential triage and treatment capabilities of neighborhood-based preparedness organizations. Prehosp Disaster Med 15: 73-80.
|
| [40] |
Harris C, McCarthy K, Liu EL, et al. (2018) Expanding understanding of response roles: an examination of immediate and first responders in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 534. https://doi.org/0.3390/ijerph15030534
|
| [41] |
Simpson DM (2002) Earthquake drills and simulations in community-based training and preparedness programmes. Disasters 26: 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00191
|
| [42] |
Jamshidi E, Majdzadeh R, Saberi Namin M, et al. (2016) Effectiveness of community participation in earthquake preparedness: a community-based participatory intervention study of Tehran. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 10: 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.156
|
| [43] |
Ossey S, Sylvers S, Oksuzyan S, et al. (2017) Community emergency response team (CERT) training of high-risk teens in the community of Watts, South Los Angeles, 2013–2014. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 11: 605-609. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.199
|
| [44] |
Rajeswari D, Jayaraman R, Celina D, et al. (2025) Community change agents and disaster preparedness among women in coastal areas. BMC Emerg Med 25: 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-025-01393-8
|
| [45] |
Tanaka Y, Kunii O, Okumura J, et al. (2004) Refugee participation in health relief services during the post-emergency phase in Tanzania. Public Health 118: 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(03)00137-9
|
| [46] |
Ngulube NK, Tatano H, Samaddar S (2023) Community insights: Citizen participation in Kamaishi Unosumai decade-long recovery from the Great East Japan earthquake. Int J Disast Risk Sc 14: 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00527-5
|
| [47] |
Hoard ML, Tosatto RJ (2005) Medical reserve corps: strengthening public health and improving preparedness. Disaster Manag Response 3: 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dmr.2005.02.002
|
| [48] |
Nirupama N, Maula A (2013) Engaging public for building resilient communities to reduce disaster impact. Nat Hazards 66: 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0045-9
|
| [49] |
Chandra A, Williams M, Plough A, et al. (2013) Getting actionable about community resilience: The Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project. Am J Public Health 103: 1181-1189. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301270
|
| [50] |
Eisenman D, Chandra A, Fogleman S, et al. (2014) The Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project: A community-level, public health initiative to build community disaster resilience. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 8475-8490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808475
|
| [51] |
Bromley E, Eisenman DP, Magana A, et al. (2017) How do communities use a participatory public health approach to build resilience? The Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101267
|
| [52] |
Cohen O, Shapira S, Aharonson-Daniel L, et al. (2019) Confidence in health-services availability during disasters and emergency situations-Does it matter?-lessons learned from an Israeli population survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16: 3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193519
|
| [53] |
Ramsbottom A, O'Brien E, Ciotti L, et al. (2018) Enablers and barriers to community engagement in public health emergency preparedness: A literature review. J Community Health 43: 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0415-7
|
| [54] |
Mahmodi MA, Farrokhi M, Hosseini SMR, et al. (2025) Challenges of community participation in health emergency and disaster risk management in an Iranian context: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 13: 1460421. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1460421
|
| [55] |
Fatmah F (2025) Roles of community leaders in flood management at the selected flood-prone areas of Jakarta Province. Dev Pract 35: 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2025.2499006
|
| [56] |
Pfeiffer C, Glaser S, Vencatesan J, et al. (2008) Facilitating participatory multilevel decision-making by using interactive mental maps. Geospat Health 3: 103-112. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2008.236
|
| [57] |
Méheux K, Dominey-Howes D, Lloyd K (2010) Operational challenges to community participation in post-disaster damage assessments: observations from Fiji. Disasters 34: 1102-1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01185.x
|
| [58] |
Poutasi N, Daly M, Kohlhase J, et al. (2014) Coastal hazards planning: The 2009 tsunami and lessons learned for climate change adaptation in Samoa. Adapting to Climate Change: Lessons From Natural Hazards Planning . Dordrecht: Springer 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8631-7_13
|
| [59] |
Gillespie AM, Obregon R, El Asawi R, et al. (2016) Social mobilization and community engagement central to the Ebola response in West Africa: lessons for future public health emergencies. Glob Health Sci Pract 4: 626-646. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00226
|
| [60] |
Kirsch TD, Moseson H, Massaquoi M, et al. (2017) Impact of interventions and the incidence of ebola virus disease in Liberia-implications for future epidemics. Health Policy Plan 32: 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw113
|
| [61] |
Hu G, Qiu W (2020) From guidance to practice: Promoting risk communication and community engagement for prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. J Evid Based Med 13: 168-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12387
|
| [62] |
Gaudet C, Field E, Cristancho S (2024) Mobilizing community engagement for crisis response: lessons learned from a COVID-19 mass vaccination clinic in Cobourg, Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health 24: 3544. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20955-2
|
| [63] |
Lessy MR, Lassa J, Zander KK (2025) Towards resilient communities: Adopting destana standard to measure community resilience for small islands in Indonesia. Environ Manage 76: 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02306-y
|
| [64] |
Gatchell V, Forsythe V, Thomas PR (2006) The sustainability of community-based therapeutic care (CTC) in nonemergency contexts. Food Nutr Bull 27: S90-S98. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265060273S306
|
| [65] |
Burkle Jr FM, Williams A, Kissoon N (2011) Pediatric emergency mass critical care: the role of community preparedness in conserving critical care resources. Pediatr Crit Care Med 12: S141-S151. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e318234a786
|
| [66] |
Abara W, Wilson S, Vena J, et al. (2014) Engaging a chemical disaster community: Lessons from Graniteville. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 5684-5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605684
|
| [67] |
Levin KL, Berliner M, Merdjanoff A (2014) Disaster planning for vulnerable populations: Leveraging community human service organizations direct service delivery personnel. J Public Health Manag Pract 20 Suppl 5: S79-S82. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000096
|
| [68] |
Zod R, Fick-Osborne R, Peters EB (2014) A functional needs approach to emergency planning. Disaster Med Public 8: 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.57
|
| [69] | Kitagawa K (2017) Living with an active volcano: Informal and community learning for preparedness in south of Japan. Observing the Volcano WorldAdvances in Volcanology . Cham: Springer 677-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2015_12 |
| [70] |
Meilasari-Sugiana A, Endro G (2019) Shaping collective action for community-based disaster management in Merapi, Central Java, Indonesia. J Emerg Manag 17: 385-401. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2019.0410
|
| [71] |
Chan EYY, Man AYT, Lam HCY, et al. (2019) Is urban household emergency preparedness associated with short-term impact reduction after a super typhoon in Subtropical city?. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040596
|
| [72] |
Murray S, Poland B (2020) Neighbourhood climate resilience: lessons from the Lighthouse Project. Can J Public Health 111: 890-896. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00432-0
|
| [73] | Phillips BD (2020) Disaster volunteers: Recruiting and managing people who want to help. Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann. |
| [74] |
Mawardi F, Lestari AS, Randita ABT, et al. (2021) Strengthening primary health care: emergency and disaster preparedness in community with multidisciplinary approach. Disast Med Public Health Prep 15: 675-676. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.143
|
| [75] |
Bakie H, Ajdukovic D (2021) Resilience after natural disasters: the process of harnessing resources in communities differentially exposed to a flood. Eur J Psychotraumatol 12: 1891733. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1891733
|
| [76] |
Aruru M, Truong HA, Clark S (2021) Pharmacy emergency preparedness and response (PEPR): a proposed framework for expanding pharmacy professionals' roles and contributions to emergency preparedness and response during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Res Social Adm Pharm 17: 1967-1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.002
|
| [77] |
Hung KKC, MacDermot MK, Chan EYY, et al. (2021) CCOUC ethnic minority health project: A case sstudy for health EDRM initiatives to improve disaster preparedness in a rural chinese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 5322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105322
|
| [78] |
Hung KKC, Mashino S, Chan EYY, et al. (2021) Health workforce development in health emergency and disaster risk management: the need for evidence-based recommendations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073382
|
| [79] |
McLennan BJ, Whittaker J, Kruger T, et al. (2021) Navigating authority and legitimacy when ‘outsider’ volunteers co-produce emergency management services. Environ Hazards 20: 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2020.1727829
|
| [80] |
Peden AE, Mayhew A, Baker SD, et al. (2023) Exploring flood response challenges, training needs, and the impact of online flood training for lifeguards and water safety professionals in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20: 6573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166573
|
| [81] |
Phattharapornjaroen P, Carlström E, Holmqvist LD, et al. (2023) Assessing Thai hospitals' evacuation preparedness using the flexible surge capacity concept and its collaborative tool. Int J Disast Risk Sc 14: 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-023-00468-z
|
| [82] |
Matpady P, Maiya AG, Acharya KK, et al. (2023) The experiences of the landslide survivors from Kodagu district, India: Need for community-engaged village/ward level micro disaster management planning. Nat Hazards Res 3: 522-530.
|
| [83] | Das M, Becker J, Doyle EE (2024) Fostering civic participation and collective actions for disaster risk reduction: Insights from Aotearoa New Zealand case studies. Int J Disast Risk Re 114: 104954. |
| [84] |
Muhame C, Ncube A, Bahta YT (2024) Dissemination and participation in early warnings and disaster risk reduction in South Africa. Jamba 16: 1566. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v16i1.1566
|
| [85] | Sakic Trogrlic R, Duncan M, Wright G, et al. (2022) Why community-based disaster risk reduction fails to learn from local knowledge? Experiences from Malawi. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2022 . United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. [cited 2026 February 15]. Available from: https://www.undrr.org/publication/why-community-based-disaster-risk-reduction-fails-learn-local-knowledge-experiences |
| [86] | Kirmayer LJ, Sehdev M, Whitley R, et al. (2009) Community resilience: Models, metaphors, and measures. Int J Indig Health 5: 62-117. |
| [87] |
Daniel AD, Fernandes J (2024) Promotion of community resilience: Do citizens have a role to play?. Local Environ 29: 987-1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2024.2345621
|
| [88] |
Khorram-Manesh A, Dulebenets MA, Goniewicz K (2021) Implementing public health strategies—the need for educational initiatives: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 5888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1811588
|
| [89] |
Krishnamoorthy S, Dua A, Gupta S (2023) Role of emerging technologies in future IoT-driven Healthcare 4.0 technologies: A survey, current challenges and future directions. J Amb Intel Hum Comp 14: 361-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03302-w
|
| [90] |
Dai J, Azhar A (2024) Collaborative governance in disaster management and sustainable development. Public Admin Develop 44: 358-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2071
|
| [91] |
van Kessel G, Milanese S, Dizon J, et al. (2025) Community resilience to health emergencies: a scoping review. BMJ Glob Health 10: e016963. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-016963
|
| [92] |
Dargin JS, Mostafavi A (2020) Human-centric infrastructure resilience: Uncovering well-being risk disparity due to infrastructure disruptions in disasters. PloS One 15: e0234381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234381
|
| [93] |
Stough LM, Sharp AN, Resch JA, et al. (2016) Barriers to the long-term recovery of individuals with disabilities following a disaster. Disasters 40: 387-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa
|
| [94] | Appleby-Arnold S, Brockdorff N, Callus C (2021) Developing a “culture of disaster preparedness”: The citizens' view. Int J Disast Risk Re 56: 102133. |
| [95] | Crosweller M, Tschakert P (2021) Disaster management and the need for a reinstated social contract of shared responsibility. Int J Disast Risk Re 63: 102440. |
| [96] |
Gaillard JC, Mercer J (2013) From knowledge to action: Bridging gaps in disaster risk reduction. Prog Hum Geog 37: 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512446717
|
| [97] |
Hilhorst D, Melis S, Mena R, et al. (2021) Accountability in humanitarian action. Refug Surv Q 40: 363-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdac001
|
| [98] | Bahamas GovernmentBahamas: Disaster Risk Management Act 2022 (2022). [cited 2022 December 9]. Available from: https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/bahamas-disaster-management-act-2022 |
 publichealth-13-01-014-s001.pdf |
 |
Figures(1) / Tables(1)
Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen, Amir Khorram-Manesh, Gülcan Taşkıran Eskici, Yuwares Sittichanbuncha, Lesley Gray. People as frontliners in the management of disasters and public health emergencies[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2026, 13(1): 240-272. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2026014
DownLoad: