Root colonization dynamics of alginate encapsulated rhizobacteria: implications for <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> root growth and durum wheat performance

Amel Balla; Allaoua Silini; Hafsa Cherif-Silini; Francesca Mapelli; Sara Borin; Amel Balla; Allaoua Silini; Hafsa Cherif-Silini; Francesca Mapelli; Sara Borin

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2025006

AIMS Microbiology

2025, Volume 11, Issue 1: 87-125. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025006

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Research article

Root colonization dynamics of alginate encapsulated rhizobacteria: implications for Arabidopsis thaliana root growth and durum wheat performance

1.
Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif -1, 19000 Setif, Algeria
2.
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy

Received: 04 September 2024 Revised: 11 January 2025 Accepted: 20 January 2025 Published: 05 February 2025

Bioencapsulation in alginate capsules offers an interesting opportunity for the efficient delivery of microbial inoculants for agricultural purposes. The present study evaluated the ionic gelation technique to prepare beads loaded with two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Bacillus thuringiensis strain B25 and Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa in 1% alginate supplemented with 5mM proline as an osmoprotectant. Capsule morphology, survival rate, encapsulation efficiency, and viability during 24 months of storage as well as the stability of PGP activities were studied. Our results indicate that more than 99% of bacteria were effectively trapped in the alginate beads, which successfully released live bacteria after 60 days of storage at room temperature. A considerable survival of B. thuringiensis B25 throughout the storage period was detected, while the inoculated concentration of 8.72 × 10⁹ (±0.04 ×10⁹) CFU/mL was reduced to 99.9% for P. agglomerans Pa after 24 months of storage. Notably, a higher survival of individually encapsulated bacteria was observed compared to their co-inoculation. The colonization capacity of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana roots by free and encapsulated bacteria was detected by the triphenyltetrazolium chloride test. Moreover, both strains effectively colonized the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endosphere of durum wheat plants and exerted a remarkable improvement in plant growth, estimated as a significant increase in the quantities of total proteins, sugars, and chlorophyll pigments, besides roots and shoots length. This study demonstrated that alginate-encapsulated B. thuringiensis B25 and P. agglomerans Pa could be used as inoculants in agriculture, as their encapsulation ensures robust protection, maintenance of viability and PGP activity, and controlled bacterial biostimulant release into the rhizosphere.
- bioencapsulation,
- sodium alginate,
- PGPB,
- Arabidopsis thaliana,
- durum wheat,
- root colonization
Citation: Amel Balla, Allaoua Silini, Hafsa Cherif-Silini, Francesca Mapelli, Sara Borin. Root colonization dynamics of alginate encapsulated rhizobacteria: implications for Arabidopsis thaliana root growth and durum wheat performance[J]. AIMS Microbiology, 2025, 11(1): 87-125. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025006

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Abstract

Bioencapsulation in alginate capsules offers an interesting opportunity for the efficient delivery of microbial inoculants for agricultural purposes. The present study evaluated the ionic gelation technique to prepare beads loaded with two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Bacillus thuringiensis strain B25 and Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa in 1% alginate supplemented with 5mM proline as an osmoprotectant. Capsule morphology, survival rate, encapsulation efficiency, and viability during 24 months of storage as well as the stability of PGP activities were studied. Our results indicate that more than 99% of bacteria were effectively trapped in the alginate beads, which successfully released live bacteria after 60 days of storage at room temperature. A considerable survival of B. thuringiensis B25 throughout the storage period was detected, while the inoculated concentration of 8.72 × 10⁹ (±0.04 ×10⁹) CFU/mL was reduced to 99.9% for P. agglomerans Pa after 24 months of storage. Notably, a higher survival of individually encapsulated bacteria was observed compared to their co-inoculation. The colonization capacity of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana roots by free and encapsulated bacteria was detected by the triphenyltetrazolium chloride test. Moreover, both strains effectively colonized the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endosphere of durum wheat plants and exerted a remarkable improvement in plant growth, estimated as a significant increase in the quantities of total proteins, sugars, and chlorophyll pigments, besides roots and shoots length. This study demonstrated that alginate-encapsulated B. thuringiensis B25 and P. agglomerans Pa could be used as inoculants in agriculture, as their encapsulation ensures robust protection, maintenance of viability and PGP activity, and controlled bacterial biostimulant release into the rhizosphere.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, A.B., HCS.,and A.S.; methodology, A.S., and H.C-S.; software, A.B.; validation, A.S., HCS., F.M. and S.B.; formal analysis, F.M., and S.B.; investigation, A.B., and F.M.; data curation, A.B., and A.S.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.S., HCS., F.M., and S.B.; visualization, A.B.; supervision, A.S., and H.C-S.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

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