In 2024, North Carolina (NC) had a smoking rate of 17.2% and a higher-than-average rate of binge and heavy drinking. These behaviors often cluster with other health risks such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, thus leading to significant disparities in cardiovascular, physical, and mental health outcomes across the state. However, limited research has examined these clustering patterns within North Carolina.
This study seeks to investigate the associations between latent class membership, defined by clustering of behavioral and chronic health risk factors, and cardiovascular disease, self-reported health status, physical health status, and mental health status.
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2017, 2019, and 2021 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. A latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct health risk profiles among adults based on smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and diabetes status. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between latent class membership and four outcomes: cardiovascular disease (CVD), self-reported general health, physical health status, and mental health status. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, and age-stratified analyses were conducted.
The LCA identified two distinct classes: “Moderate drinking overweight non-smokers” (Class 1) and “High behavioral and chronic risk profile” (Class 2). Class 1 was characterized by moderate alcohol consumption, overweight status, and low smoking prevalence, while Class 2 reflected a higher prevalence of smoking, binge drinking, hypertension, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol. Membership in Class 2 was significantly associated with increased odds of CVD (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.60–2.34), poor self-reported health (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.46–1.96), ≥14 days of poor physical health (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.55–2.15), and ≥14 days of poor mental health (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.43–1.97). In age-stratified analyses, the strongest associations were observed among young adults (18–39 years), with significantly higher odds of CVD (OR = 6.84; 95% CI: 2.79–16.72), poor physical health (OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.58–3.40), and poor mental health (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.60–2.81). Similar but attenuated associations were observed among adults aged 40–59 and ≥60 years.
These findings support the importance of targeted public health efforts in North Carolina that address the co-occurrence of behavioral and chronic health risk factors, especially among younger populations. Syndemic-informed interventions which focus on behavioral and proximal chronic disease risk factors may help reduce CVD burden and improve the population health.
Citation: Chukwuemeka E Ogbu, Stella C Ogbu, Maureen Ezechukwu, Sushma Lamsal, Ifeanyi I Momodu. Clustering of behavioral and chronic health risk factors and their association with self-reported health and cardiovascular disease outcome among adults in North Carolina[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2025, 12(3): 675-699. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2025035
In 2024, North Carolina (NC) had a smoking rate of 17.2% and a higher-than-average rate of binge and heavy drinking. These behaviors often cluster with other health risks such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, thus leading to significant disparities in cardiovascular, physical, and mental health outcomes across the state. However, limited research has examined these clustering patterns within North Carolina.
This study seeks to investigate the associations between latent class membership, defined by clustering of behavioral and chronic health risk factors, and cardiovascular disease, self-reported health status, physical health status, and mental health status.
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the 2017, 2019, and 2021 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. A latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct health risk profiles among adults based on smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, and diabetes status. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between latent class membership and four outcomes: cardiovascular disease (CVD), self-reported general health, physical health status, and mental health status. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, and age-stratified analyses were conducted.
The LCA identified two distinct classes: “Moderate drinking overweight non-smokers” (Class 1) and “High behavioral and chronic risk profile” (Class 2). Class 1 was characterized by moderate alcohol consumption, overweight status, and low smoking prevalence, while Class 2 reflected a higher prevalence of smoking, binge drinking, hypertension, diabetes, and elevated cholesterol. Membership in Class 2 was significantly associated with increased odds of CVD (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.60–2.34), poor self-reported health (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.46–1.96), ≥14 days of poor physical health (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.55–2.15), and ≥14 days of poor mental health (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.43–1.97). In age-stratified analyses, the strongest associations were observed among young adults (18–39 years), with significantly higher odds of CVD (OR = 6.84; 95% CI: 2.79–16.72), poor physical health (OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.58–3.40), and poor mental health (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.60–2.81). Similar but attenuated associations were observed among adults aged 40–59 and ≥60 years.
These findings support the importance of targeted public health efforts in North Carolina that address the co-occurrence of behavioral and chronic health risk factors, especially among younger populations. Syndemic-informed interventions which focus on behavioral and proximal chronic disease risk factors may help reduce CVD burden and improve the population health.
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Figures(1) / Tables(7)
Chukwuemeka E Ogbu, Stella C Ogbu, Maureen Ezechukwu, Sushma Lamsal, Ifeanyi I Momodu. Clustering of behavioral and chronic health risk factors and their association with self-reported health and cardiovascular disease outcome among adults in North Carolina[J]. AIMS Public Health, 2025, 12(3): 675-699. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2025035
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