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AIMS Medical Science

2025, Volume 12, Issue 4: 325-349. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2025023
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Review

COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmune disorders: A scoping review

  • 1.
    School of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
  • 2.
    Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Canada
  • Published: 21 November 2025
  • Background 

    Upon the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, unprecedented in the history of public health, concerns have emerged regarding potential associations between vaccination and autoimmune disorders. Historical research has long identified mechanisms by which vaccines might trigger or unmask autoimmune processes. However, systematic synthesis of evidence concerning COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmunity remains limited.

    Objective 

    To review the literature on associations between COVID-19 vaccination and autoimmunity, focusing on six conditions: Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

    Methods 

    We conducted a scoping review of 109 studies published in 2022, retrieved from PubMed and the WHO COVID-19 databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed English-language articles reporting empirically verifiable clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease associated with any COVID-19 vaccine, without restrictions by population, geography, or study type.

    Results 

    Across 109 included studies, relapses or flares in patients with autoimmune disorders were reported in nearly 60% of studies, while about one-quarter described new-onset autoimmune disorders in persons without prior autoimmunity. Several mechanisms of action linking COVID-19 vaccination and autoimmune disorders were reported, such as autoimmune inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, molecular mimicry, bystander immune activation, and interactions with immunosuppressive and disease modifying therapies. Serious adverse events, though less common than mild or moderate ones, were also reported. General and population-specific vaccine efficacy were claimed but empirical support was often lacking.

    Conclusions 

    This review highlights the substantial patterns of reported associations of autoimmune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination, in patients with and without prior autoimmunity. The general and population-specific benefits of vaccination are claimed, but evidence for them is lacking. A proper evaluation of risks and benefits is needed to support vaccination recommendations given the reported associations between it and autoimmune disorders.

    Citation: Claudia Chaufan, Laurie Manwell, Camila Heredia, Jennifer McDonald. COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmune disorders: A scoping review[J]. AIMS Medical Science, 2025, 12(4): 325-349. doi: 10.3934/medsci.2025023

    Related Papers:

  • Background 

    Upon the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, unprecedented in the history of public health, concerns have emerged regarding potential associations between vaccination and autoimmune disorders. Historical research has long identified mechanisms by which vaccines might trigger or unmask autoimmune processes. However, systematic synthesis of evidence concerning COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmunity remains limited.

    Objective 

    To review the literature on associations between COVID-19 vaccination and autoimmunity, focusing on six conditions: Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

    Methods 

    We conducted a scoping review of 109 studies published in 2022, retrieved from PubMed and the WHO COVID-19 databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed English-language articles reporting empirically verifiable clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease associated with any COVID-19 vaccine, without restrictions by population, geography, or study type.

    Results 

    Across 109 included studies, relapses or flares in patients with autoimmune disorders were reported in nearly 60% of studies, while about one-quarter described new-onset autoimmune disorders in persons without prior autoimmunity. Several mechanisms of action linking COVID-19 vaccination and autoimmune disorders were reported, such as autoimmune inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, molecular mimicry, bystander immune activation, and interactions with immunosuppressive and disease modifying therapies. Serious adverse events, though less common than mild or moderate ones, were also reported. General and population-specific vaccine efficacy were claimed but empirical support was often lacking.

    Conclusions 

    This review highlights the substantial patterns of reported associations of autoimmune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination, in patients with and without prior autoimmunity. The general and population-specific benefits of vaccination are claimed, but evidence for them is lacking. A proper evaluation of risks and benefits is needed to support vaccination recommendations given the reported associations between it and autoimmune disorders.



    加载中

    Acknowledgments


    The authors acknowledge the invaluable research assistance of Annin Mohamed. This work was funded by a New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF) 2022 Special Call, NFRFR-2022-00305.

    Conflict of interest


    The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funders and professional / academic affiliations have played no role in the conception, conduct, or decision to conduct this research or submit it for publication.

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